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os receptores para retinoides s&#227;o amplamente expressos e a isotretino&#237;na pode potencialmente regular a express&#227;o de v&#225;rios genes neuronais&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A serotonina &#40;5&#8208;HT&#41; &#233; um neurotransmissor amplamente reconhecido e um mediador&#8208;chave do humor&#46; Desequil&#237;brios nos n&#237;veis de serotonina t&#234;m sido associados a humor deprimido e depress&#227;o&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> O objetivo deste estudo piloto foi testar a hip&#243;tese de que o tratamento com isotretino&#237;na pode levar a mudan&#231;as mensur&#225;veis nos n&#237;veis de neurotransmissores&#8208;chave relacionados ao humor&#46; Para isso&#44; foi realizado um estudo de coorte prospectivo para avaliar os efeitos da isotretino&#237;na sobre os neurotransmissores serotonina &#40;5&#8208;HT&#41; 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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Resumo n&#227;o param&#233;trico dos achados para 5&#8208;HT &#40;HT&#41;&#44; 5&#8208;HIAA &#40;HA&#41; e sua raz&#227;o &#40;HTHA&#41; na linha basal &#40;0&#41;&#44; ap&#243;s dois meses &#40;2&#41; e quatro meses &#40;4&#41; de tratamento</p>"
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Vol. 97. Núm. 4.
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Vol. 97. Núm. 4.
Páginas 526-528 (1 julho 2022)
Carta ‐ Investigação
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Efeitos da isotretinoína na serotonina: estudo piloto prospectivo em pacientes com acne
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Adam P. Braya, Georgios Kravvasa,
Autor para correspondência
georgios.kravvas@nhs.net

Autor para correspondência.
, Suzanne M. Skevingtonb, Christopher R. Lovellc
a Bristol Dermatology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, Reino Unido
b Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, Reino Unido
c Kinghorn Dermatology Unit, Royal United Hospital, Bath, Reino Unido
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A isotretinoína (ácido 13‐cis retinóico) é um tratamento altamente eficaz e comumente utilizado contra a acne vulgar. Embora a isotretinoína tenha sido associada a humor deprimido, depressão e ideação suicida, uma associação concreta a mudanças adversas de humor ainda não foi comprovada, com alguns estudos apoiando essa afirmação e outros refutando‐a.1–6

Como a isotretinoína atravessa a barreira hematoencefálica, um mecanismo biológico ligando a isotretinoína à depressão é plausível.3,7–10 No cérebro adulto, os receptores para retinoides são amplamente expressos e a isotretinoína pode potencialmente regular a expressão de vários genes neuronais.8–10

A serotonina (5‐HT) é um neurotransmissor amplamente reconhecido e um mediador‐chave do humor. Desequilíbrios nos níveis de serotonina têm sido associados a humor deprimido e depressão.7,8 O objetivo deste estudo piloto foi testar a hipótese de que o tratamento com isotretinoína pode levar a mudanças mensuráveis nos níveis de neurotransmissores‐chave relacionados ao humor. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo de coorte prospectivo para avaliar os efeitos da isotretinoína sobre os neurotransmissores serotonina (5‐HT) e 5‐HIAA (o principal metabólito da serotonina) em pacientes com acne vulgar. Os níveis plasmáticos de 5‐HT e 5‐HIAA foram medidos antes, durante e após o tratamento com isotretinoína. Os dados foram coletados antes do início do tratamento, aos dois e aos quatro meses de tratamento e um mês após o término do tratamento.

Amostras de sangue de um total de 27 pacientes foram colhidas antes do início do tratamento. Vinte e quatro e 22 pacientes foram submetidos a medidas no soro aos dois e aos quatro meses de tratamento, respectivamente. Apenas quatro pacientes compareceram para exames de sangue um mês após o término do tratamento (tabela 1).

Tabela 1.

Número total de pacientes que contribuiu com dados em cada consulta

Momentos no tempo  5‐HT & 5‐HIAA 
Basal  27 
2 meses  24 
4 meses  22 
1 mês após o término 

Na linha basal pré‐tratamento, foram encontrados os seguintes valores médios: 5‐HT 10,66 e 5‐HIAA 74,77.

Os valores médios aos dois meses de tratamento foram: 5‐HT 9,64 (p=0,633), 5‐HIAA 44,31 (p=0,082). Após quatro meses de terapia com isotretinoína, os valores foram: 5‐HT 13,07 (p=0,349), 5‐HIAA 32,83 (p=0,294). Esses achados não representaram mudanças estatisticamente significantes em relação aos da linha basal.

O número decepcionantemente baixo de pacientes que compareceram à consulta de seguimento um mês após a interrupção do tratamento não possibilitou uma análise estatística significativa dos efeitos pós‐isotretinoína.

Um registro detalhado dos achados ao longo do tempo, bem como as relações de mudança de HT para HIAA, são fornecidas na tabela 2.

Tabela 2.

