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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dentre os crit&#233;rios listados tanto pelo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American College of Rheumatology</span> &#40;ACR&#8208;82&#41; quanto pelo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics</span> &#40;SLICC&#8208;12&#41; para o diagn&#243;stico de l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico &#40;LES&#41;&#44; quatro est&#227;o relacionados a altera&#231;&#245;es na pele e mucosas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> L&#250;pus eritematoso cut&#226;neo &#40;LEC&#41; &#233; um dos achados mais evidentes&#44; mas apenas uma fra&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com LEC ir&#225; eventualmente desenvolver LES&#58; entre os pacientes com l&#250;pus eritematoso discoide &#40;LED&#41;&#44; o subtipo mais comum de LEC&#44; a frequ&#234;ncia de progress&#227;o para LES varia de 0&#37; a 28&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> As caracter&#237;sticas que levam o m&#233;dico a suspeitar que isso possa acontecer incluem o n&#250;mero e a gravidade das les&#245;es cut&#226;neas&#44; o t&#237;tulo de anticorpos antinucleares e a presen&#231;a de sintomas sist&#234;micos no in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> A possibilidade de progress&#227;o para LES causa ansiedade em pacientes com l&#250;pus cut&#226;neo&#46; &#201; importante&#44; ent&#227;o&#44; tentar determinar quais pacientes t&#234;m maior risco de progress&#227;o para doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pesquisas anteriores mostraram a import&#226;ncia das vias pr&#243;&#8208;inflamat&#243;rias e citot&#243;xicas na g&#234;nese do l&#250;pus eritematoso&#44; geralmente comparando os subtipos de LEC&#46; Entretanto&#44; poucos estudos t&#234;m se concentrado nas diferen&#231;as entre pacientes com LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> e aqueles LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&#46; O objetivo do presente estudo foi encontrar biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios que pudessem predizer a progress&#227;o do LEC para LES&#46; Com esse prop&#243;sito&#44; foram utilizados ensaios imuno&#8208;histoqu&#237;micos &#40;IHQ&#41; em biopsias de pele de pacientes com LEC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0065">tabela suplementar 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todos</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Biopsias de pele de 59 pacientes com LEC atendidos no Ambulat&#243;rio de Dermatologia entre 1995 e 2012 foram inclu&#237;das se&#58; 1&#41; registros m&#233;dicos completos estivessem dispon&#237;veis&#59; 2&#41; o diagn&#243;stico tivesse sido confirmado por exame cl&#237;nico e histopatol&#243;gico&#44; incluindo imunofluoresc&#234;ncia direta&#44; quando indicada&#59; e 3&#41; houvesse tecido suficiente no bloco de parafina para novos cortes histol&#243;gicos&#46; Esses foram tratados por m&#233;todos convencionais de IHQ&#44; utilizando Polymers &#40;Kit Novolink&#44; Novocastra Laboratories&#44; Newcastle&#8208;upon&#8208;Tyne&#44; Reino Unido&#41; ou o m&#233;todo de estreptavidina&#8208;biotina&#8208;peroxidase de r&#225;bano &#40;LSAB&#8208;HRP&#44; c&#243;digo 0609&#44; Dako Cytomation&#44; Glostrup&#44; Dinamarca&#41;&#46; Cortes histol&#243;gicos de linfonodos&#44; ap&#234;ndice e tonsilas foram usados como controles&#46; Anticorpos prim&#225;rios&#44; m&#233;todo de recupera&#231;&#227;o e sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o empregados s&#227;o detalhados na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0065">tabela suplementar 2</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Biomarcadores foram utilizados para avaliar respostas citot&#243;xicas&#44; inflamat&#243;rias e anti&#8208;inflamat&#243;rias&#46; Para a an&#225;lise de ICAM&#8208;1&#44; CD4&#44; CD8&#44; CD25&#44; CD56&#44; granzima A&#44; granzima B&#44; granulisina&#44; perforina e FOXP3&#44; foram escolhidos tr&#234;s campos &#40;400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;&#41; com maior densidade de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias e sem artefatos&#46; Suas imagens digitais foram adquiridas e analisadas com o aux&#237;lio do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> Image J &#40;programa de processamento de imagem baseado em Java&#44; Wayne Rasband&#44; NIH&#44; Bethesda&#44; EUA&#44; dispon&#237;vel em <a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij">http&#58;&#47;&#47;rsb&#46;info&#46;nih&#46;gov&#47;ij</a>&#41;&#46; Tanto as c&#233;lulas imunomarcadas quanto as demais&#44; presentes no mesmo campo&#44; foram contadas&#46; A express&#227;o de cada marcador foi ent&#227;o definida como a raz&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas imunomarcadas e o n&#250;mero total de c&#233;lulas contadas&#46; Para os marcadores IL&#8208;6&#44; IL&#8208;1&#946;&#44; IL&#8208;17&#44; IL&#8208;18 e IL&#8208;10&#44; foi utilizado o m&#233;todo de an&#225;lise descrito por Popovic et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A m&#233;dia de idade dos 59 pacientes foi de 39 anos&#59; 55 eram do sexo feminino &#40;93&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#59; 21 tinham LED&#44; 21 tinham l&#250;pus t&#250;mido &#40;LT&#41; e 17 tinham l&#250;pus subagudo &#40;LSA&#41;&#46; Dezenove por cento dos pacientes com LED e LT apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de envolvimento sist&#234;mico&#44; como classificado pelos crit&#233;rios do ACR&#8208;82 e SLICC&#8208;12&#46; Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com LSA&#44; 47&#37; foram classificados como sist&#234;micos de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o SLICC&#8208;12&#59; em contraste&#44; 70&#44;5&#37; dos mesmos pacientes foram classificados como tendo envolvimento sist&#234;mico pelas diretrizes do ACR&#8208;82 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; Essa diferen&#231;a ocorreu porque o SLICC&#8208;12 n&#227;o inclui a fotossensibilidade como crit&#233;rio&#44; enquanto o ACR&#8208;82 n&#227;o considera crit&#233;rios de sinovite e teste de Coombs positivo&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica&#44; foi utilizado o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> SAS 9&#46;0&#174;&#46; A an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria dos dados foi realizada por meio de medidas sum&#225;rias &#40;m&#233;dia&#44; desvio padr&#227;o&#44; m&#237;nimo&#44; mediana&#44; m&#225;ximo&#44; frequ&#234;ncia e percentual&#41;&#46; Os grupos &#40;pacientes com LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> e LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&#41; foram comparados pelo teste exato de Fisher&#44; qui&#8208;quadrado ou Mann&#8208;Whitney&#46; A correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de Spearman&#46; O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o &#40;n&#176; 1214&#47;2010&#41;&#44; no qual foram observados todos os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em todas as amostras&#44; as c&#233;lulas foram imunomarcadas por todos os anticorpos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0065">tabela suplementar 1</a>&#41;&#44; mas para alguns marcadores houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> e LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&#44; como detalhado na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em pacientes LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#44; classificados por ambos os sistemas&#44; houve maior express&#227;o de IL&#8208;1&#946; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1A e B</a>&#59; ACR&#8208;82&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;024&#59; SLICC&#8208;12&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0143&#41;&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&#46; Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos marcadores de resposta T citot&#243;xica&#44; os pacientes com LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> apresentaram n&#250;mero significantemente maior de c&#233;lulas marcadas com granzima B e perforina &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabela 3</a>&#41; do que os pacientes com LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span> &#40;ACR&#8208;82&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0097&#59; SLICC&#8208;12&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0148&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes classificados por ambos os sistemas como LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span> apresentaram maior express&#227;o de IL&#8208;17 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1C e D</a>&#59; ACR&#8208;82&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0003&#59; SLICC&#8208;12&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0351&#41;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a densidade de c&#233;lulas granzima A e FoxP3 positivas &#40;ACR&#8208;82&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0257&#59; SLICC&#8208;12&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0285&#41; assim como com as c&#233;lulas CD8 positivas &#40;ACR&#8208;82&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0075&#59; SLICC&#8208;12&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0102&#41;&#44; bem como entre c&#233;lulas granulisina e CD8 positivas &#40;ACR&#8208;82&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0024&#59; SLICC&#8208;12&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0116&#41;&#46; Tamb&#233;m houve correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a densidade de c&#233;lulas positivas para granulisina e os seguintes crit&#233;rios de LES &#40;SLICC&#8208;12&#41;&#58; sinovite &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0466&#41;&#44; hipocomplementemia &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0408&#41; e anticorpo anti&#8208;Sm &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0252&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os macr&#243;fagos&#44; entre outras c&#233;lulas&#44; secretam IL&#8208;1&#946; por meio de diferentes est&#237;mulos&#44; principalmente o interferon&#8208;alfa &#40;IFN&#8208;&#945;&#41;&#46; A import&#226;ncia de uma resposta pr&#243;&#8208;inflamat&#243;ria estimulada por IFN tipo I&#44; particularmente IFN&#8208;&#945;&#44; em pacientes com LES&#44; &#233; corroborada por par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos&#44; como sintomas sist&#234;micos &#40;febre e fadiga&#41;&#44; histopatologia da pele e achados de necropsia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;9</span></a> Wenzel et al&#46; mostraram que pacientes com les&#245;es discoides disseminadas ou LSA apresentavam n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos aumentados de IFN tipo I&#44; o que pode indicar risco aumentado de desenvolver doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Na pele&#44; o IFN pode estimular a s&#237;ntese e a superexpress&#227;o de receptores de citocinas que promovem o influxo de c&#233;lulas imunes e o desenvolvimento de les&#245;es&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Na presente amostra&#44; essa resposta pr&#243;&#8208;inflamat&#243;ria em indiv&#237;duos com LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> foi identificada pela express&#227;o de IL&#8208;1&#946; em biopsias de pele&#46; Zhou et al&#46; encontraram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos aumentados de IL&#8208;1&#946; em pacientes com LES avaliados por citometria de esferas&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> mostrando atividade desregulada das c&#233;lulas T&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em contraste&#44; em pacientes com LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&#44; o marcador de resposta inflamat&#243;ria foi a IL&#8208;17&#46; Estudos examinando o papel da IL&#8208;17 no l&#250;pus eritematoso&#44; para investigar a efic&#225;cia de medicamentos imunobiol&#243;gicos anti&#8208;IL&#8208;17&#44; relataram aumento na express&#227;o de IL&#8208;17 em les&#245;es de pacientes com LSA e LED e na pele n&#227;o afetada de pacientes com LES&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;13</span></a> Na presente amostra&#44; a express&#227;o de IL&#8208;17 foi significantemente maior em pacientes com LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&#44; sugerindo que medicamentos anti&#8208;IL&#8208;17 poderiam ser eficazes para les&#245;es de LEC&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em pacientes LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> com qualquer subtipo de LEC&#44; identificamos resposta T citot&#243;xica pelo aumento da express&#227;o de granzima B e perforina&#44; necess&#225;rios para a penetra&#231;&#227;o nas c&#233;lulas&#8208;alvo&#46; Granzima B &#233; fortemente expressa na cicatriza&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es de LEC e est&#225; significantemente aumentada em compara&#231;&#227;o com LSA e controles saud&#225;veis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Grassi et al&#46; demonstraram que a express&#227;o de c&#233;lulas granzima B positivas era mais frequente na histopatologia da pele de pacientes com LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes puramente com LEC&#44; sugerindo que a granzima B &#233; marcador de citotoxicidade chave em indiv&#237;duos com LES&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Seu papel na g&#234;nese de m&#250;ltiplas manifesta&#231;&#245;es de LES tamb&#233;m &#233; corroborado pelos n&#237;veis mais altos de granzima B s&#233;rica sol&#250;vel em pacientes com LES&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em pacientes com LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&#44; a correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a densidade de c&#233;lulas positivas para CD8&#44; granzima A e granulisina destaca a import&#226;ncia da citotoxicidade na patog&#234;nese das les&#245;es cut&#226;neas&#46; Estudos anteriores mostraram predomin&#226;ncia de c&#233;lulas CD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> nas les&#245;es de pacientes com LED&#44; enquanto em outros subtipos de pele mais frequentemente associados a doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas&#44; como LSA&#44; h&#225; predomin&#226;ncia de c&#233;lulas CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a> Outros estudos enfatizaram apenas o papel da granzima B nas les&#245;es do LEC&#44; sem