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Th17 e Th&#8208;22&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Essas c&#233;lulas ativadas produzem muitas citocinas&#44; incluindo fator de necrose tumoral &#40;TNF&#41;&#8208;&#945;&#44; interleucina &#40;IL&#41;&#8208;1&#44; IL&#8208;17&#44; fator de crescimento endotelial vascular &#40;VEGF&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vascular endothelial growth factor</span>&#41;&#44; IL&#8208;6&#44; IL&#8208;22&#44; IL&#8208;23 e interferon&#8208;&#947; &#40;IFN&#8208;&#947;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> Al&#233;m disso&#44; esses mediadores podem levar a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica que desencadeia disfun&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio endovascular&#44; aumento do estresse oxidativo&#44; hipercoagula&#231;&#227;o e aumento da angiog&#234;nese&#44; que tamb&#233;m s&#227;o os principais componentes das les&#245;es cardiovasculares e aterosclerose&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SCUBE&#8208;1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Signal peptide&#8208;CUB&#8208;EGF domain&#8208;containing protein 1</span>&#41; &#233; membro de uma fam&#237;lia de prote&#237;nas localizada na superf&#237;cie celular &#8211; as prote&#237;nas SCUBE &#8211; que podem ser detectadas em processos inflamat&#243;rios e angiog&#234;nese&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> Em estudos recentes&#44; a prote&#237;na SCUBE&#8208;1 foi detectada em c&#233;lulas endoteliais vasculares e plaquetas conhecidas por desempenharem pap&#233;is cruciais no processo de trombose arterial&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> Al&#233;m disso&#44; h&#225; um estudo avaliando os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de VEGF&#44; SCUBE&#8208;1 e SCUBE&#8208;3 em pacientes com psor&#237;ase&#44; no qual os autores afirmam que SCUBE&#8208;1 pode estar relacionada &#224; patog&#234;nese da psor&#237;ase&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A espessura &#237;ntima&#8208;m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea &#40;EIMC&#41; &#233; a medida da espessura da parede da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida avaliada na ultrassonografia&#44; e mesmo altera&#231;&#245;es iniciais da aterosclerose podem ser diagnosticadas diretamente por esse m&#233;todo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Alguns estudos relataram que pacientes com psor&#237;ase t&#234;m valores de EIMC mais altos do que controles saud&#225;veis n&#227;o psori&#225;sicos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a>Al&#233;m disso&#44; eles alegaram que a psor&#237;ase &#233; fator de risco independente para aumento da EIMC&#44; que indica aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica em pacientes com psor&#237;ase pela medida da EIMC&#44; n&#237;veis de SCUBE&#8208;1 e par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos&#44; al&#233;m de compar&#225;&#8208;los entre pacientes psori&#225;sicos e controles saud&#225;veis n&#227;o psori&#225;sicos e&#44; assim&#44; investigar se SCUBE&#8208;1 poderia desempenhar papel tanto na patog&#234;nese da psor&#237;ase quanto da aterosclerose&#46; Que seja de conhecimento dos autores&#44; este &#233; o primeiro estudo na literatura avaliando os n&#237;veis de SCUBE&#8208;1 e a medida da EIMC simultaneamente em pacientes psori&#225;sicos e controles saud&#225;veis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Material e m&#233;todo</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo prospectivo de caso&#8208;controle foi revisado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Suleyman Demirel University Hospital e aprovado pela decis&#227;o n&#250;mero 370 em 23&#47;12&#47;2019&#46; Este protocolo de estudo foi consistente com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque&#44; e consentimento informado foi obtido de cada um dos participantes&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes diagnosticados com psor&#237;ase na histopatologia e&#47;ou clinicamente&#44; com idade entre 18 e 65 anos&#44; atendidos no Ambulat&#243;rio de Dermatologia do Suleyman Demirel University Hospital entre janeiro de 2020 a janeiro de 2021&#44; foram considerados para este estudo&#46; Pacientes com hist&#243;rico de qualquer evento cardiovascular ou cerebrovascular&#44; infec&#231;&#227;o ativa e doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias sist&#234;micas ou cut&#226;neas&#44; exceto psor&#237;ase&#44; e ingest&#227;o regular de medicamentos por qualquer motivo foram exclu&#237;dos&#46; Obteve&#8208;se hist&#243;rico detalhado dos pacientes&#44; foi realizado exame dermatol&#243;gico e a presen&#231;a de artrite e&#47;ou envolvimento das unhas tamb&#233;m foi avaliada e anotada&#46; Os &#237;ndices de &#193;rea e Gravidade da Psor&#237;ase &#40;PASI&#44; do ingl&#234;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psoriasis Area and Severity Index</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> foram calculados e&#44; de acordo com os mesmos&#44; os pacientes foram subdivididos em dois grupos&#58; doen&#231;a leve&#44; com escore PASI &#8804; 10&#44; e doen&#231;a moderada a grave&#44; com escore PASI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62; 10&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis pareados por idade e sexo&#44; sem quaisquer doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias sist&#234;micas&#44; incluindo doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e&#47;ou neurovasculares&#44; doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias da pele e ingest&#227;o regular de medicamentos por qualquer motivo&#44; foram inclu&#237;dos como grupo controle&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Altura&#44; peso&#44; circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura&#44; press&#227;o arterial &#40;PA&#41; diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica&#44; e pulsa&#231;&#227;o de todos os indiv&#237;duos foram medidos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">SCUBE e outros testes laboratoriais</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s 10 horas de jejum&#44; amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas e colocadas em um tubo separador de soro com ativador de coagula&#231;&#227;o e centrifugadas a 3&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm por 10 minutos&#46; Em seguida&#44; essas amostras de soro foram armazenadas a<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise&#46; Testes bioqu&#237;micos&#44; incluindo glicemia de jejum&#44; triglicer&#237;deos &#40;TG&#41;&#44; colesterol total&#44; lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade &#40;HDL&#41;&#44; lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade &#40;LDL&#41; e prote&#237;na C&#8208;reativa &#40;PCR&#41; foram medidos pelo analisador bioqu&#237;mico Beckman Coulter AU 5800 &#40;Beckman Coulter&#44; Brea&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de SCUBE&#8208;1 foram medidos utilizando o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">kit</span> ELISA &#40;E&#8208;EL&#8208;H5405 Elabscience&#44; Wuhan&#44; Prov&#237;ncia de Hubei&#44; China&#41;&#46; A sensibilidade do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">kit</span> ELISA era de 0&#44;38 ng&#47;mL&#46; Os resultados foram expressos em unidades de concentra&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Medidas ultrassonogr&#225;ficas de EIMC</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Essas medidas foram realizadas pelo mesmo cardiologista certificado e treinado&#46; Os pacientes ficaram em repouso por 10 minutos e foram solicitados a deitar em dec&#250;bito dorsal durante o exame&#46; A ultrassonografia em modo B das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas direita e esquerda foi realizada pelo m&#233;dico com um transdutor linear de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o &#40;sens&#237;vel a uma espessura de 0&#44;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; de 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz do aparelho de ultrassom Vivid S6&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dados foram analisados usando o IBM SPSS Statistics 21&#46;0&#46; Os valores dos dados descritivos foram apresentados como m&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DP &#40;tamb&#233;m foram fornecidos mediana&#44; valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos&#41;&#46; As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem&#46; Para a an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os grupos&#44; as caracter&#237;sticas de distribui&#231;&#227;o foram avaliadas com o teste de Shapiro&#8208;Wilk&#46; A an&#225;lise do qui&#8208;quadrado foi usada para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e qualitativas&#44; e o teste <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> de Student tamb&#233;m foi empregado para compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste U de Mann&#8208;Whitney para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;das&#44; se existissem dois grupos&#46; A rela&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros foi avaliada por meio da correla&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise de Pearson