Resumo não paramétrico dos achados para 5‐HT (HT), 5‐HIAA (HA) e sua razão (HTHA) na linha basal (0), após dois meses (2) e quatro meses (4) de tratamento

Resultados dos testes ao longo do tempo  Número de pacientes  Mín.  Quartil inferior  Mediana  Média  Quartil superior  Máx.  Testes de Wilcoxon não paramétrico para comparação de duas amostras pareadas 
5‐HT_0  27  0,61  4,59  8,70  10,66  13,04  36,78  Comparador basal 
5‐HT_2  24  1,26  5,89  7,60  9,64  11,54  28,32  p=0,633 
5‐HT_4  22  1,07  6,34  9,78  13,07  14,77  56,10  p=0,349 
5‐HIAA_0  26  7,05  14,77  26,23  74,77  74,86  502,30  Comparador basal 
5‐HIAA_2  24  3,11  13,19  23,05  44,31  29,03  548,20  p=0,082 
5‐HIAA_4  22  2,26  8,50  25,67  32,83  41,12  143,70  p=0,294 
HTHA_0  26  0,012  0,098  0,249  0,605  0,527  5,220  Comparador basal 
HTHA_2  21  0,015  0,203  0,312  0,475  0,496  1,803  p=0,523 
HTHA_4  20  0,015  0,246  0,490  0,749  0,761  2,854  p=0,244 

A relação entre isotretinoína e mudanças adversas de humor é um aspecto altamente debatido da terapia com isotretinoína.

Não foi encontrada uma associação significativa entre o tratamento com isotretinoína e alterações nos neurotransmissores 5‐HT, 5‐HIAA ou na relação entre os dois. Se houver uma ligação causal entre os dois, é provável que seja mediada por uma via neuroquímica diferente.

Dito isso, o presente estudo piloto tem um número pequeno de pacientes e uma perda significativa no seguimento. Portanto, mesmo que instrutivo, o presente estudo não pode apoiar totalmente essa afirmação. Estudos maiores, prospectivos e caso‐controlados provavelmente serão necessários para abordar em detalhes a associação entre humor, isotretinoína e neurotransmissores. Espera‐se que o presente estudo sirva de orientação e inspiração para esses empreendimentos futuros.

Suporte financeiro

Nenhum.

Contribuição dos autores

Adam P. Bray: Contribuiu para a concepção, recrutamento, gestão, redação e revisão da literatura associada a este estudo.

Georgios Kravvas: Contribuiu para a concepção, recrutamento, gestão, redação e revisão da literatura associada a este estudo.

Suzanne M. Skevington: Contribuiu para a concepção, recrutamento, gestão, redação e revisão da literatura associada a este estudo.

Christopher R. Lovell: Contribuiu para a concepção, recrutamento, gestão, redação e revisão da literatura associada a este estudo.

Conflito de interesses

Nenhum.

Referências
[1]
L. Azoulay, L. Blais, G. Koren, J. Lelorier, A. Berard.
Isotretinoin and the Risk of Depression in Patients With Acne Vulgaris: A Case‐Crossover Study.
J Clin Psychiatry., 69 (2008), pp. 526-532
[2]
A.P. Bray, G. Kravvas, S.M. Skevington, C.R. Lovell.
Is there an association between isotretinoin therapy and adverse mood changes?. A prospective study in a cohort of acne patients.
J Dermatol Treat., 30 (2019), pp. 796-801
[3]
V.P. Kontaxakis, D. Skourides, P. Ferentinos, B.J. Havaki-Kontaxaki, G.N. Papadimitriou.
Isotretinoin and psychopathology: a review.
Ann Gen Psychiatry, 8 (2009), pp. 2
[4]
A. Sundström, L. Alfredsson, G. Sjölin-Forsberg, B. Gerdén, U. Bergman, J. Jokinen.
Association of suicide attempts with acne and treatment with isotretinoin: retrospective Swedish cohort study.
BMJ., 341 (2010), pp. c5812
[5]
S.S. Jick, H.M. Kremers, C. Vasilakis-Scaramozza.
Isotretinoin use and risk of depression, psychotic symptoms, suicide, and attempted suicide.
Arch Dermatol., 136 (2000), pp. 1231-1236
[6]
S.C. Kellett, D.J. Gawkrodger.
The psychological and emotional impact of acne and the effect of treatment with isotretinoin.
Br J Dermatol., 140 (1999), pp. 273-282
[7]
J.D. Bremner, P. McCaffery.
The neurobiology of retinoic acid in affective disorders.
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry., 32 (2008), pp. 315-331
[8]
M.A. Lane, S.J. Bailey.
Role of retinoid signaling in the adult brain.
Prog Neurobiol., 75 (2005), pp. 275-293
[9]
C.R. Olson, C.V. Mello.
Significance of vitamin A to brain function, behavior and learning.
Mol Nutr Food Res., 54 (2010), pp. 489-495
[10]
Y.D. Fragoso, K.D. Shearer, A. Sementilli, L.V. de Carvalho, P.J. McCaffery.
High expression of retinoic acid receptors and synthetic enzymes in the human hippocampus.
Brain Struct Funct., 217 (2012), pp. 473-483

Como citar este artigo: Bray AP, Kravvas G, Skevington SM, Lovell CR. The effects of isotretinoin on serotonin: a prospective pilot study on acne patients. An Bras Dermatol. 2022;97:526–8.

Trabalho realizado no Departamento de Dermatologia, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, Reino Unido.

Copyright © 2022. Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia
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