considerar a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;18</span></a> A granzima A associada &#224; express&#227;o da IL&#8208;17 foi anteriormente descrita em les&#245;es psori&#225;sicas&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> o que pode indicar&#44; no ambiente psori&#225;sico&#44; papel predominante na manuten&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o&#44; em vez de citotoxicidade&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os pacientes da presente amostra foram avaliados em um momento espec&#237;fico de sua evolu&#231;&#227;o&#44; quando seus sintomas&#44; sinais e resultados laboratoriais poderiam classific&#225;&#8208;los como pacientes LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span> ou LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#46; N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel prever quantos mais&#44; de cada grupo&#44; teriam evolu&#237;do para doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica nos pr&#243;ximos cinco ou dez anos&#46; Os autores acreditam que a probabilidade de desenvolver l&#250;pus sist&#234;mico &#233; maior no grupo com LSA&#44; e n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel excluir com seguran&#231;a a possibilidade de que as diferen&#231;as encontradas possam refletir apenas aquelas entre LED&#47;LT e LSA&#46; &#201; importante ressaltar que n&#227;o foram realizadas an&#225;lises comparativas entre os subgrupos de LEC&#44; pois o objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar as diferen&#231;as entre pacientes LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> e LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span>&#44; independentemente do subtipo de LEC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na presente amostra&#44; os achados IHQ sugerem que os pacientes com tend&#234;ncia &#224; doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica apresentar&#227;o forte reatividade &#224; IL&#8208;1&#946;&#44; enquanto aqueles com acometimento puramente cut&#226;neo tender&#227;o a expressar mais intensamente a IL&#8208;17&#46; Os achados podem ajudar&#44; juntamente com dados cl&#237;nicos&#44; a identificar pacientes com LEC com maior probabilidade de evoluir para doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Suporte financeiro</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabalho recebeu suporte financeiro da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#40;FAPESP&#41; &#8211; Processo n&#176; 11&#47;50037&#8208;2 e n&#176; 2016&#47;153362&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">B&#225;rbara Hartung Lovato&#58; Concep&#231;&#227;o e planejamento do estudo&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica da literatura&#59; obten&#231;&#227;o&#44; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#59; elabora&#231;&#227;o e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#59; aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Let&#237;cia Fogagnolo&#58; Concep&#231;&#227;o e planejamento do estudo&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica da literatura&#59; obten&#231;&#227;o&#44; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#59; aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elemir Macedo de Souza&#58; Concep&#231;&#227;o e planejamento do estudo&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Larissa Juliana Batista da Silva&#58; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica da literatura&#59; obten&#231;&#227;o&#44; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#59; elabora&#231;&#227;o e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paulo Eduardo Neves Ferreira Velho&#58; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica da literatura&#59; obten&#231;&#227;o&#44; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maria Let&#237;cia Cintra&#58; Concep&#231;&#227;o e planejamento do estudo&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica da literatura&#59; obten&#231;&#227;o&#44; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#59; elabora&#231;&#227;o e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#59; aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fernanda Teixeira&#58; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica da literatura&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#59; aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Fundamentos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Apenas uma fra&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com l&#250;pus eritematoso cut&#226;neo &#40;LEC&#41; eventualmente evoluir&#225; para doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica &#40;l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico &#8211; LES&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Encontrar biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios que possam predizer a progress&#227;o do LEC para LES utilizando ensaios imuno&#8208;histoqu&#237;micos &#40;IHQ&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Marcadores IHQ para respostas citot&#243;xicas&#44; inflamat&#243;rias e anti&#8208;inflamat&#243;rias e m&#233;todos morfom&#233;tricos foram aplicados a cortes histol&#243;gicos de biopsias de pele emblocadas em parafina&#44; obtidas de les&#245;es de 59 pacientes com l&#250;pus discoide&#44; l&#250;pus subagudo e l&#250;pus t&#250;mido&#46; Para o diagn&#243;stico de LES&#44; os pacientes foram classificados pelos sistemas do American College of Rheumatology &#40;ACR&#8208;82&#41; e do Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics &#40;SLICC&#8208;12&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As amostras de pele de pacientes com LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> apresentaram maior express&#227;o de IL&#8208;1&#946; &#40;ACR&#8208;82&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;024&#59; SLICC&#8208;12&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0143&#41; e n&#250;mero significantemente maior de c&#233;lulas marcadas com granzima B e perforina &#40;ACR&#8208;82&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0097&#59; SLICC&#8208;12&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0148&#41;&#46; Biopsias de indiv&#237;duos com LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span> apresentaram maior express&#227;o de IL&#8208;17 &#40;ACR&#8208;82&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0003&#59; SLICC&#8208;12&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0351&#41; e correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a densidade de c&#233;lulas positivas para granzima A&#44; e para FoxP3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43; &#40;ACR&#8208;82&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0257&#59; SLICC&#8208;12&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0285&#41; e c&#233;lulas CD8 positivas &#40;ACR&#8208;82&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0075&#59; SLICC&#8208;12&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0102&#41;&#44; bem como entre c&#233;lulas positivas para granulisina e CD8 &#40;ACR&#8208;82&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0024&#59; SLICC&#8208;12&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0116&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os