e Spearman&#46; As an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada consistiram em SCUBE&#8208;1&#44; EIMC e outras vari&#225;veis &#40;PA sist&#243;lica&#44; circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura&#44; glicemia&#44; hs&#8208;PCR&#44; TG&#41;&#46; Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada com valor de p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quarenta e seis pacientes &#40;19 mulheres e 27 homens&#41; com m&#233;dia de idade de 40&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#44;8 anos e 43 controles &#40;18 mulheres e 25 homens&#41; com m&#233;dia de idade de 39&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#44;6 anos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo&#46; N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia de idade e sexo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;890&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;958 respectivamente&#41;&#46; A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da doen&#231;a dos pacientes foi de 12&#44;6 anos&#46; O escore PASI m&#233;dio foi de 12&#44;3 no grupo de pacientes&#46; Quinze pacientes tinham psor&#237;ase leve e 31 pacientes tinham psor&#237;ase moderada a grave&#44; de acordo com os escores PASI&#46; Os pacientes tinham IMC um pouco maior do que os controles&#44; com diferen&#231;a n&#227;o significante &#40;25&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 24&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;154&#41;&#46; A PA sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia e a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foram maiores no grupo de pacientes&#44; e essas diferen&#231;as foram significantes &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;044 e p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;005&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; As caracter&#237;sticas descritivas dos participantes s&#227;o mostradas na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Par&#226;metros laboratoriais</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes foram demonstradas entre pacientes e controles saud&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de glicemia de jejum&#44; TG e PCR &#40;para todos p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Todos esses par&#226;metros foram maiores no grupo de pacientes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">N&#237;veis de SCUBE&#8208;1 e medidas da EIMC</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O valor m&#233;dio de SCUBE&#8208;1 nos pacientes foi de 4&#44;47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;40&#44; enquanto no grupo controle foi de 2&#44;66<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;49&#44; e essa foi uma diferen&#231;a significante &#40;p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significantes entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas da EIMC direita&#44; esquerda e m&#233;dia &#40;para todos&#44; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabela 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">N&#227;o foram mostradas diferen&#231;as significantes entre cada um dos valores de SCUBE&#8208;1 e medidas da EIMC de acordo com a gravidade da doen&#231;a com base nos escores PASI no grupo de pacientes &#40;para todos&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62; 0&#44;05&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabela 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os valores de SCUBE&#8208;1 e EIMC foram correlacionados positivamente nos pacientes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabela 5</a>&#41;&#46; Uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva tamb&#233;m foi mostrada entre os n&#237;veis de SCUBE&#8208;1 e PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; foram encontradas correla&#231;&#245;es positivas entre PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica&#44; IMC e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura&#44; colesterol total e n&#237;veis de LDL &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabela 5</a>&#41;&#46; An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla revelaram que a presen&#231;a de psor&#237;ase tamb&#233;m foi significantemente associada com EIMC e n&#237;veis de SCUBE&#8208;1 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">tabela 6</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que al&#233;m da inflama&#231;&#227;o&#44; a angiog&#234;nese e a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tamb&#233;m s&#227;o componentes significantes dos mecanismos patog&#234;nicos na psor&#237;ase&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre psor&#237;ase e aumento do risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares foi comprovada em muitos estudos&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;19&#8208;22</span></a> mas os mecanismos subjacentes permanecem indefinidos&#46; Dois mecanismos subjacentes foram propostos&#58; primeiro&#44; fatores de risco cardiovascular no centro das aten&#231;&#245;es &#40;DM&#44; resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina&#44; hipertens&#227;o&#44; perfis lip&#237;dicos alterados&#44; IMC alto&#44; tabagismo&#41; podem ser vistos com maior frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes com psor&#237;ase em compara&#231;&#227;o com o restante da popula&#231;&#227;o&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a> o segundo &#233; a pr&#243;pria psor&#237;ase&#44; cuja inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica tamb&#233;m pode afetar diretamente as paredes dos vasos e&#44; como resultado&#44; vasos inflamados elevam o risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e mortalidade&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Em um estudo de base populacional&#44; os autores mostraram que a psor&#237;ase estava associada ao aumento m&#233;dio da EIMC&#44; mas n&#227;o &#224; preval&#234;ncia de placa carot&#237;dea&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Em outro estudo da It&#225;lia&#44; observou&#8208;se aumento significante nos valores m&#233;dios de EIMC em pacientes com psor&#237;ase&#44; al&#233;m de forte correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os escores PASI e EIMC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Semelhante &#224; literatura&#44; o presente estudo mostra diferen&#231;a significante nos valores de EIMC de pacientes com psor&#237;ase em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles saud&#225;veis&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram significantemente mais altas no grupo de pacientes&#44; enquanto ambos os grupos n&#227;o mostraram nenhuma diferen&#231;a em termos de h&#225;bitos de tabagismo e consumo de &#225;lcool e IMC&#46; Ao contr&#225;rio do estudo mencionado anteriormente&#44; n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significantes nos valores da EIMC de acordo com a gravidade da doen&#231;a&#44; nem correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores da EIMC e os escores PASI&#46; Nossos resultados mostraram que mesmo pacientes com doen&#231;a leve podem ter maior risco de presen&#231;a de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica e&#44; nos pacientes do presente estudo&#44; acredita&#8208;se que o poss&#237;vel mecanismo subjacente causador dessa diferen&#231;a esteja relacionado &#224; pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SCUBE&#8208;1 pertence &#224; fam&#237;lia de prote&#237;nas SCUBE que est&#227;o aumentadas em processos inflamat&#243;rios e condi&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; hip&#243;xia&#44; e acredita&#8208;se que tenham papel na angiog&#234;nese fisiol&#243;gica e patol&#243;gica&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Na literatura&#44; a express&#227;o de SCUBE&#8208;1 foi demonstrada especialmente em c&#233;lulas endoteliais vasculares de tecidos altamente vascularizados&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> e os n&#237;veis de SCUBE&#8208;1 estavam aumentados em condi&#231;&#245;es como s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda&#44; acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico agudo&#44; DM&#44; neoplasias malignas e tamb&#233;m psor&#237;ase&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11&#44;29&#44;30</span></a> Al&#233;m disso&#44; os n&#237;veis de SCUBE&#8208;1 diminu&#237;ram com tratamentos contra IL&#8208;1&#946; e TNF&#8208;&#945;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> At&#233; o momento&#44; h&#225; apenas um estudo avaliando os n&#237;veis de SCUBE&#8208;1 em pacientes com psor&#237;ase&#44; e esse estudo demonstrou que os n&#237;veis de VEGF&#44; SCUBE&#8208;1 e SCUBE&#8208;3 eram significantemente diferentes entre pacientes com psor&#237;ase e controles saud&#225;veis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Os autores tamb&#233;m relataram que SCUBE&#8208;1 apresentou 83&#37; de sensibilidade e 62&#37; de especificidade para prever a psor&#237;ase&#46; Assim&#44; eles sugeriram que a fam&#237;lia de prote&#237;nas SCUBE pode ser marcador potencial no processo e na triagem da angiog&#234;nese patol&#243;gica em pacientes psori&#225;sicos&#46; Da mesma maneira&#44; o presente estudo demonstrou n&#237;veis significantemente elevados de SCUBE&#8208;1 