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as they probably represent the part of the population that most often seeks medical care&#44; but is significantly lower in the occupational group&#44; perhaps because there are more male workers in activities subject to exposure to sensitizers and irritating substances&#46; Moreover&#44; women tend to be more adept at using personal protective equipment and preventive care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most prevalent occupations in the OCD group are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> and involve professionals performing wet activities &#40;contact with water &#62;2&#8239;hours daily&#44; or handwashing &#62;20 times a day&#41; or exposure to known sensitizers and irritant substances&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The time of disease evolution in OCD was 29&#46;2 months&#44; while in NOCD was 39&#46;5 months &#40;p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;005&#41;&#46; The difficulty in maintaining working activities may have favored the earlier search for help among OCD cases&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As for the location of the dermatosis&#44; there was a statistical difference in relation to OCD for hands &#40;palmar and back regions&#41; and forearms &#40;p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; while in patients with NOCD&#44; the face was the most affected site &#40;582&#47;66&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; This difference is expected since OCD mainly affects the hands&#44; which directly manipulate irritating or sensitizing products&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main relevant sensitizers observed in both groups are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#44; with nickel being the most important one&#44; present in occupational activities or not&#46; The hands are affected due to contact with working tools such as sewing needles&#44; tweezers&#44; cuticle nippers&#44; keys&#44; and scissors&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Potassium bichromate is related to bricklayers&#44; due to its presence in cement &#40;as a contaminant&#44; resulting from the manufacturing process&#41;&#44; being an important occupational allergen in similar studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The thiuram and carba mix and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole &#40;MBT&#41; groups are rubber vulcanizing agents&#44; commonly found in gloves&#44; used in several production sectors&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epoxy resin is a material used in several products such as paints&#44; floor finishes&#44; fiberglass&#44; adhesives for metals&#44; wood&#44; and concrete&#46; Therefore&#44; injuries occur in multiple locations and protective measures are difficult&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quaternium 15 &#40;formaldehyde-releasing preservative&#41;&#44; present in children&#39;s products&#44; cosmetics&#44; veterinary shampoos&#44; polishing materials&#44; and waxes&#44; is an ubiquitous allergen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some allergens showed high frequencies in both groups &#40;with no statistical difference&#41;&#44; including Kathon CG&#58; OCD &#40;24&#47;6&#46;9&#37;&#41; and NOCD &#40;84&#47;8&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; a mixture of preservatives in aqueous products&#44; such as cosmetics&#44; cleaning articles &#40;detergents&#44; soaps&#44; lubricating oils&#41; and paints&#44; with occupational cases occurring in cleaning workers&#44; hairdressers and painters&#59; and paraphenylenediamine&#44; present in hair dyes&#58; OCD &#40;27&#47;7&#46;8&#37;&#41; and NOCD &#40;110&#47;10&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; with occupational cases occurring in hairdressers&#44; affecting the hands due to the inappropriate use of PPE&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the study period&#44; OCD represented 25&#46;3&#37; of the cases submitted to patch tests&#44; with the group of young male individuals being the most affected&#44; with an impact on workers&#39; health and the country&#39;s economy&#46; The study of OCD in the country is fundamental for the planning of preventive actions and diagnostic training in dermatological centers&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rosana Lazzarini&#58; Design and planning of the study&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mariana de Figueiredo Silva Hafner&#58; Design and planning of the study&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nathalie Mie Suzuki&#58; Effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isabela Marangon Pasotti&#58; Drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analyzing&#44; and interpreting the data&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maria Regina de Paula Leite Kraft&#58; Elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Professional activity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Housemaids&#47;cleaning services&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Building &#47;bricklayer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Health care workers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Painter&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Hairdressers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Others&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">133&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">349&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Allergens&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">152 with OCD</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Nickel sulfate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">360&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Potassium bichromate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Journal Information
Vol. 97. Issue 1.
Pages 105-107 (1 January 2022)
Visits
4893
Vol. 97. Issue 1.
Pages 105-107 (1 January 2022)
Research Letter
Open Access
Occupational contact dermatitis: analysis of cases observed in a service not specialized in occupational dermatosis between 2004 and 2017
Visits
4893
Rosana Lazzarinia,
Corresponding author
rosana.fototerapia@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Mariana de Figueiredo Silva Hafnera, Nathalie Mie Suzukiab,c, Isabela Marangon Pasottic, Maria Regina de Paula Leite Kraftc
a Dermatology Clinic, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
b Dermatology Clinic, Hospital Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
c Escola de Medicina da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Tables (2)
Table 1. Main professional activities in patients with OCD.
Table 2. Main allergens in patients with OCD compared to those with NOCD.
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Dear Editor,