pacientes foram avaliados em momento espec&#237;fico de sua evolu&#231;&#227;o e de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica&#46; N&#227;o podemos prever quantos mais&#44; de cada grupo&#44; teriam evolu&#237;do para LES nos anos seguintes&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nesta coorte&#44; os achados IHQ sugeriram que pacientes com tend&#234;ncia a doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica apresentar&#227;o forte reatividade &#224; IL&#8208;1&#946;&#44; enquanto aqueles com envolvimento puramente cut&#226;neo tender&#227;o a expressar IL&#8208;17 de maneira mais intensa&#46;</p></span>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Achados imuno&#8208;histoqu&#237;micos&#46; &#40;A&#8211;B&#41; IL&#8208;1&#946;&#46; &#40;C&#8211;D&#41; IL&#8208;17&#46; A&#8211;C&#44; pacientes com LES&#59; B&#8211;D&#44; pacientes com les&#245;es de l&#250;pus eritematoso puramente cut&#226;neo &#40;Aumento original&#58; A<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;&#59; B&#8211;D<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anti&#8208;DNA &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anti&#8208;Sm positivo &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SAL &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">12 &#40;70&#44;5&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">5 &#40;29&#44;4&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">8 &#40;47&#44;05&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">9 &#40;52&#44;9&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&#233;dia de idade&#44; anos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sexo&#44; feminino &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">FAN positivo &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anti&#8208;DNA positivo &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anti&#8208;Sm positivo &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LT &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">4 &#40;19&#44;04&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">17 &#40;80&#44;9&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">4 &#40;19&#44;04&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">17 &#40;80&#44;9&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&#233;dia de idade&#44; anos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sexo&#44; feminino &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">FAN positivo &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anti&#8208;DNA positivo &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anti&#8208;Sm positivo &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;85&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;35&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;moderado a acentuado&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;64&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#37; de c&#233;lulas com imunomarca&#231;&#227;o de CD56 em tr&#234;s campos &#40;m&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DP&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#37; de c&#233;lulas com imunomarca&#231;&#227;o de ICAM em tr&#234;s campos &#40;m&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DP&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">47&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">41&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3426294.png"
              ]
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            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LEC&#47;LES<span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#8722;</span></span>&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IL&#8208;17 &#40;c&#233;lulas epid&#233;rmicas&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;moderado&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;76&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;acentuado&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;23&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">IL&#8208;17 &#40;intersticial&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Correla&#231;&#227;o entre FoxP3 e granzima A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;0257&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;0285&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                      "titulo" => "The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus"
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "E&#46;M&#46; Tan"
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                            2 => "J&#46;F&#46; Fries"
                            3 => "A&#46;T&#46; Masi"
                            4 => "D&#46;J&#46; McShane"
                            5 => "N&#46;F&#46; Rothfield"
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                      "doi" => "10.1002/art.1780251101"
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                        "fecha" => "1982"
                        "volumen" => "25"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7138600"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Derivation and validation of Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Petri"
                            1 => "A&#46;-M&#46; Orbai"
                            2 => "G&#46;S&#46; Alarc&#243;n"
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                        "fecha" => "2012"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "2686"
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              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Determining risk factors for developing systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "B&#46;F&#46; Chong"
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                            2 => "N&#46;J&#46; Olsen"
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                        ]
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                    ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10610.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Dermatol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "166"
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Vol. 99. Núm. 1.
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IL‐1β e IL‐17 em biopsias de pele de lúpus eritematoso cutâneo: a imuno‐histoquímica poderia indicar tendência ao envolvimento sistêmico?
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Barbara Hartung Lovatoa,
Autor para correspondência
bhlovato@gmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Leticia Fogagnoloa, Elemir Macedo de Souzab, Larissa Juliana Batista da Silvaa, Paulo Eduardo Neves Ferreira Velhob, Maria Leticia Cintraa, Fernanda Teixeiraa
a Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
b Departamento de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Tabela 1. Dados demográficos e clínicos dos pacientes, segundo subtipos de LEC e presença de LES
Tabela 2. Diferenças imuno‐histoquímicas entre pacientes LEC/LES+ e LEC/LES−, de acordo com as classificações ACR‐82 e SCLICC‐12
Tabela 3. Diferenças imuno‐histoquímicas na correlação de Spearman entre pacientes LEC/LES+ e LEC/LES–, de acordo com as classificações ACR‐82 e SCLICC‐12
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Resumo
Fundamentos