no grupo de pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles saud&#225;veis&#46; A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla e os resultados de correla&#231;&#227;o entre EIMC e SCUBE&#8208;1 indicaram que o n&#237;vel de SCUBE&#8208;1 est&#225; fortemente associado &#224; aterosclerose e pode ser um biomarcador &#250;til e independente que demonstra a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica&#44; al&#233;m da medida da EIMC&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A PCR &#233; uma prote&#237;na de resposta de fase aguda envolvida em muitos processos inflamat&#243;rios&#44; como angiog&#234;nese&#44; trombose e ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema complemento&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Foi demonstrado que n&#237;veis elevados de PCR est&#227;o relacionados ao risco de eventos cardiovasculares futuros&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> O presente estudo mostrou n&#237;veis significantemente aumentados de PCR no grupo de pacientes&#44; o que pode demonstrar maior preval&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subjacente e dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares em pacientes com psor&#237;ase&#46; A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura &#233; um marcador cl&#237;nico de obesidade associado a aterosclerose e a dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; &#233; considerado medida n&#227;o invasiva independente da aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> No presente estudo&#44; embora os pacientes tivessem IMC semelhante ao dos controles saud&#225;veis&#44; a medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura era significantemente maior no grupo de pacientes&#46; Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e a PA&#46; Esses resultados sugerem que a medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura tamb&#233;m &#233; um valor importante&#44; indicando aumento da PA e poss&#237;vel aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica&#44; mesmo que os pacientes n&#227;o sejam obesos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Embora o presente estudo tenha algumas limita&#231;&#245;es&#44; como baixo n&#250;mero de participantes e n&#227;o ter inclu&#237;do nenhum outro marcador inflamat&#243;rio relacionado &#224; angiog&#234;nese ou aterosclerose&#44; como VEGF&#44; adiponectina&#44; entre outros&#44; n&#227;o h&#225; nenhum outro estudo na literatura avaliando par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos&#44; SCUBE&#8208;1 s&#233;rico e medida da EIMC simultaneamente em pacientes com psor&#237;ase&#46; Com esses resultados&#44; os autores demostraram que al&#233;m da medida da EIMC&#44; SCUBE&#8208;1 pode ser marcador importante e independente para demonstrar aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica por meio de sua participa&#231;&#227;o no processo patol&#243;gico da angiog&#234;nese em pacientes com psor&#237;ase&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR e a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura podem estar particularmente relacionados &#224; aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica e podem ser indicadores de futuras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares&#46; Este estudo pioneiro deve ser validado em futuros estudos longitudinais prospectivos com amostras maiores e mais marcadores inflamat&#243;rios&#46; Os autores acreditam que&#44; no futuro&#44; quando as vias e os mecanismos pelos quais a SCUBE&#8208;1 atua na patog&#234;nese da psor&#237;ase forem mais bem compreendidos&#44; ela poder&#225; ser um alvo potencial para futuras terap&#234;uticas&#44; especialmente para prevenir a angiog&#234;nese patol&#243;gica subjacente e a aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica na psor&#237;ase&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Suporte financeiro</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Havva Hilal Ayvaz &#199;elik&#58; Aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica da literatura&#59; obten&#231;&#227;o&#44; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#59; participa&#231;&#227;o efetiva na orienta&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa&#59; participa&#231;&#227;o intelectual em conduta proped&#234;utica e&#47;ou terap&#234;utica de casos estudados&#59; elabora&#231;&#227;o e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mevl&#252;t Serdar Kuyumcu&#58; Aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica da literatura&#59; obten&#231;&#227;o&#44; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#59; participa&#231;&#227;o efetiva na orienta&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa&#59; participa&#231;&#227;o intelectual em conduta proped&#234;utica e&#47;ou terap&#234;utica de casos estudados&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#59; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica&#59; concep&#231;&#227;o e planejamento do estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fevziye Burcu &#350;irin&#58; Aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#59; obten&#231;&#227;o&#44; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#59; concep&#231;&#227;o e planejamento do estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mehmet Cirit&#58; Obten&#231;&#227;o&#44; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#59; participa&#231;&#227;o efetiva na orienta&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Selma Korkmaz&#58; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#304;jlal Erturan&#58; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seda &#199;elik&#58; Obten&#231;&#227;o&#44; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mehmet Y&#305;ld&#305;r&#305;m&#58; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Fundamentos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A psor&#237;ase &#233; doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica associada a muitas condi&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias&#44; como aterosclerose&#44; hipertens&#227;o&#44; entre outras&#46; SCUBE&#8208;1 &#233; uma prote&#237;na que desempenha pap&#233;is no processo de angiog&#234;nese&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar se SCUBE&#8208;1 poderia indicar aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica em pacientes com psor&#237;ase e comparar os n&#237;veis de SCUBE&#8208;1&#44; a medida da espessura &#237;ntima&#8208;m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea &#40;EIMC&#41; e par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos em pacientes com psor&#237;ase e controles saud&#225;veis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Quarenta e seis pacientes com psor&#237;ase e 43 controles saud&#225;veis foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo&#46; A gravidade da doen&#231;a foi avaliada com o escore &#205;ndice de &#193;rea e Gravidade da Psor&#237;ase &#40;PASI&#44; do ingl&#234;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psoriase Area Severity Index</span>&#41; no grupo de pacientes&#46; Os n&#237;veis de SCUBE&#8208;1&#44; prote&#237;na C&#8208;reativa &#40;PCR&#41;&#44; lip&#237;dios e glicemia de jejum foram medidos com o m&#233;todo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enzyme&#8208;Linked Immunosorbent Assay</span> &#40;ELISA&#41;&#44; e as medidas de EIMC foram realizadas pelo mesmo cardiologista&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os n&#237;veis de SCUBE&#8208;1 e os valores de EIMC foram significantemente maiores no grupo de pacientes &#40;para ambos&#44; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica&#44; os n&#237;veis de PCR e a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foram maiores no grupo de pacientes&#44; embora ambos os grupos tivessem IMC semelhantes &#40;para todos&#44; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Correla&#231;&#227;o positiva foi encontrada entre os valores de SCUBE&#8208;1 e EIMC nos pacientes&#44; e an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla revelaram que SCUBE&#8208;1 e EIMC tamb&#233;m est&#227;o significantemente associados &#224; psor&#237;ase&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O baixo n&#250;mero de participantes e a n&#227;o inclus&#227;o de qualquer outro marcador inflamat&#243;rio relacionado &#224; angiog&#234;nese ou aterosclerose como VEGF&#44; adiponectina&#44; s&#227;o as principais limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sem considerar a gravidade da doen&#231;a&#44; mesmo em pacientes psori&#225;sicos com doen&#231;a leve&#44; o n&#237;vel de SCUBE&#8208;1 pode ser um indicador de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica e indicar risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular no futuro&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;54&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;46&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;460<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Etilismo&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;19&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;30&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;244<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">121&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">115&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;044<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">77&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;070<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pulsa&#231;&#227;o&#44; por minuto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">76&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;067<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura&#44; cm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Qui&#8208;quadrado&#46;</p>"
