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The AD in the four patients was complicated by CPG &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; None of the patients had a history of childhood AD&#44; but the onset of AD was noted in old age&#46; As previous traditional treatments had failed in all the patients&#44; dupilumab treatment was initiated at standard doses of 600&#8239;mg subcutaneously at week 0 and then at 300&#8239;mg every other week&#46; All the patients showed significant improvement in pruritus 2&#8210;4 weeks after initiation of dupilumab treatment&#46; In all cases&#44; treatment with dupilumab was very effective&#44; and the Eczema Area and Severity Index &#40;EASI&#41;-90 was achieved 4&#8210;8 weeks after initiating dupilumab treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; Although all the patients had various medical diseases&#44; no side effects were observed in any patient&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dupilumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the &#945; subunit of the Interleukin &#40;IL&#41;-4 receptor&#59; it inhibits the signaling of IL-4 and IL-13 pathways&#44; which play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of Th2 inflammation and AD&#46; Dupilumab is reportedly effective for CPG in patients with AD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our patients with CPG in AD showed highly elevated total IgE and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine levels and peripheral blood eosinophil counts&#46; Histological findings revealed superficial&#44; perivascular&#44; and interstitial eosinophil infiltration in the skin lesions in all the patients&#44; which corresponds with the characteristic histological findings reported in CPG &#8210; a superficial perivascular and interstitial inflammatory infiltration composed mainly of lymphocytes and eosinophils identified in the skin lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> According to the literature&#44; dupilumab is also effective for eosinophilic diseases&#44; such as eosinophilic pneumonia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and eosinophilic esophagitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Eosinophilic pneumonia in the 69-year-old female patient was improved by dupilumab treatment&#46; We presume that our cases pathologically involved both Th2 response and eosinophilic inflammation and that dupilumab was effective in managing both these conditions&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In elderly patients with AD&#44; systemic therapy with immunosuppressive agents is difficult due to various complications&#46; Additionally&#44; topical steroid treatment is difficult due to skin atrophy caused by aging&#46; Generally&#44; dupilumab is well tolerated&#44; with few adverse effects&#46; Therefore&#44; dupilumab is a useful treatment option for CPG in elderly patients with AD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Because our patients were elderly&#44; it was difficult to continue systemic therapy and topical steroids due to various complications and skin atrophy&#46; Therefore&#44; we initiated dupilumab treatment with successful in treating the patients&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study suggests the usefulness of dupilumab for CPG in elderly patients with AD&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Shinji Mitsuyama&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; Study conception and planning&#59; Critical literature review&#59; Data collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation&#59; Preparation and writing of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tetsuya Higuchi&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; Critical literature review&#59; Manuscript critical review&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Clinical characteristic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case 4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Age of first visit&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71-year-old&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65-year-old&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84-year-old&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69-year-old&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Age of onset of AD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Age of patient when dupilimab was initiated&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">History of childhood atopic dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Complication&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Allergic rhinitis&#44; Allergic conjunctivitis&#44; Type 2 diabetes&#44; Diabetic nephropathy&#44; previous Myocardial Infarction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Allergic rhinitis&#44; Bronchial asthma&#44; Cerebral infarction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hypertension&#44; Dyslipidemia&#44; Sleep apnea syndrome&#44; Bilateral osteoarthritis of the hip&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bronchial asthma&#44; Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis&#44; Eosinophilic pneumonia&#44; Hypertension&#44; Type 1 diabetes mellitus&#44; Hashimoto&#39;s thyroiditis&#44; Ulcerative colitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Previously failed therapies&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H1 antihistamines&#44; Topical corticosteroids&#44; NB-UVB phototherapy&#44; Prednisolone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H1 antihistamines&#44; Topical corticosteroids&#44; NB-UVB phototherapy&#44; Prednisolone&#44; Cyclosporine A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H1 antihistamines&#44; Topical corticosteroids&#44; NB-UVB phototherapy&#44; Prednisolone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">H1 antihistamines&#44; Topical corticosteroids&#44; NB-UVB phototherapy&#44; Prednisolone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Histological findings&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Spongiosis&#44; Perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the upper dermis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Spongiosis&#44; Perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the upper dermis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Epidermal hyperplasia&#44; Spongiosis&#44; Perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the upper dermis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hyperkeratosis&#44; Epidermal hyperplasia&#44; Spongiosis&#44; Perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the upper dermis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Percent BSA affedted when dupilimab was initiated &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EASI score when dupilimab was initiated&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Total IgE &#40;IU&#47;mL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;300&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">190&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;900&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TARC &#40;pg&#47;mL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;050&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;500&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;800&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;050&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Absolute eosinophil count &#40;&#47;&#956;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">678&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;410&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;782&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;335a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Journal Information
Vol. 98. Issue 1.
Pages 86-89 (1 January 2023)
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4220
Vol. 98. Issue 1.
Pages 86-89 (1 January 2023)
Letter - Research
Full text access
Effectiveness of dupilumab for chronic prurigo in elderly patients with atopic dermatitis
Visits
4220
Shinji Mitsuyama
Corresponding author
, Tetsuya Higuchi
Department of Dermatology, Sakura Medical Center, School of Medicine, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
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Dear Editor,