Apenas uma fração dos pacientes com lúpus eritematoso cutâneo (LEC) eventualmente evoluirá para doença sistêmica (lúpus eritematoso sistêmico – LES).

Objetivo

Encontrar biomarcadores inflamatórios que possam predizer a progressão do LEC para LES utilizando ensaios imuno‐histoquímicos (IHQ).

Métodos

Marcadores IHQ para respostas citotóxicas, inflamatórias e anti‐inflamatórias e métodos morfométricos foram aplicados a cortes histológicos de biopsias de pele emblocadas em parafina, obtidas de lesões de 59 pacientes com lúpus discoide, lúpus subagudo e lúpus túmido. Para o diagnóstico de LES, os pacientes foram classificados pelos sistemas do American College of Rheumatology (ACR‐82) e do Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC‐12).

Resultados

As amostras de pele de pacientes com LEC/LES+ apresentaram maior expressão de IL‐1β (ACR‐82: p=0,024; SLICC‐12: p=0,0143) e número significantemente maior de células marcadas com granzima B e perforina (ACR‐82: p=0,0097; SLICC‐12: p=0,0148). Biopsias de indivíduos com LEC/LES apresentaram maior expressão de IL‐17 (ACR‐82: p=0,0003; SLICC‐12: p=0,0351) e correlação positiva entre a densidade de células positivas para granzima A, e para FoxP3+ (ACR‐82: p=0,0257; SLICC‐12: p=0,0285) e células CD8 positivas (ACR‐82: p=0,0075; SLICC‐12: p=0,0102), bem como entre células positivas para granulisina e CD8 (ACR‐82: p=0,0024; SLICC‐12: p=0,0116).

Limitações do estudo

Os pacientes foram avaliados em momento específico de sua evolução e de acordo com a presença ou não de doença sistêmica. Não podemos prever quantos mais, de cada grupo, teriam evoluído para LES nos anos seguintes.

Conclusões

Nesta coorte, os achados IHQ sugeriram que pacientes com tendência a doença sistêmica apresentarão forte reatividade à IL‐1β, enquanto aqueles com envolvimento puramente cutâneo tenderão a expressar IL‐17 de maneira mais intensa.

Palavras‐chave:
Citocinas
IL‐17
Imuno‐histoquímica
Interleucina‐1beta
Lúpus eritematoso cutâneo
Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico
Texto Completo
Introdução

Dentre os critérios listados tanto pelo American College of Rheumatology (ACR‐82) quanto pelo Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC‐12) para o diagnóstico de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES), quatro estão relacionados a alterações na pele e mucosas.1,2 Lúpus eritematoso cutâneo (LEC) é um dos achados mais evidentes, mas apenas uma fração dos pacientes com LEC irá eventualmente desenvolver LES: entre os pacientes com lúpus eritematoso discoide (LED), o subtipo mais comum de LEC, a frequência de progressão para LES varia de 0% a 28%.3 As características que levam o médico a suspeitar que isso possa acontecer incluem o número e a gravidade das lesões cutâneas, o título de anticorpos antinucleares e a presença de sintomas sistêmicos no início da doença.4 A possibilidade de progressão para LES causa ansiedade em pacientes com lúpus cutâneo. É importante, então, tentar determinar quais pacientes têm maior risco de progressão para doença sistêmica.

Pesquisas anteriores mostraram a importância das vias pró‐inflamatórias e citotóxicas na gênese do lúpus eritematoso, geralmente comparando os subtipos de LEC. Entretanto, poucos estudos têm se concentrado nas diferenças entre pacientes com LEC/LES+ e aqueles LEC/LES. O objetivo do presente estudo foi encontrar biomarcadores inflamatórios que pudessem predizer a progressão do LEC para LES. Com esse propósito, foram utilizados ensaios imuno‐histoquímicos (IHQ) em biopsias de pele de pacientes com LEC (tabela suplementar 1).