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos grupos do estudo &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>89&#41;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os dados s&#227;o fornecidos como m&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desvio padr&#227;o&#44; n&#250;mero &#40;n&#41;&#46; HDL&#44; lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade&#8208;colesterol&#59; LDL&#44; lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade&#8208;colesterol&#59; Hs&#8208;PCR&#44; prote&#237;na C&#8208;reativa de alta sensibilidade&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo de pacientes&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo controle&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&#8208;valor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Glicemia&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">110&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">93&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;021<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Colesterol total&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">191&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">183&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;365&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Triglicer&#237;deos&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">141&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>67&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">102&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>46&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LDL&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">118&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">110&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HDL&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;088&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hs&#8208;PCR&#44; mg&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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              ]
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            0 => array:3 [
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              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#44; teste U de Mann&#8208;Whitney&#46;</p>"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Par&#226;metros laboratoriais dos grupos do estudo &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>89&#41;</p>"
        ]
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PA diast&#243;lica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Colesterol Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LDL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SCUBE1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EIMC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PASI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="12" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IMC</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sig&#46; &#40;bicaudal&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="12" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="12" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;130&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sig&#46; &#40;bicaudal&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;389&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="12" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="12" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tabagismo</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;193&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sig&#46; &#40;bicaudal&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;906&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;199&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;778&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;658&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;171&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;255&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;585&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;213&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;079&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR &#40;IC95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR &#40;IC95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;970 &#40;0&#44;941&#8208;1&#44;000&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;052&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;968 &#40;0&#44;919&#8208;1&#44;019&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;212&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Glicemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;965 &#40;0&#44;936&#8208;0&#44;994&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;996 &#40;0&#44;969&#8208;1&#44;023&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;764&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hs&#8208;PCR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;733 &#40;0&#44;579&#8208;0&#44;927&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;010<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;848 &#40;0&#44;649&#8208;1&#44;107&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;225&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Triglicer&#237;deos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;988 &#40;0&#44;980&#8208;0&#44;996&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;992 &#40;0&#44;981&#8208;1&#44;003&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;155&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">EIMC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;960 &#40;0&#44;940&#8208;0&#44;981&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;965 &#40;0&#44;945&#8208;0&#44;976&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;003<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">SCUBE&#8208;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;729 &#40;0&#44;598&#8208;0&#44;888&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;828 &#40;0&#44;652&#8208;1&#44;051&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;031<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                            0 => "P&#46; Gisondi"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Interleukin 17A&#58; toward a new understanding of psoriasis pathogenesis"
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                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "C&#46;W&#46; Lynde"
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                            2 => "R&#46; Vender"
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                            4 => "S&#46; Khalil"
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Dermatol&#46;"
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                      "titulo" => "Down&#8208;regulation of the Th1"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Luan"
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                            2 => "H&#46; Wang"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.intimp.2015.11.005"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Th17&#44; and Th22 pathways due to anti&#8208;TNF&#8208;&#945; treatment in psoriasis&#46; Int Immunopharmacol&#46;"
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Vol. 98. Núm. 5.
Páginas 595-601 (1 setembro 2023)
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Vol. 98. Núm. 5.
Páginas 595-601 (1 setembro 2023)
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Poderia SCUBE‐1 ser marcador para aterosclerose subclínica além da espessura da camada íntima‐média carotídea em pacientes com psoríase?
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Havva Hilal Ayvaz Çelika,
Autor para correspondência
drhhilalayvaz@gmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Mevlüt Serdar Kuyumcub, Fevziye Burcu Şirinc, Mehmet Cirita, Selma Korkmaza, İjlal Erturana, Seda Çelikc, Mehmet Yıldırıma
a Departamento de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turquia
b Departamento de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turquia
c Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turquia
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Estatísticas
Tabelas (6)
Tabela 1. Características basais dos grupos do estudo (n=89)
Tabela 2. Parâmetros laboratoriais dos grupos do estudo (n=89)
Tabela 3. Níveis de SCUBE‐1 e valores da espessura íntima‐média carotídea dos grupos do estudo (n=89)
Tabela 4. Comparação dos níveis de SCUBE‐1, EIMC direita, EIMC esquerda e médias de EIMC de acordo com a gravidade da doença no grupo de pacientes (n=46)
Tabela 5. Correlação de variáveis entre si no grupo de pacientes (n=46)
Tabela 6. Análises de regressão univariada e multivariada de parâmetros em psoríase
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Resumo
Fundamentos