Chronic prurigo (CPG), such as prurigo nodularis, is often a complication of atopic dermatitis (AD).1 CPG is a common and distinct skin disease characterized by multiple pruriginous skin lesions,2 and its pathophysiological mechanisms remain unknown; however, the involvement of an atopic predisposition has been suggested.2 CPG in AD is highly intractable to traditional treatments. Herein, we present the cases of four elderly patients with AD complicated by CPG in whom traditional treatments had failed previously and describe their successful treatment with dupilumab within the last 2 years.

The clinical characteristics of the four patients are shown in Table 1. The AD in the four patients was complicated by CPG (Fig. 1A). None of the patients had a history of childhood AD, but the onset of AD was noted in old age. As previous traditional treatments had failed in all the patients, dupilumab treatment was initiated at standard doses of 600 mg subcutaneously at week 0 and then at 300 mg every other week. All the patients showed significant improvement in pruritus 2‒4 weeks after initiation of dupilumab treatment. In all cases, treatment with dupilumab was very effective, and the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI)-90 was achieved 4‒8 weeks after initiating dupilumab treatment (Fig. 1B). Although all the patients had various medical diseases, no side effects were observed in any patient.

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of four elderly patients with atopic dermatitis complicated by chronic prurigo.

Clinical characteristic  Case 1  Case 2  Case 3  Case 4 
Age of first visit  71-year-old  65-year-old  84-year-old  69-year-old 
Sex  Male  Male  Male  Female 
Age of onset of AD  67  65  84  67 
Age of patient when dupilimab was initiated  73  66  85  70 
History of childhood atopic dermatitis  No  No  No  No 
Complication  Allergic rhinitis, Allergic conjunctivitis, Type 2 diabetes, Diabetic nephropathy, previous Myocardial Infarction  Allergic rhinitis, Bronchial asthma, Cerebral infarction  Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, Sleep apnea syndrome, Bilateral osteoarthritis of the hip  Bronchial asthma, Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Eosinophilic pneumonia, Hypertension, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Ulcerative colitis 
Previously failed therapies  H1 antihistamines, Topical corticosteroids, NB-UVB phototherapy, Prednisolone  H1 antihistamines, Topical corticosteroids, NB-UVB phototherapy, Prednisolone, Cyclosporine A  H1 antihistamines, Topical corticosteroids, NB-UVB phototherapy, Prednisolone  H1 antihistamines, Topical corticosteroids, NB-UVB phototherapy, Prednisolone 
Histological findings  Spongiosis, Perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the upper dermis  Spongiosis, Perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the upper dermis  Epidermal hyperplasia, Spongiosis, Perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the upper dermis  Hyperkeratosis, Epidermal hyperplasia, Spongiosis, Perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the upper dermis 
Percent BSA affedted when dupilimab was initiated (%)  17  52  56  57 
EASI score when dupilimab was initiated  16.3  29  20.7  17.3 
Total IgE (IU/mL)  3,100  4,300  190  7,900 
TARC (pg/mL)  1,050  5,500  12,800  4,050 
Absolute eosinophil count (/μL)  678  1,410  1,782  1,335a 

AD, Atopic Dermatitis; BSA, Body Surface Area; EASI, Eczema Area and Severity Index; H1, Histamine 1; NB-UVB, Narrow-Band Ultraviolet B; TARC, Thymus and Activation‐Regulated Chemokine.

Figure 1.

Clinical presentation of the upper back in a 65-year-old Japanese man (Case 2). (A) Pruritic lichenified plaques, papules, and prurigo nodules were present before dupilumab treatment. (B) Complete clearance of the cutaneous manifestations was achieved by 24 months after the initiation of dupilumab.