Métodos

Biopsias de pele de 59 pacientes com LEC atendidos no Ambulatório de Dermatologia entre 1995 e 2012 foram incluídas se: 1) registros médicos completos estivessem disponíveis; 2) o diagnóstico tivesse sido confirmado por exame clínico e histopatológico, incluindo imunofluorescência direta, quando indicada; e 3) houvesse tecido suficiente no bloco de parafina para novos cortes histológicos. Esses foram tratados por métodos convencionais de IHQ, utilizando Polymers (Kit Novolink, Novocastra Laboratories, Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne, Reino Unido) ou o método de estreptavidina‐biotina‐peroxidase de rábano (LSAB‐HRP, código 0609, Dako Cytomation, Glostrup, Dinamarca). Cortes histológicos de linfonodos, apêndice e tonsilas foram usados como controles. Anticorpos primários, método de recuperação e sistema de detecção empregados são detalhados na tabela suplementar 2.

Biomarcadores foram utilizados para avaliar respostas citotóxicas, inflamatórias e anti‐inflamatórias. Para a análise de ICAM‐1, CD4, CD8, CD25, CD56, granzima A, granzima B, granulisina, perforina e FOXP3, foram escolhidos três campos (400×) com maior densidade de células inflamatórias e sem artefatos. Suas imagens digitais foram adquiridas e analisadas com o auxílio do software Image J (programa de processamento de imagem baseado em Java, Wayne Rasband, NIH, Bethesda, EUA, disponível em http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij). Tanto as células imunomarcadas quanto as demais, presentes no mesmo campo, foram contadas. A expressão de cada marcador foi então definida como a razão entre o número de células imunomarcadas e o número total de células contadas. Para os marcadores IL‐6, IL‐1β, IL‐17, IL‐18 e IL‐10, foi utilizado o método de análise descrito por Popovic et al.5

A média de idade dos 59 pacientes foi de 39 anos; 55 eram do sexo feminino (93,2%); 21 tinham LED, 21 tinham lúpus túmido (LT) e 17 tinham lúpus subagudo (LSA). Dezenove por cento dos pacientes com LED e LT apresentaram características clínicas de envolvimento sistêmico, como classificado pelos critérios do ACR‐82 e SLICC‐12. Em relação aos pacientes com LSA, 47% foram classificados como sistêmicos de acordo com a classificação SLICC‐12; em contraste, 70,5% dos mesmos pacientes foram classificados como tendo envolvimento sistêmico pelas diretrizes do ACR‐82 (tabela 1). Essa diferença ocorreu porque o SLICC‐12 não inclui a fotossensibilidade como critério, enquanto o ACR‐82 não considera critérios de sinovite e teste de Coombs positivo.

Tabela 1.

Dados demográficos e clínicos dos pacientes, segundo subtipos de LEC e presença de LES

Subtipo de LEC  ACR‐82SLICC‐12
  LES+  LES  LES+  LES 
  n (%)  n (%)  n (%)  n (%) 
LED (n=21)  4 (19)  17 (80,9)  4 (19)  17 (80,9) 
Média de idade, anos  31  45  31  45 
Sexo, feminino (%)  100  82,3  100  82,3 
FAN positivo (%)  25  25 
Anti‐DNA (%)  75  75 
Anti‐Sm positivo (%)  25  25 
SAL (n=17)  12 (70,5)  5 (29,4)  8 (47,05)  9 (52,9) 
Média de idade, anos  40  40  39  41 
Sexo, feminino (%)  75  100  75  89 
FAN positivo (%)  100  60  100  78 
Anti‐DNA positivo (%)  42  51 
Anti‐Sm positivo (%)  17  25 
LT (n=21)  4 (19,04)  17 (80,9)  4 (19,04)  17 (80,9) 
Média de idade, anos  40  35  39  35 
Sexo, feminino (%)  100  94  100  94 
FAN positivo (%)  100  30  100  30 
Anti‐DNA positivo (%)  25  25 
Anti‐Sm positivo (%) 

LEC, lúpus eritematoso cutâneo; LED, lúpus eritematoso discoide; LSA, lúpus subagudo; LT, lúpus túmido; ACR, American College of Rheumatology; SLICC, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics; LES, lupus eritematoso sistêmico.

Para análise estatística, foi utilizado o software SAS 9.0®. A análise exploratória dos dados foi realizada por meio de medidas sumárias (média, desvio padrão, mínimo, mediana, máximo, frequência e percentual). Os grupos (pacientes com LES+ e LES) foram comparados pelo teste exato de Fisher, qui‐quadrado ou Mann‐Whitney. A correlação entre as variáveis numéricas foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de Spearman. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%.

O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da instituição (n° 1214/2010), no qual foram observados todos os princípios da Declaração de Helsinque.

Resultados

Em todas as amostras, as células foram imunomarcadas por todos os anticorpos (tabela suplementar 1), mas para alguns marcadores houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos LEC/LES+ e LEC/LES, como detalhado na tabela 2.

Tabela 2.