A psoríase é doença inflamatória crônica associada a muitas condições inflamatórias, como aterosclerose, hipertensão, entre outras. SCUBE‐1 é uma proteína que desempenha papéis no processo de angiogênese.

Objetivos

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar se SCUBE‐1 poderia indicar aterosclerose subclínica em pacientes com psoríase e comparar os níveis de SCUBE‐1, a medida da espessura íntima‐média carotídea (EIMC) e parâmetros metabólicos em pacientes com psoríase e controles saudáveis.

Métodos

Quarenta e seis pacientes com psoríase e 43 controles saudáveis foram incluídos no estudo. A gravidade da doença foi avaliada com o escore Índice de Área e Gravidade da Psoríase (PASI, do inglês Psoriase Area Severity Index) no grupo de pacientes. Os níveis de SCUBE‐1, proteína C‐reativa (PCR), lipídios e glicemia de jejum foram medidos com o método Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), e as medidas de EIMC foram realizadas pelo mesmo cardiologista.

Resultados

Os níveis de SCUBE‐1 e os valores de EIMC foram significantemente maiores no grupo de pacientes (para ambos, p <0,05). Além disso, a pressão arterial sistólica, os níveis de PCR e a circunferência da cintura foram maiores no grupo de pacientes, embora ambos os grupos tivessem IMC semelhantes (para todos, p <0,05). Correlação positiva foi encontrada entre os valores de SCUBE‐1 e EIMC nos pacientes, e análises de regressão múltipla revelaram que SCUBE‐1 e EIMC também estão significantemente associados à psoríase.

Limitações do estudo

O baixo número de participantes e a não inclusão de qualquer outro marcador inflamatório relacionado à angiogênese ou aterosclerose como VEGF, adiponectina, são as principais limitações do presente estudo.

Conclusão

Sem considerar a gravidade da doença, mesmo em pacientes psoriásicos com doença leve, o nível de SCUBE‐1 pode ser um indicador de aterosclerose subclínica e indicar risco de doença cardiovascular no futuro.

Palavras‐chave:
Aterosclerose
Espessura íntima‐média carotídea
Psoríase
Texto Completo
Introdução

Psoríase é doença inflamatória sistêmica frequentemente associada a condições metabólicas, incluindo doenças cardiovasculares, esteatose hepática, obesidade, resistência à insulina, diabetes mellitus (DM), hipertensão e hiperlipidemia.1

A patogênese exata da psoríase não está totalmente elucidada, mas a parte esclarecida inclui principalmente inflamação mediada por células T, caracterizada pela ativação de células T‐helper (Th)1, Th17 e Th‐22.2 Essas células ativadas produzem muitas citocinas, incluindo fator de necrose tumoral (TNF)‐α, interleucina (IL)‐1, IL‐17, fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor), IL‐6, IL‐22, IL‐23 e interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ).2–4 Além disso, esses mediadores podem levar a inflamação sistêmica que desencadeia disfunção do endotélio endovascular, aumento do estresse oxidativo, hipercoagulação e aumento da angiogênese, que também são os principais componentes das lesões cardiovasculares e aterosclerose.1,5

SCUBE‐1 (Signal peptide‐CUB‐EGF domain‐containing protein 1) é membro de uma família de proteínas localizada na superfície celular – as proteínas SCUBE – que podem ser detectadas em processos inflamatórios e angiogênese.6–8 Em estudos recentes, a proteína SCUBE‐1 foi detectada em células endoteliais vasculares e plaquetas conhecidas por desempenharem papéis cruciais no processo de trombose arterial.9,10 Além disso, há um estudo avaliando os níveis séricos de VEGF, SCUBE‐1 e SCUBE‐3 em pacientes com psoríase, no qual os autores afirmam que SCUBE‐1 pode estar relacionada à patogênese da psoríase.11

A espessura íntima‐média carotídea (EIMC) é a medida da espessura da parede da artéria carótida avaliada na ultrassonografia, e mesmo alterações iniciais da aterosclerose podem ser diagnosticadas diretamente por esse método.12 Alguns estudos relataram que pacientes com psoríase têm valores de EIMC mais altos do que controles saudáveis não psoriásicos.13–15Além disso, eles alegaram que a psoríase é fator de risco independente para aumento da EIMC, que indica aterosclerose subclínica.13

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar aterosclerose subclínica em pacientes com psoríase pela medida da EIMC, níveis de SCUBE‐1 e parâmetros metabólicos, além de compará‐los entre pacientes psoriásicos e controles saudáveis não psoriásicos e, assim, investigar se SCUBE‐1 poderia desempenhar papel tanto na patogênese da psoríase quanto da aterosclerose. Que seja de conhecimento dos autores, este é o primeiro estudo na literatura avaliando os níveis de SCUBE‐1 e a medida da EIMC simultaneamente em pacientes psoriásicos e controles saudáveis.

Material e método

Este estudo prospectivo de caso‐controle foi revisado pelo Comitê de Ética do Suleyman Demirel University Hospital e aprovado pela decisão número 370 em 23/12/2019. Este protocolo de estudo foi consistente com a Declaração de Helsinque, e consentimento informado foi obtido de cada um dos participantes.

População do estudo

Pacientes diagnosticados com psoríase na histopatologia e/ou clinicamente, com idade entre 18 e 65 anos, atendidos no Ambulatório de Dermatologia do Suleyman Demirel University Hospital entre janeiro de 2020 a janeiro de 2021, foram considerados para este estudo. Pacientes com histórico de qualquer evento cardiovascular ou cerebrovascular, infecção ativa e doenças inflamatórias sistêmicas ou cutâneas, exceto psoríase, e ingestão regular de medicamentos por qualquer motivo foram excluídos. Obteve‐se histórico detalhado dos pacientes, foi realizado exame dermatológico e a presença de artrite e/ou envolvimento das unhas também foi avaliada e anotada. Os índices de Área e Gravidade da Psoríase (PASI, do inglês Psoriasis Area and Severity Index)16 foram calculados e, de acordo com os mesmos, os pacientes foram subdivididos em dois grupos: doença leve, com escore PASI ≤ 10, e doença moderada a grave, com escore PASI> 10.

Voluntários saudáveis pareados por idade e sexo, sem quaisquer doenças inflamatórias sistêmicas, incluindo doenças cardiovasculares e/ou neurovasculares, doenças inflamatórias da pele e ingestão regular de medicamentos por qualquer motivo, foram incluídos como grupo controle.

