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associated with multiple small normochromic papules&#44; with an erythematous base&#44; affecting the face&#44; trunk&#44; back region and upper limbs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The rash onset occurs after physical activity&#44; exposure to heat&#44; or emotional stress and has a short duration&#44; showing spontaneous resolution and is associated with a burning sensation&#46; The symptoms are worse in summer&#44; and there is no family history of sweating disorder or urticaria&#46; The diagnosis of anhidrosis was confirmed by Minor&#39;s test &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; and the histopathological examination revealed a decrease in the number of eccrine glands and the presence of a periglandular lymphocytic infiltrate&#46; The laboratory tests showed a slightly elevated carcinoembryonic antigen &#40;CEA&#41; level &#40;7&#46;5&#160;ng&#47;mL&#41;&#44; normal IgE levels&#44; negative ANA&#44; Anti-SSA&#44; and Anti-SSB&#44; with normal results for the blood count&#44; renal and thyroid function&#44; and fasting glucose tests&#46; The magnetic resonance imaging of the skull showed no abnormalities&#46; There was a partial and gradual improvement of the rash with prednisone 1&#160;mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#44; orally&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AGIA clinically presents as the absence of sweating after stimulation&#46; The symptoms of heat intolerance and cholinergic urticaria are associated&#44; corroborating the predominance in individuals whose work activity involves exposure to heat&#46; Preserved palmoplantar and axillary sweating is justified by the adrenergic innervation and the predominance of apocrine sweat glands&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis is clinical&#44; and pathological examination may reveal the presence of perieccrine lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrates&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> CEA is expressed in normal eccrine glands&#44; and the increase in CEA levels correlates with the body surface area affected by anhidrosis and can be used to monitor disease activity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differential diagnosis of anhidrosis includes congenital and acquired causes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Three subtypes of AGIA have been described&#58; eccrine gland dysfunction&#44; sudomotor axis neuropathy&#44; and idiopathic pure sudomotor axis dysfunction&#44; which is the most common subtype and is found in cases where cholinergic urticaria is associated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4</span></a> Its pathogenesis is not well understood<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4</span></a> but it is known that there is a reduction in muscarinic receptors in the eccrine glands&#44; as evidenced by immunohistochemistry&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> A reduction in the enzyme acetylcholinesterase is also found&#44; resulting in excess acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft&#46; The latter binds to muscarinic receptors in mast cells&#44; inducing degranulation and wheal formation&#46; It is postulated that the expression of cytokines CCL2&#47;MCP-1&#44; CCL5&#47;RANTES&#44; and CCL17&#47;TARC is increased in glandular cells&#44; recruiting lymphocytes that would affect the expression of muscarinic receptors and acetylcholinesterase&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite reports of therapeutic success with corticosteroid use&#44; there are no clinical studies to prove its efficacy&#46; There is no consensus on the method of administration&#44; dose&#44; and duration of treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> If corticosteroid therapy fails&#44; cyclosporine&#44; intravenous immunoglobulin&#44; and omalizumab can be used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maisa Aparecida Matico Utsumi Okada&#58; Design and planning of the study&#59; data collection&#44; or analysis and interpretation of data&#59; drafting of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Let&#237;cia Santos Dexheimer&#58; Critical review of important intellectual content&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Renan Rangel Bonamigo&#58; Critical review of important intellectual content&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Renata Heck&#58; Critical review of important intellectual content&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Journal Information
Vol. 97. Issue 4.
Pages 532-534 (1 July 2022)
Visits
4584
Vol. 97. Issue 4.
Pages 532-534 (1 July 2022)
Case Letter
Open Access
Acquired generalized idiopathic anhidrosis ‒ rare case in a Brazilian patient
Visits
4584
Maísa Aparecida Matico Utsumi Okadaa,
Corresponding author
okada.maisa@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Letícia Santos Dexheimera, Renan Rangel Bonamigoa,b, Renata Hecka
a Ambulatory of Sanitary Dermatology, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
b Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Dear Editor,

Acquired generalized idiopathic anhidrosis (AGIA) is a rare disease without a defined etiology, non-related to dysautonomia or neurological abnormalities.1 It is an uncommon condition, with approximately 100 cases described, the majority in Asia, affecting men aged 20 to 30 years 80% of the time.1 Considering the predominance of cases described in Asia, this case report describes an unprecedented case in Brazil.

