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In the literature review&#44; 11 reports of tumors located in the plantar region were retrieved&#46; Due to the rarity of the presentation on the distal limbs&#44; the authors believe that reporting this case is relevant&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Male patient&#44; 35 years old&#44; previously healthy&#44; complained of painful lesion on the left plantar region with progressive growth over six months&#59; he denied trauma&#46; On physical examination&#44; he presented an erythematous&#44; exophytic&#44; vegetating&#44; and ulcerated tumor on the first metatarsal joint &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Histopathological examination of the lesion revealed a fusocellular proliferation with a focal storiform pattern &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; In the immunohistochemical study&#44; a diffuse positivity for CD34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells was observed&#46; The findings were compatible with low-grade fusocellular mesenchymal neoplasia&#44; favoring the diagnosis of DFSP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Surgical treatment involved amputation of the hallux and part of the left forefoot&#59; no tumor recurrence was observed after four months of post-operative follow-up&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DFSP is a rare mesenchymal tumor with low rates of aggressiveness&#46; It presents slow progression&#44; with high rates of local recurrence and rare cases of distant metastases&#46; An American study conducted between 2000 and 2010 found an incidence of 41 cases in 10 million patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Some studies observed a higher incidence in women and black people&#46; It mostly affects the trunk &#40;40&#37;&#8211;50&#37;&#41;&#44; the proximal limbs &#40;30&#37;&#8211;40&#37;&#41;&#44; and the head and cervical region &#40;10&#37;&#8211;15&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A literature review published in 2019 described 11 cases of dermatofibrosarcoma that affected the feet&#46; The mean age observed was 41 years&#59; it was more frequent in men than in women &#40;8&#58;3&#41; and the most frequent location of the tumor was the dorsum of the feet&#46; The mean growth period was 3&#46;5 years&#46; The mean DFSP size at diagnosis was approximately 3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46; Clinical diagnosis is difficult given the variety of presentations&#46; Dermoscopy has been described as a useful tool to aid diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In a review based on the analysis of 32 dermatofibrosarcomas&#44; the most common features described in dermoscopy were the presence of vessels &#40;81&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by a pigment network &#40;78&#37;&#41; and a pinkish background &#40;66&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histologically&#44; dermatofibrosarcoma presents monomorphic spindle cells with little atypia and mitotic activity&#44; arranged in irregular and multidirectional &#40;storiform&#41; fascicles&#46; The tumor infiltrates the subcutaneous tissue&#44; creating the characteristic honeycomb pattern&#46; The histological differential diagnoses of other spindle cell tumors are dermatofibroma&#44; malignant fibrous histiocytoma&#44; atypical fibroxanthoma&#44; desmoplastic melanoma&#44; Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma&#44; and solitary fibrous tumor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunohistochemistry becomes an important resource for differential diagnosis&#44; as DFSP is positive for CD34 and negative for S 100 protein&#44; factor XIIIA&#44; and desmin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> All the cases described in the literature were tested for CD34 and were positive&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recommended treatment is lesion excision with 2&#8211;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm of safety margins&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Involvement of margins is associated with local recurrence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Another therapeutic option is Mohs micrographic surgery&#46; Management with radiotherapy and imatinib has been described&#46; The use of imatinib is indicated for metastases&#44; local recurrences&#44; as neoadjuvancy&#44; or when the tumor is unresectable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Attention should be paid to this disease&#44; even in unusual anatomical areas&#44; as the prognosis depends on the early diagnosis and treatment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Financial support</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Simone Perazzoli&#58; Conception and planning of the study&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; critical review of the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Renan Rangel Bonamigo&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analyzing&#44; and interpreting the data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Renata Heck&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analyzing&#44; and interpreting the data&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Andr&#233; 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Journal Information
Vol. 95. Issue 6.
Pages 728-730 (1 November 2020)
Visits
5873
Vol. 95. Issue 6.
Pages 728-730 (1 November 2020)
Dermatopathology
Open Access
Tumor in the plantar region: dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in an infrequent topography
Visits
5873
Simone Perazzolia,
Corresponding author
simone_perazzoli@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Renan Rangel Bonamigob,c, Renata Hecka, André da Silva Cartellb,d
a Sanitary Dermatology Outpatient Clinic, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
b Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
c Sanitary Dermatology Service, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
d Medical Residence in Pathological Anatomy, Hospital de Clínicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a rare mesenchymal tumor; it is locally aggressive and presents high rates of local recurrence. It may present as a nodular or plaque vegetating lesion. It mainly affects the trunk and proximal limbs, being rare in the distal extremities. Biopsy and immunohistochemistry help confirm the diagnosis. The authors report a case of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with plantar region involvement, a rare presentation. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, only 11 cases of involvement of the feet were described in the international literature.

Keywords:
Dermatofibrosarcoma
Immunohistochemistry
Sarcoma
Full Text
Introduction

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a mesenchymal neoplasm of slow growth, locally aggressive and with low metastatic potential. It has several presentations and can be characterized as a hardened plaque, nodule, or vegetating lesion.1 Local trauma has been described as a potential risk factor for tumor onset.2 The most common sites of involvement are the trunk (40%–50%), the proximal limbs (30%–40%), and the head and cervical region (10%–15%). In the literature review, 11 reports of tumors located in the plantar region were retrieved. Due to the rarity of the presentation on the distal limbs, the authors believe that reporting this case is relevant.