Altura, peso, circunferência da cintura, pressão arterial (PA) diastólica e sistólica, e pulsação de todos os indivíduos foram medidos.

SCUBE e outros testes laboratoriais

Após 10 horas de jejum, amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas e colocadas em um tubo separador de soro com ativador de coagulação e centrifugadas a 3.000rpm por 10 minutos. Em seguida, essas amostras de soro foram armazenadas a80°C até a análise. Testes bioquímicos, incluindo glicemia de jejum, triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) e proteína C‐reativa (PCR) foram medidos pelo analisador bioquímico Beckman Coulter AU 5800 (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, EUA). Os níveis séricos de SCUBE‐1 foram medidos utilizando o kit ELISA (E‐EL‐H5405 Elabscience, Wuhan, Província de Hubei, China). A sensibilidade do kit ELISA era de 0,38 ng/mL. Os resultados foram expressos em unidades de concentração.

Medidas ultrassonográficas de EIMC

Essas medidas foram realizadas pelo mesmo cardiologista certificado e treinado. Os pacientes ficaram em repouso por 10 minutos e foram solicitados a deitar em decúbito dorsal durante o exame. A ultrassonografia em modo B das artérias carótidas direita e esquerda foi realizada pelo médico com um transdutor linear de alta resolução (sensível a uma espessura de 0,01mm) de 8MHz do aparelho de ultrassom Vivid S6.

Análise estatística

Os dados foram analisados usando o IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0. Os valores dos dados descritivos foram apresentados como média±DP (também foram fornecidos mediana, valores mínimos e máximos). As variáveis categóricas foram apresentadas como frequência e porcentagem. Para a análise de variáveis contínuas entre os grupos, as características de distribuição foram avaliadas com o teste de Shapiro‐Wilk. A análise do qui‐quadrado foi usada para variáveis categóricas e qualitativas, e o teste t de Student também foi empregado para comparações de variáveis com distribuição normal e o teste U de Mann‐Whitney para variáveis não normalmente distribuídas, se existissem dois grupos. A relação entre os parâmetros foi avaliada por meio da correlação e análise de Pearson e Spearman. As análises de regressão logística univariada e multivariada consistiram em SCUBE‐1, EIMC e outras variáveis (PA sistólica, circunferência da cintura, glicemia, hs‐PCR, TG). Significância estatística foi considerada com valor de p <0,05.

Resultados

Quarenta e seis pacientes (19 mulheres e 27 homens) com média de idade de 40,3±13,8 anos e 43 controles (18 mulheres e 25 homens) com média de idade de 39,9±11,6 anos foram incluídos no estudo. Não houve diferença significante entre os dois grupos em relação à média de idade e sexo (p=0,890, p=0,958 respectivamente). A duração média da doença dos pacientes foi de 12,6 anos. O escore PASI médio foi de 12,3 no grupo de pacientes. Quinze pacientes tinham psoríase leve e 31 pacientes tinham psoríase moderada a grave, de acordo com os escores PASI. Os pacientes tinham IMC um pouco maior do que os controles, com diferença não significante (25,9±4,8kg/m2vs. 24,6±3,2kg/m2; p=0,154). A PA sistólica média e a circunferência da cintura foram maiores no grupo de pacientes, e essas diferenças foram significantes (p=0,044 e p=0,005, respectivamente). As características descritivas dos participantes são mostradas na tabela 1.

Tabela 1.

Características basais dos grupos do estudo (n=89)

  Grupo de pacientes(n=46)  Grupo controle(n=43)  p‐valor 
Idade, anos  40,3±13,8  39,9±11,6  0,890a 
IMC, kg/m2  25,9±4,8  24,6±3,2  0,154a 
Sexo feminino, n (%)  19 (41,3)  18 (41,9)  0,958b 
Tabagismo, n (%)  25 (54,3)  20 (46,5)  0,460b 
Etilismo, n (%)  9 (19,6)  13 (30,2)  0,244b 
Pressão arterial sistólica, mmHg  121,8±18,7  115,1±11,9  0,044c 
Pressão arterial diastólica, mmHg  77,7±9,7  74,0±9,7  0,070a 
Pulsação, por minuto  79,2±8,9  76,1±6,5  0,067a 
Circunferência da cintura, cm  94,8±14,2  87,9±7,2  0,005c 

Os dados são fornecidos como média±desvio padrão, número (n). IMC, índice de massa corporal.

a

Teste t de amostras independentes.

b

Qui‐quadrado.

c

p <0,05.

Parâmetros laboratoriais

Diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram demonstradas entre pacientes e controles saudáveis em relação aos níveis de glicemia de jejum, TG e PCR (para todos p <0,05). Todos esses parâmetros foram maiores no grupo de pacientes (tabela 2).

Tabela 2.

Parâmetros laboratoriais dos grupos do estudo (n=89)

  Grupo de pacientes(n=46)  Grupo controle(n=43)  p‐valor 
Glicemia, mg/dL  110,1±31,1  93,4±14,2  0,021a 
Colesterol total, mg/dL  191,3±36,1  183,4±36,5  0,365 
Triglicerídeos, mg/dL  141,0±67,0  102,6±46,5  0,002a 
LDL, mg/dL  118,3±27,4  110,8±27,7  0,200 
HDL, mg/dL  47,0±13,1  51,8±13,4  0,088 
Hs‐PCR, mg/L  4,1±3,1  1,8±2,1  0,002a 

Os dados são fornecidos como média±desvio padrão, número (n). HDL, lipoproteína de alta densidade‐colesterol; LDL, lipoproteína de baixa densidade‐colesterol; Hs‐PCR, proteína C‐reativa de alta sensibilidade.

a

p <0,05, teste U de Mann‐Whitney.

Níveis de SCUBE‐1 e medidas da EIMC

O valor médio de SCUBE‐1 nos pacientes foi de 4,47±2,40, enquanto no grupo controle foi de 2,66±2,49, e essa foi uma diferença significante (p <0,001). Além disso, foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre os grupos em relação às medidas da EIMC direita, esquerda e média (para todos, p <0,001; tabela 3).

Tabela 3.

Níveis de SCUBE‐1 e valores da espessura íntima‐média carotídea dos grupos do estudo (n=89)

  Grupo de pacientes (n=46)  Grupo controle(n=43)  p‐valor 
Escore SCUBE‐1  4,47±2,40  2,66±2,49  <0,001a 
EIMC direita  0,81±0,07  0,75±0,04  <0,001a 
EIMC esquerda  0,81±0,08  0,74±0,04  <0,001a 
EIMC média  0,81±0,07  0,75±0,04  <0,001a 

Os dados são fornecidos como média±desvio padrão, número (n). EIMC, espessura íntima‐média carotídea.

a

p <0,001, teste U de Mann‐Whitney.