A 20-year-old military male, of non Asian descent, without comorbidities, had developed diffuse anhidrosis for eight months, not affecting the palmoplantar and axillary regions, associated with multiple small normochromic papules, with an erythematous base, affecting the face, trunk, back region and upper limbs (Fig. 1). The rash onset occurs after physical activity, exposure to heat, or emotional stress and has a short duration, showing spontaneous resolution and is associated with a burning sensation. The symptoms are worse in summer, and there is no family history of sweating disorder or urticaria. The diagnosis of anhidrosis was confirmed by Minor's test (Fig. 2), and the histopathological examination revealed a decrease in the number of eccrine glands and the presence of a periglandular lymphocytic infiltrate. The laboratory tests showed a slightly elevated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level (7.5 ng/mL), normal IgE levels, negative ANA, Anti-SSA, and Anti-SSB, with normal results for the blood count, renal and thyroid function, and fasting glucose tests. The magnetic resonance imaging of the skull showed no abnormalities. There was a partial and gradual improvement of the rash with prednisone 1 mg/kg/day, orally.

Figure 1.

Several normochromic papules and erythema induced by physical activity.

(0.26MB).
Figure 2.

Minor's test demonstrating preserved sweating only in the axillary region after strenuous physical activity.

(0.22MB).

AGIA clinically presents as the absence of sweating after stimulation. The symptoms of heat intolerance and cholinergic urticaria are associated, corroborating the predominance in individuals whose work activity involves exposure to heat. Preserved palmoplantar and axillary sweating is justified by the adrenergic innervation and the predominance of apocrine sweat glands, respectively.2

The diagnosis is clinical, and pathological examination may reveal the presence of perieccrine lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrates.1 CEA is expressed in normal eccrine glands, and the increase in CEA levels correlates with the body surface area affected by anhidrosis and can be used to monitor disease activity.3

The differential diagnosis of anhidrosis includes congenital and acquired causes (Table 1). Three subtypes of AGIA have been described: eccrine gland dysfunction, sudomotor axis neuropathy, and idiopathic pure sudomotor axis dysfunction, which is the most common subtype and is found in cases where cholinergic urticaria is associated.1,4 Its pathogenesis is not well understood1,4 but it is known that there is a reduction in muscarinic receptors in the eccrine glands, as evidenced by immunohistochemistry.5 A reduction in the enzyme acetylcholinesterase is also found, resulting in excess acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. The latter binds to muscarinic receptors in mast cells, inducing degranulation and wheal formation. It is postulated that the expression of cytokines CCL2/MCP-1, CCL5/RANTES, and CCL17/TARC is increased in glandular cells, recruiting lymphocytes that would affect the expression of muscarinic receptors and acetylcholinesterase.5

Table 1.

Causes of anhidrosis.

Congenital  Acquired 
Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia  Idiopathic 
Insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis  Acquired generalized idiopathic anhidrosis 
Rapp Hodgkin SyndromeFabry disease  Secondary 
Central neurological diseases 
Parkinson's disease 
Ischemia 
Lewy bodies dementia 
Multiple sclerosis 
Tumors 
Peripheral neurological diseases 
Diabetes mellitus 
Leprosy 
Alcoholism 
Collagenoses 
Sjogren's syndrome 
Medications 
Psychotropic agents 
Anticholinergics 

Despite reports of therapeutic success with corticosteroid use, there are no clinical studies to prove its efficacy. There is no consensus on the method of administration, dose, and duration of treatment.1 If corticosteroid therapy fails, cyclosporine, intravenous immunoglobulin, and omalizumab can be used.1,4

Financial support

None declared.

Authors' contributions

Maisa Aparecida Matico Utsumi Okada: Design and planning of the study; data collection, or analysis and interpretation of data; drafting of the manuscript.

Letícia Santos Dexheimer: Critical review of important intellectual content; approval of the final version of the manuscript.

Renan Rangel Bonamigo: Critical review of important intellectual content; approval of the final version of the manuscript.

Renata Heck: Critical review of important intellectual content; approval of the final version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

None declared.

References
[1]
T. Munetsugu, T. Fujimoto, Y. Oshima, K. Sano, H. Murota, T. Satoh, et al.
Revised guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis in Japan.
J Dermatol., 44 (2017), pp. 394-400
[2]
Y. Nakazato, N. Tamura, A. Ohkuma, K. Yoshimaru, K. Shimazu.
Idiopathic pure sudomotor failure: Anhidrosis due to deficits in cholinergic transmission.
Neurology., 63 (2004), pp. 1476-1480
[3]
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Study conducted at the Ambulatory of Sanitary Dermatology, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

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