Case report

Male patient, 35 years old, previously healthy, complained of painful lesion on the left plantar region with progressive growth over six months; he denied trauma. On physical examination, he presented an erythematous, exophytic, vegetating, and ulcerated tumor on the first metatarsal joint (Fig. 1). Histopathological examination of the lesion revealed a fusocellular proliferation with a focal storiform pattern (Fig. 2). In the immunohistochemical study, a diffuse positivity for CD34+cells was observed. The findings were compatible with low-grade fusocellular mesenchymal neoplasia, favoring the diagnosis of DFSP (Fig. 3). Surgical treatment involved amputation of the hallux and part of the left forefoot; no tumor recurrence was observed after four months of post-operative follow-up.

Figure 1.

Exophytic and ulcerated tumor lesion.

(0.04MB).
Figure 2.

Histopathology: fusocellular proliferation with a focal storiform pattern (Hemathoxylin & eosin ×40).

(0.16MB).
Figure 3.

Immunohistochemistry: diffuse positivity for CD34 in spindle cells with storiform pattern.

(0.15MB).
Discussion

DFSP is a rare mesenchymal tumor with low rates of aggressiveness. It presents slow progression, with high rates of local recurrence and rare cases of distant metastases. An American study conducted between 2000 and 2010 found an incidence of 41 cases in 10 million patients.3 Some studies observed a higher incidence in women and black people. It mostly affects the trunk (40%–50%), the proximal limbs (30%–40%), and the head and cervical region (10%–15%).3

A literature review published in 2019 described 11 cases of dermatofibrosarcoma that affected the feet. The mean age observed was 41 years; it was more frequent in men than in women (8:3) and the most frequent location of the tumor was the dorsum of the feet. The mean growth period was 3.5 years. The mean DFSP size at diagnosis was approximately 3.5cm. Clinical diagnosis is difficult given the variety of presentations. Dermoscopy has been described as a useful tool to aid diagnosis.1 In a review based on the analysis of 32 dermatofibrosarcomas, the most common features described in dermoscopy were the presence of vessels (81%), followed by a pigment network (78%) and a pinkish background (66%).3

Histologically, dermatofibrosarcoma presents monomorphic spindle cells with little atypia and mitotic activity, arranged in irregular and multidirectional (storiform) fascicles. The tumor infiltrates the subcutaneous tissue, creating the characteristic honeycomb pattern. The histological differential diagnoses of other spindle cell tumors are dermatofibroma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, atypical fibroxanthoma, desmoplastic melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and solitary fibrous tumor.1

Immunohistochemistry becomes an important resource for differential diagnosis, as DFSP is positive for CD34 and negative for S 100 protein, factor XIIIA, and desmin.1 All the cases described in the literature were tested for CD34 and were positive.3

The recommended treatment is lesion excision with 2–3cm of safety margins.4 Involvement of margins is associated with local recurrence.4 Another therapeutic option is Mohs micrographic surgery. Management with radiotherapy and imatinib has been described. The use of imatinib is indicated for metastases, local recurrences, as neoadjuvancy, or when the tumor is unresectable.5

Attention should be paid to this disease, even in unusual anatomical areas, as the prognosis depends on the early diagnosis and treatment.

Financial support

None declared.

Authors’ contributions

Simone Perazzoli: Conception and planning of the study; elaboration and writing of the manuscript; critical review of the literature.

Renan Rangel Bonamigo: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; conception and planning of the study; elaboration and writing of the manuscript; obtaining, analyzing, and interpreting the data; effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of studied cases; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.

Renata Heck: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; conception and planning of the study; elaboration and writing of the manuscript; obtaining, analyzing, and interpreting the data; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of studied cases.

André da Silva Cartell: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; conception and planning of the study; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of studied cases.

Conflicts of interest

None declared.

References
[1]
F.G. Escobar, C.K. Ribeiro, L.L. Leite, C.R. Barone, A. Cartell.
Dermoscopy of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: what do we know?.
Dermatol Pract Concept, 9 (2019), pp. 139-145
[2]
S.W. Lee, A. Zaesim, A. Jackson, M. Borkat.
Fibrosarcomatous dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans from scar following trauma.
Autops Case Rep, 8 (2018), pp. e2018039
[3]
C. Madden, A. Spector, S. Siddiqui, G. Mirkin, J. Yim, X. Hao.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans on adult toes: a case report and review of the literature.
Anticancer Res, 39 (2019), pp. 2105-2111
[4]
R.A. Gladdy, J.S. Wunder.
Risk-stratified surveillance in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: less is more.
Cancer, 125 (2019), pp. 670-672
[5]
C. Navarrete-Dechent, S. Mori, C.A. Barker, M.A. Dickson, K.S. Nehal.
Imatinib treatment for locally advanced or metastatic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a systematic review.
JAMA Dermatol, 155 (2019), pp. 361-369

How to cite this article: Perazzoli S, Bonamigo RR, Heck R, Cartell AS. Tumor in the plantar region: dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in an infrequent topography. An Bras Dermatol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abd.2020.05.002

Study conducted at the Sanitary Dermatology Outpatient Clinic, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

Copyright © 2020. Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia
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