Diferenças imuno‐histoquímicas entre pacientes LEC/LES+ e LEC/LES, de acordo com as classificações ACR‐82 e SCLICC‐12

ACR‐82
  LEC/LES+(n=20)  LEC/LES(n=39)  p‐valor 
IL‐1β (células epidérmicas), n (%)      0,024 
1 (pequeno)  2 (10)  5 (12,8)   
2 (moderado)  2 (10)  16 (41)   
3 (acentuado)  16 (80)  18 (46,2)   
IL‐1β (intersticial)      <0,05 
 
1 (pequeno)  10   
2 (moderado)  16  23   
3 (acentuado)   
IL‐17 (células epidérmicas)      <0,05 
1 (pequeno)   
2 (moderado)   
3 (acentuado)  15  26   
IL‐17 (intersticial)      0,0003 
1 (pequeno)  17 (85)  14 (35,9)   
2 (moderado a acentuado)  3 (15)  25 (64,1)   
% de células com imunomarcação de CD56 em três campos (média±DP)  0,013   
7,2±3,1  5,6±3,9   
% de células com imunomarcação de ICAM em três campos (média±DP)  0,0095   
47,5±6,7  41,8±7,7   
SCLICC‐12
  LEC/LES+(n=16)  LEC/LES(n=43)  p‐valor 
Il‐1β (células epidérmicas)      0,0143 
1 (pequeno)  0 (0)  7 (16,3)   
2 (moderado)  2 (12,5)  16 (37,2)   
3 (acentuado)  14 (87,5)  20 (46,5)   
IL‐1β (intersticial)      <0,05 
1 (pequeno)  2 (12,5)  14 (32,6)   
2 (moderado)  13 (81,3)  26 (60,5)   
3 (acentuado)  1 (6,3)  3 (7)   
IL‐17 (células epidérmicas)      <0,05 
1 (pequeno)   
2 (moderado)  14 (87,5)  33 (76,7)   
3 (acentuado)  2 (12,5)  10 (23,3)   
IL‐17 (intersticial)      0,0351 
1 (pequeno)  12 (75)  19 (44,2)   
2 (moderado a acentuado)  4 (25)  24 (55,8)   

LEC, lúpus eritematoso cutâneo; LED, lúpus eritematoso discoide; LSA, lúpus subagudo; LT, lúpus túmido; ACR, American College of Rheumatology; SLICC, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics; LES, lupus eritematoso sistêmico.

Em pacientes LEC/LES+, classificados por ambos os sistemas, houve maior expressão de IL‐1β (fig. 1A e B; ACR‐82: p=0,024; SLICC‐12: p=0,0143), em comparação com pacientes LEC/LES. Em relação aos marcadores de resposta T citotóxica, os pacientes com LEC/LES+ apresentaram número significantemente maior de células marcadas com granzima B e perforina (tabela 3) do que os pacientes com LEC/LES (ACR‐82: p=0,0097; SLICC‐12: p=0,0148).

Figura 1.

Achados imuno‐histoquímicos. (A–B) IL‐1β. (C–D) IL‐17. A–C, pacientes com LES; B–D, pacientes com lesões de lúpus eritematoso puramente cutâneo (Aumento original: A=100×; B–D=400×).

(0.67MB).
Tabela 3.

Diferenças imuno‐histoquímicas na correlação de Spearman entre pacientes LEC/LES+ e LEC/LES, de acordo com as classificações ACR‐82 e SCLICC‐12

  LEC/LES+
Variável  P (ACR‐82), n=20  P (SLICC‐12), n=16 
Correlação de Spearman     
Correlação entre perforina e granzima B  0,0097  0,0148 
  LEC/LES
Variável  P (ACR‐82), n=39  P (SLICC‐12), n=43 
Correlação de Spearman     
Correlação entre FoxP3 e granzima A  0,0257  0,0285 
Correlação entre CD8 e granzima A  0,0075  0,0102 
Correlação entre CD8 e granulisina  0,0024  0,0116 

Pacientes classificados por ambos os sistemas como LEC/LES apresentaram maior expressão de IL‐17 (fig. 1C e D; ACR‐82: p=0,0003; SLICC‐12: p=0,0351). Além disso, houve correlação positiva entre a densidade de células granzima A e FoxP3 positivas (ACR‐82: p=0,0257; SLICC‐12: p=0,0285) assim como com as células CD8 positivas (ACR‐82: p=0,0075; SLICC‐12: p=0,0102), bem como entre células granulisina e CD8 positivas (ACR‐82: p=0,0024; SLICC‐12: p=0,0116). Também houve correlação negativa entre a densidade de células positivas para granulisina e os seguintes critérios de LES (SLICC‐12): sinovite (p=0,0466), hipocomplementemia (p=0,0408) e anticorpo anti‐Sm (p=0,0252).

Discussão

Os macrófagos, entre outras células, secretam IL‐1β por meio de diferentes estímulos, principalmente o interferon‐alfa (IFN‐α). A importância de uma resposta pró‐inflamatória estimulada por IFN tipo I, particularmente IFN‐α, em pacientes com LES, é corroborada por parâmetros clínicos, como sintomas sistêmicos (febre e fadiga), histopatologia da pele e achados de necropsia.6–9 Wenzel et al. mostraram que pacientes com lesões discoides disseminadas ou LSA apresentavam níveis séricos aumentados de IFN tipo I, o que pode indicar risco aumentado de desenvolver doença sistêmica.10 Na pele, o IFN pode estimular a síntese e a superexpressão de receptores de citocinas que promovem o influxo de células imunes e o desenvolvimento de lesões.11 Na presente amostra, essa resposta pró‐inflamatória em indivíduos com LEC/LES+ foi identificada pela expressão de IL‐1β em biopsias de pele. Zhou et al. encontraram níveis séricos aumentados de IL‐1β em pacientes com LES avaliados por citometria de esferas,12 mostrando atividade desregulada das células T.