(0.29MB).

Dupilumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the α subunit of the Interleukin (IL)-4 receptor; it inhibits the signaling of IL-4 and IL-13 pathways, which play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of Th2 inflammation and AD. Dupilumab is reportedly effective for CPG in patients with AD.3,4

Our patients with CPG in AD showed highly elevated total IgE and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine levels and peripheral blood eosinophil counts. Histological findings revealed superficial, perivascular, and interstitial eosinophil infiltration in the skin lesions in all the patients, which corresponds with the characteristic histological findings reported in CPG ‒ a superficial perivascular and interstitial inflammatory infiltration composed mainly of lymphocytes and eosinophils identified in the skin lesions.5 According to the literature, dupilumab is also effective for eosinophilic diseases, such as eosinophilic pneumonia,6 eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis,7 and eosinophilic esophagitis.8 Eosinophilic pneumonia in the 69-year-old female patient was improved by dupilumab treatment. We presume that our cases pathologically involved both Th2 response and eosinophilic inflammation and that dupilumab was effective in managing both these conditions.

In elderly patients with AD, systemic therapy with immunosuppressive agents is difficult due to various complications. Additionally, topical steroid treatment is difficult due to skin atrophy caused by aging. Generally, dupilumab is well tolerated, with few adverse effects. Therefore, dupilumab is a useful treatment option for CPG in elderly patients with AD.3 Because our patients were elderly, it was difficult to continue systemic therapy and topical steroids due to various complications and skin atrophy. Therefore, we initiated dupilumab treatment with successful in treating the patients.

Our study suggests the usefulness of dupilumab for CPG in elderly patients with AD.

Financial support

None declared.

Authors' contributions

Shinji Mitsuyama: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; Study conception and planning; Critical literature review; Data collection, analysis, and interpretation; Preparation and writing of the manuscript.

Tetsuya Higuchi: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; Critical literature review; Manuscript critical review.

Conflicts of interest

None declared.

References
[1]
A.H. Huang, J.K. Canner, R. Khanna, S. Kang, S.G. Kwatra.
Real-World Prevalence of Prurigo Nodularis and Burden of Associated Diseases.
J Invest Dermatol., 140 (2020), pp. 480-483
[2]
M.P. Pereira, S. Steinke, C. Zeidler, C. Forner, C. Riepe, M. Augustin, et al.
European academy of dermatology and venereology European prurigo project: expert consensus on the definition, classification, and terminology of chronic prurigo.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol., 32 (2018), pp. 1059-1065
[3]
T. Liu, J. Bai, S. Wang, S. Ying, S. Li, J. Qiao, et al.
Effectiveness of Dupilumab for an Elderly Patient with Prurigo Nodularis Who Was Refractory and Contradicted to Traditional Therapy.
J Asthma Allergy., 14 (2021), pp. 175-178
[4]
A. Calugareanu, M. Jachiet, M. Tauber, A. Nosbaum, A. Aubin, L. Misery, et al.
Effectiveness and safety of dupilumab for the treatment of prurigo nodularis in a French multicenter adult cohort of 16 patients.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol., 34 (2020), pp. e74-e76
[5]
N. Weigelt, D. Metze, S. Ständer.
Prurigo nodularis: systematic analysis of 58 histological criteria in 136 patients.
J Cutan Pathol., 37 (2010), pp. 578-586
[6]
F. Menzella, G. Montanari, G. Patricelli, A. Cavazza, C. Galeone, P. Ruggiero, et al.
A case of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia in a patient treated with dupilumab.
Ther Clin Risk Manag., 15 (2019), pp. 869-875
[7]
I. Suzaki, A. Tanaka, K. Hirano, S. Arai, H. Kobayashi.
Successful management of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis complicated by severe asthma using dupilumab, following negative initial results with benralizumab.
Allergol Int., 70 (2021), pp. 150-152
[8]
I. Hirano, E.S. Dellon, J.D. Hamilto, M.H. Collins, K. Peterson, M. Chehade, et al.
Efficacy of Dupilumab in a Phase 2 Randomized Trial of Adults With Active Eosinophilic Esophagitis.
Gastroenterology., 158 (2020), pp. 111-122

Study conducted at the Department of Dermatology, Sakura Medical Center, School of Medicine, Toho University, Chiba, Japan.

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