Occupational dermatoses (OD) are changes in the skin, mucous membranes and adnexa, caused, maintained or aggravated by agents present at the workplace. The ODs with the greatest repercussion are occupational contact dermatitis (OCD), with an impact on the health system, workers’ remuneration, and productivity. They are the main occupational diseases in Brazil, even though they are underdiagnosed.1

Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is the most common form, restricted to areas of contact with irritants and related to the frequency and duration of this exposure. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), with a lower incidence, shows lesions in the areas of contact, which can spread.1

The diagnosis involves occupational history; synchrony between the start of the picture and exposure period; the correlation between the location of lesions and contact; improvement with absence from work and worsening with the return to it; and the patch test.1–3

The following were analyzed: the frequency of OCD in patients submitted to patch tests in a non-specialized outpatient clinic between 2004 and 2017; the distribution by age, sex, professional activity, and location of the dermatosis; the diagnoses; and the most common sensitizers. Data were compared with those of non-OCD patients (NOCD) (Research Ethics Committee approval, 08077219.1.0000.5479).

Data were retrospectively collected from 1,405 patients tested with the Brazilian standard test battery (FDA-Allergenic/Brazil) and fixed with appropriate retainers.

Data were analyzed using the software SPSS, version 13.0. and the results of the two groups were compared using the Chi-square test (p < 0.005).

Of the 1,405 tested patients, 349 (25.3%) were OCD and 1,031 (74.4%) were NOCD. The higher frequency of OCD when compared to a previous publication (10.9%) may reflect the increase in the number of tested substances and the involvement of Occupational Medicine in the diagnostic conclusion. However, the number is below the national frequency (34.2%) of OD cases, probably because it is a non-specialized service in these types of dermatoses.4,5

Among the OCDs, 152 (43.6%) were ACD, 55 (15.8%) were ICD, 8 (2.3%) were atopic dermatitis (AD) and 215 (61.6%) were other dermatoses. Among the NOCD, 455 (44.1%) were ACD, 70 (6.8%) were IDC, 54 (5.2%) AD and 452 (43.8%) were other dermatoses. ACD was the most common diagnosis in both groups. However, ICD is the most common subtype worldwide, especially in occupational cases, showing a statistically higher frequency in this group (p < 0.001). The proportion of these diagnoses varies by region, due to differences in industry types, regulatory standards, notification systems, and availability of centers qualified for the performance of the patch test. On the other hand, AD can be considered an OD, since many workers experience worsening of the condition after contact with allergens and irritants in the working environment.

Among the patients with OCD, the mean age was 42.1 years, while in the NOCD it was 47.5 years (p < 0.005), resulting in losses to the production systems and social security.1

In the OCD group there were 182 (52.1%) women and 167 (47.9%) men, while among the NOCD there were 797 (77.3%) women and 234 (22.7%) men. The frequency of women was higher among the NOCD (p < 0.005), as they probably represent the part of the population that most often seeks medical care, but is significantly lower in the occupational group, perhaps because there are more male workers in activities subject to exposure to sensitizers and irritating substances. Moreover, women tend to be more adept at using personal protective equipment and preventive care.6

The most prevalent occupations in the OCD group are shown in Table 1 and involve professionals performing wet activities (contact with water >2 hours daily, or handwashing >20 times a day) or exposure to known sensitizers and irritant substances.7

Table 1.