Em contraste, em pacientes com LEC/LES, o marcador de resposta inflamatória foi a IL‐17. Estudos examinando o papel da IL‐17 no lúpus eritematoso, para investigar a eficácia de medicamentos imunobiológicos anti‐IL‐17, relataram aumento na expressão de IL‐17 em lesões de pacientes com LSA e LED e na pele não afetada de pacientes com LES, em comparação com controles saudáveis.8,13 Na presente amostra, a expressão de IL‐17 foi significantemente maior em pacientes com LEC/LES, sugerindo que medicamentos anti‐IL‐17 poderiam ser eficazes para lesões de LEC.

Em pacientes LEC/LES+ com qualquer subtipo de LEC, identificamos resposta T citotóxica pelo aumento da expressão de granzima B e perforina, necessários para a penetração nas células‐alvo. Granzima B é fortemente expressa na cicatrização de lesões de LEC e está significantemente aumentada em comparação com LSA e controles saudáveis.14 Grassi et al. demonstraram que a expressão de células granzima B positivas era mais frequente na histopatologia da pele de pacientes com LES+, em comparação com pacientes puramente com LEC, sugerindo que a granzima B é marcador de citotoxicidade chave em indivíduos com LES.15 Seu papel na gênese de múltiplas manifestações de LES também é corroborado pelos níveis mais altos de granzima B sérica solúvel em pacientes com LES.16

Em pacientes com LEC/LES, a correlação positiva entre a densidade de células positivas para CD8, granzima A e granulisina destaca a importância da citotoxicidade na patogênese das lesões cutâneas. Estudos anteriores mostraram predominância de células CD8+ nas lesões de pacientes com LED, enquanto em outros subtipos de pele mais frequentemente associados a doenças sistêmicas, como LSA, há predominância de células CD4+.17,18 Outros estudos enfatizaram apenas o papel da granzima B nas lesões do LEC, sem considerar a possível associação com doença sistêmica.14,18 A granzima A associada à expressão da IL‐17 foi anteriormente descrita em lesões psoriásicas,19 o que pode indicar, no ambiente psoriásico, papel predominante na manutenção da inflamação, em vez de citotoxicidade.

Os pacientes da presente amostra foram avaliados em um momento específico de sua evolução, quando seus sintomas, sinais e resultados laboratoriais poderiam classificá‐los como pacientes LEC/LES ou LEC/LES+. Não é possível prever quantos mais, de cada grupo, teriam evoluído para doença sistêmica nos próximos cinco ou dez anos. Os autores acreditam que a probabilidade de desenvolver lúpus sistêmico é maior no grupo com LSA, e não é possível excluir com segurança a possibilidade de que as diferenças encontradas possam refletir apenas aquelas entre LED/LT e LSA. É importante ressaltar que não foram realizadas análises comparativas entre os subgrupos de LEC, pois o objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar as diferenças entre pacientes LEC/LES+ e LEC/LES, independentemente do subtipo de LEC.

Conclusão

Na presente amostra, os achados IHQ sugerem que os pacientes com tendência à doença sistêmica apresentarão forte reatividade à IL‐1β, enquanto aqueles com acometimento puramente cutâneo tenderão a expressar mais intensamente a IL‐17. Os achados podem ajudar, juntamente com dados clínicos, a identificar pacientes com LEC com maior probabilidade de evoluir para doença sistêmica.

Suporte financeiro

Este trabalho recebeu suporte financeiro da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) – Processo n° 11/50037‐2 e n° 2016/153362.

Contribuição dos autores

Bárbara Hartung Lovato: Concepção e planejamento do estudo; revisão crítica da literatura; obtenção, análise e interpretação dos dados; elaboração e redação do manuscrito; revisão crítica do manuscrito; aprovação da versão final do manuscrito.

Letícia Fogagnolo: Concepção e planejamento do estudo; revisão crítica da literatura; obtenção, análise e interpretação dos dados; revisão crítica do manuscrito; aprovação da versão final do manuscrito.

Elemir Macedo de Souza: Concepção e planejamento do estudo; revisão crítica do manuscrito.

Larissa Juliana Batista da Silva: Revisão crítica da literatura; obtenção, análise e interpretação dos dados; elaboração e redação do manuscrito.

Paulo Eduardo Neves Ferreira Velho: Revisão crítica da literatura; obtenção, análise e interpretação dos dados; revisão crítica do manuscrito.

Maria Letícia Cintra: Concepção e planejamento do estudo; revisão crítica da literatura; obtenção, análise e interpretação dos dados; elaboração e redação do manuscrito; revisão crítica do manuscrito; aprovação da versão final do manuscrito.

Fernanda Teixeira: Revisão crítica da literatura; revisão crítica do manuscrito; aprovação da versão final do manuscrito.

Conflito de interesses

Nenhum.

Agradecimentos

A análise estatística foi realizada com o auxílio da bioestatística Cleide Aparecida Moreira Silva, da Comissão de Estatística da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da UNICAMP.

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Como citar este artigo: Lovato BH, Fogagnolo L, Souza EM, Silva LJ, Velho PE, Cintra ML, et al. IL‐1β and IL‐17 in cutaneous lupus erythematous skin biopsies: could immunohistochemicals indicate a tendency towards systemic involvement? An Bras Dermatol. 2024;99:66–71.

Trabalho realizado na Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.

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