Não foram mostradas diferenças significantes entre cada um dos valores de SCUBE‐1 e medidas da EIMC de acordo com a gravidade da doença com base nos escores PASI no grupo de pacientes (para todos, p> 0,05; tabela 4).

Tabela 4.

Comparação dos níveis de SCUBE‐1, EIMC direita, EIMC esquerda e médias de EIMC de acordo com a gravidade da doença no grupo de pacientes (n=46)

  Escore PASI ≤ 10(n=16)  Escore PASI> 10(n=30)  p‐valor 
Escore SCUBE‐1  4,80±2,35  4,28±2,44  0,487 
EIMC direita  0,82±0,07  0,81±0,06  0,714 
EIMC esquerda  0,84±0,08  0,78±0,14  0,138 
EIMC média  0,83±0,07  0,80±0,08  0,153 

Os dados são fornecidos como média±desvio padrão, número (n). EIMC, espessura íntima‐média carotídea.

p <0,001, teste U de Mann‐Whitney.

Os valores de SCUBE‐1 e EIMC foram correlacionados positivamente nos pacientes (tabela 5). Uma correlação positiva também foi mostrada entre os níveis de SCUBE‐1 e PA sistólica e diastólica. Além disso, foram encontradas correlações positivas entre PA sistólica e diastólica, IMC e circunferência da cintura, colesterol total e níveis de LDL (tabela 5). Análises de regressão linear múltipla revelaram que a presença de psoríase também foi significantemente associada com EIMC e níveis de SCUBE‐1 (tabela 6).

Tabela 5.

Correlação de variáveis entre si no grupo de pacientes (n=46)

  IMC  Duração da doença  Tabagismo  PA sistólica  PA diastólica  Circunferência da cintura  Colesterol Total  LDL  SCUBE1  EIMC  PASI 
IMC
CP                     
Sig. (bicaudal)                       
Duração da doença
CP  0,130                   
Sig. (bicaudal)  0,389                     
Tabagismo
CP  0,013  0,193                 
Sig. (bicaudal)  0,906  0,199                   
PA sistólica
CP  0,381a  0,043  0,048               
Sig. (bicaudal)  0,000a  0,778  0,658                 
PA Diastólica
CP  0,299a  0,171  ‐0,059  0,661a             
Sig. (bicaudal)  0,004a  0,255  0,585  0,000a               
Circunferência da cintura
CP  0,676a  0,213  0,079  0,404a  0,330a           
Sig. (bicaudal)  0,000a  0,155  0,464  0,000a  0,002a             
Colesterol Total
CP  0,213b  0,028  0,010  0,198  0,097  0,166         
Sig. (bicaudal)  0,045b  0,855  0,925  0,063  0,365  0,120           
LDL
CP  0,222b  0,019  0,067  0,177  0,127  0,151  0,923a       
Sig. (bicaudal)  0,037b  0,902  0,532  0,097  0,235  0,158  0,000a         
SCUBE‐1
CP  0,135  0,204  0,091  0,294a  0,316a  0,205  0,156  0,203     
Sig. (bicaudal)  0,208  0,175  0,398  0,005a  0,003a  0,053  0,146  0,057       
EIMC
CP  0,037  0,109  0,019  0,363a  0,272a  0,055  0,144  0,203  0,286a   
Sig. (bicaudal)  0,727  0,472  0,856  0,000a  0,010a  0,611  0,179  0,057  0,007a     
PASI
CP  0,171  0,130  0,198  0,079  0,097  0,010  0,059  0,193  0,028  0,144 
Sig. (bicaudal)  0,255  0,389  0,063  0,464  0,365  0,925  0,585  0,199  0,855  0,357   

IMC, índice de massa corporal; PA, pressão arterial; LDL, lipoproteína de baixa densidade‐colesterol; EIMC, espessura íntima‐média carotídea; CP, correlação de Pearson.

a

Correlação significante ao nível de 0,01 (bicaudal).

b

Correlação significante ao nível de 0,05 (bicaudal).

Tabela 6.

Análises de regressão univariada e multivariada de parâmetros em psoríase

  Univariada  p–valor  Multivariada  p‐valor 
  OR (IC95%)    OR (IC95%)   
Pressão arterial sistólica  0,970 (0,941‐1,000)  0,052     
Circunferência da cintura  0,947 (0,909‐0,986)  0,008a  0,968 (0,919‐1,019)  0,212 
Glicemia  0,965 (0,936‐0,994)  0,019a  0,996 (0,969‐1,023)  0,764 
Hs‐PCR  0,733 (0,579‐0,927)  0,010a  0,848 (0,649‐1,107)  0,225 
Triglicerídeos  0,988 (0,980‐0,996)  0,005a  0,992 (0,981‐1,003)  0,155 
EIMC  0,960 (0,940‐0,981)  <0,001b  0,965 (0,945‐0,976)  0,003a 
SCUBE‐1  0,729 (0,598‐0,888)  0,002a  0,828 (0,652‐1,051)  0,031a 

IC, intervalo de confiança; OR, odds ratio; Hs‐PCR, proteína C‐reativa de alta sensibilidade; EIMC, espessura íntima‐média carotídea.

a

p <0,05.

b

p <0,001.

Discussão

Evidências sugerem que além da inflamação, a angiogênese e a disfunção endotelial também são componentes significantes dos mecanismos patogênicos na psoríase.17,18 A associação entre psoríase e aumento do risco de doenças cardiovasculares foi comprovada em muitos estudos,17,19‐22 mas os mecanismos subjacentes permanecem indefinidos. Dois mecanismos subjacentes foram propostos: primeiro, fatores de risco cardiovascular no centro das atenções (DM, resistência à insulina, hipertensão, perfis lipídicos alterados, IMC alto, tabagismo) podem ser vistos com maior frequência em pacientes com psoríase em comparação com o restante da população;23,24 o segundo é a própria psoríase, cuja inflamação sistêmica também pode afetar diretamente as paredes dos vasos e, como resultado, vasos inflamados elevam o risco de doenças cardiovasculares e mortalidade.25 Em um estudo de base populacional, os autores mostraram que a psoríase estava associada ao aumento médio da EIMC, mas não à prevalência de placa carotídea.26 Em outro estudo da Itália, observou‐se aumento significante nos valores médios de EIMC em pacientes com psoríase, além de forte correlação positiva entre os escores PASI e EIMC.27 Semelhante à literatura, o presente estudo mostra diferença significante nos valores de EIMC de pacientes com psoríase em relação aos controles saudáveis. Além disso, PA sistólica e diastólica foram significantemente mais altas no grupo de pacientes, enquanto ambos os grupos não mostraram nenhuma diferença em termos de hábitos de tabagismo e consumo de álcool e IMC. Ao contrário do estudo mencionado anteriormente, não foram encontradas diferenças significantes nos valores da EIMC de acordo com a gravidade da doença, nem correlação entre os valores da EIMC e os escores PASI. Nossos resultados mostraram que mesmo pacientes com doença leve podem ter maior risco de presença de aterosclerose subclínica e, nos pacientes do presente estudo, acredita‐se que o possível mecanismo subjacente causador dessa diferença esteja relacionado à própria doença.