Main professional activities in patients with OCD.

Professional activity  Number 
Housemaids/cleaning services  95  27.3 
Building /bricklayer  72  20.6 
Health care workers  26  7.4 
Painter  12  3.4 
Hairdressers  11  3.2 
Others  133  38.1 
Total  349  100.0 

The time of disease evolution in OCD was 29.2 months, while in NOCD was 39.5 months (p < 0.005). The difficulty in maintaining working activities may have favored the earlier search for help among OCD cases.

As for the location of the dermatosis, there was a statistical difference in relation to OCD for hands (palmar and back regions) and forearms (p < 0.001), while in patients with NOCD, the face was the most affected site (582/66.7%). This difference is expected since OCD mainly affects the hands, which directly manipulate irritating or sensitizing products.

The main relevant sensitizers observed in both groups are shown in Table 2, with nickel being the most important one, present in occupational activities or not. The hands are affected due to contact with working tools such as sewing needles, tweezers, cuticle nippers, keys, and scissors.

Table 2.

Main allergens in patients with OCD compared to those with NOCD.

Allergens  152 with OCD455 with NOCD 
   
Nickel sulfate  98  28.1  360  35  p = 0.018 
Potassium bichromate  89  25.6  87  8.4  p < 0.001 
Carba mix  54  15.5  51  5.0  p < 0.001 
Thiuram mix  49  14.1  41  4.0  p < 0.001 
Epoxy resin  17  4.9  13  1.3  p < 0.001 
Quaternium 15a  17  4.9  25  2.4  p = 0.021 
MBT mixb  14  20  1.9  p = 0.031 
a

Hexamethylenetetramine chloroallyl chloride.

b

Mercaptobenzothiazole.

Potassium bichromate is related to bricklayers, due to its presence in cement (as a contaminant, resulting from the manufacturing process), being an important occupational allergen in similar studies.8

The thiuram and carba mix and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) groups are rubber vulcanizing agents, commonly found in gloves, used in several production sectors.

Epoxy resin is a material used in several products such as paints, floor finishes, fiberglass, adhesives for metals, wood, and concrete. Therefore, injuries occur in multiple locations and protective measures are difficult.9

Quaternium 15 (formaldehyde-releasing preservative), present in children's products, cosmetics, veterinary shampoos, polishing materials, and waxes, is an ubiquitous allergen.10

Some allergens showed high frequencies in both groups (with no statistical difference), including Kathon CG: OCD (24/6.9%) and NOCD (84/8.2%), a mixture of preservatives in aqueous products, such as cosmetics, cleaning articles (detergents, soaps, lubricating oils) and paints, with occupational cases occurring in cleaning workers, hairdressers and painters; and paraphenylenediamine, present in hair dyes: OCD (27/7.8%) and NOCD (110/10.7%), with occupational cases occurring in hairdressers, affecting the hands due to the inappropriate use of PPE.

During the study period, OCD represented 25.3% of the cases submitted to patch tests, with the group of young male individuals being the most affected, with an impact on workers' health and the country's economy. The study of OCD in the country is fundamental for the planning of preventive actions and diagnostic training in dermatological centers.

Financial support

None declared.

Authors’ contributions

Rosana Lazzarini: Design and planning of the study; drafting and editing of the manuscript; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript; approval of the final version of the manuscript.

Mariana de Figueiredo Silva Hafner: Design and planning of the study; drafting and editing of the manuscript; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of studied cases; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript; approval of the final version of the manuscript.

Nathalie Mie Suzuki: Effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of studied cases; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript; approval of the final version of the manuscript.

Isabela Marangon Pasotti: Drafting and editing of the manuscript; obtaining, analyzing, and interpreting the data; approval of the final version of the manuscript.

Maria Regina de Paula Leite Kraft: Elaboration and writing of the manuscript; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; approval of the final version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

None declared.

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Study conducted at the Dermatology Clinic, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

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