SCUBE‐1 pertence à família de proteínas SCUBE que estão aumentadas em processos inflamatórios e condições associadas à hipóxia, e acredita‐se que tenham papel na angiogênese fisiológica e patológica.28 Na literatura, a expressão de SCUBE‐1 foi demonstrada especialmente em células endoteliais vasculares de tecidos altamente vascularizados,8 e os níveis de SCUBE‐1 estavam aumentados em condições como síndrome coronariana aguda, acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico agudo, DM, neoplasias malignas e também psoríase.9–11,29,30 Além disso, os níveis de SCUBE‐1 diminuíram com tratamentos contra IL‐1β e TNF‐α.8 Até o momento, há apenas um estudo avaliando os níveis de SCUBE‐1 em pacientes com psoríase, e esse estudo demonstrou que os níveis de VEGF, SCUBE‐1 e SCUBE‐3 eram significantemente diferentes entre pacientes com psoríase e controles saudáveis.12 Os autores também relataram que SCUBE‐1 apresentou 83% de sensibilidade e 62% de especificidade para prever a psoríase. Assim, eles sugeriram que a família de proteínas SCUBE pode ser marcador potencial no processo e na triagem da angiogênese patológica em pacientes psoriásicos. Da mesma maneira, o presente estudo demonstrou níveis significantemente elevados de SCUBE‐1 no grupo de pacientes em comparação aos controles saudáveis. A análise de regressão múltipla e os resultados de correlação entre EIMC e SCUBE‐1 indicaram que o nível de SCUBE‐1 está fortemente associado à aterosclerose e pode ser um biomarcador útil e independente que demonstra a presença de aterosclerose subclínica, além da medida da EIMC.

A PCR é uma proteína de resposta de fase aguda envolvida em muitos processos inflamatórios, como angiogênese, trombose e ativação do sistema complemento.31 Foi demonstrado que níveis elevados de PCR estão relacionados ao risco de eventos cardiovasculares futuros.32 O presente estudo mostrou níveis significantemente aumentados de PCR no grupo de pacientes, o que pode demonstrar maior prevalência de aterosclerose subjacente e distúrbios cardiovasculares em pacientes com psoríase. A circunferência da cintura é um marcador clínico de obesidade associado a aterosclerose e a distúrbios cardiovasculares. Além disso, é considerado medida não invasiva independente da aterosclerose subclínica.33 No presente estudo, embora os pacientes tivessem IMC semelhante ao dos controles saudáveis, a medida da circunferência da cintura era significantemente maior no grupo de pacientes. Também foi demonstrada correlação positiva entre a circunferência da cintura e a PA. Esses resultados sugerem que a medida da circunferência da cintura também é um valor importante, indicando aumento da PA e possível aterosclerose subclínica, mesmo que os pacientes não sejam obesos.

Conclusão

Embora o presente estudo tenha algumas limitações, como baixo número de participantes e não ter incluído nenhum outro marcador inflamatório relacionado à angiogênese ou aterosclerose, como VEGF, adiponectina, entre outros, não há nenhum outro estudo na literatura avaliando parâmetros metabólicos, SCUBE‐1 sérico e medida da EIMC simultaneamente em pacientes com psoríase. Com esses resultados, os autores demostraram que além da medida da EIMC, SCUBE‐1 pode ser marcador importante e independente para demonstrar aterosclerose subclínica por meio de sua participação no processo patológico da angiogênese em pacientes com psoríase. Além disso, os níveis séricos de PCR e a circunferência da cintura podem estar particularmente relacionados à aterosclerose subclínica e podem ser indicadores de futuras doenças cardiovasculares. Este estudo pioneiro deve ser validado em futuros estudos longitudinais prospectivos com amostras maiores e mais marcadores inflamatórios. Os autores acreditam que, no futuro, quando as vias e os mecanismos pelos quais a SCUBE‐1 atua na patogênese da psoríase forem mais bem compreendidos, ela poderá ser um alvo potencial para futuras terapêuticas, especialmente para prevenir a angiogênese patológica subjacente e a aterosclerose subclínica na psoríase.

Suporte financeiro

Nenhum.

Contribuição dos autores

Havva Hilal Ayvaz Çelik: Aprovação da versão final do manuscrito; revisão crítica da literatura; obtenção, análise e interpretação dos dados; participação efetiva na orientação da pesquisa; participação intelectual em conduta propedêutica e/ou terapêutica de casos estudados; elaboração e redação do manuscrito.

Mevlüt Serdar Kuyumcu: Aprovação da versão final do manuscrito; revisão crítica da literatura; obtenção, análise e interpretação dos dados; participação efetiva na orientação da pesquisa; participação intelectual em conduta propedêutica e/ou terapêutica de casos estudados; revisão crítica do manuscrito; análise estatística; concepção e planejamento do estudo.

Fevziye Burcu Şirin: Aprovação da versão final do manuscrito; obtenção, análise e interpretação dos dados; revisão crítica do manuscrito; concepção e planejamento do estudo.

Mehmet Cirit: Obtenção, análise e interpretação dos dados; participação efetiva na orientação da pesquisa.

Selma Korkmaz: Revisão crítica do manuscrito.

İjlal Erturan: Revisão crítica do manuscrito.

Seda Çelik: Obtenção, análise e interpretação dos dados.

Mehmet Yıldırım: Revisão crítica do manuscrito.

Conflito de interesses

Nenhum.

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Como citar este artigo: Ayvaz Çelik HH, Kuyumcu MS, Şirin FB, Cirit M, Korkmaz S, Erturan İ, et al. Could SCUBE‐1 be a marker for subclinical atherosclerosis other than carotid artery intima‐media thickness in patients with psoriasis? An Bras Dermatol. 2023;98:595–601.

Trabalho realizado nos Departamentos de Dermatologia e Bioquímica, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turquia.

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