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Este &#233; o relato dos achados sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o de PB com medicamentos n&#227;o antidiab&#233;ticos utilizados no momento do diagn&#243;stico de PB em uma coorte de centro &#250;nico de pacientes idosos &#40;&#8805; 70 anos&#41; com DM2 tratados com DPP4i&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A coorte de PB consistiu em 45 pacientes com DM2 em tratamento com DPP4i com PB rec&#233;m&#8208;diagnosticado ap&#243;s janeiro de 2010&#46; Os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para PB s&#227;o apresentados na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Todos os pacientes com PB nesta coorte foram tratados uniformemente&#44; de acordo com a diretriz institucional&#44; com a descontinua&#231;&#227;o da DPP4i e a combina&#231;&#227;o de corticosteroides sist&#234;micos em doses progressivamente reduzidas e metotrexato&#44; utilizado como agente poupador de corticosteroide&#46; Os controles inclu&#237;am 98 pacientes idosos com DM2 sem PB tratados com DPP4i por pelo menos os &#250;ltimos 30 meses antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo&#44; pareados em uma propor&#231;&#227;o de 1&#58;2 por sexo&#44; idade &#40;dentro de 2 anos&#41; e ano de diagn&#243;stico&#46; Utilizando o software SPSS&#44; as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas com o teste &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; e os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratios</span> de risco proporcionais de Cox e de Mantel&#8208;Haenszel &#40;OR &#177; IC95&#37;&#41; foram calculados entre pacientes com e sem PB ao n&#237;vel de p &#60; 0&#44;05&#46; Os achados fazem parte de um estudo retrospectivo aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O espectro da DPP4i empregada n&#227;o diferiu entre os pacientes com e sem PB &#40;p &#61; 0&#44;06&#41;&#46; Os principais dados demogr&#225;ficos e de hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico dos pacientes com PB e controles est&#227;o resumidos na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#46; Os grupos de medicamentos foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise quando pelo menos 10&#47;143 pacientes estavam em tratamento regular utilizando medicamentos de cada grupo&#46; Avaliando esses grupos juntos&#44; um risco significantemente maior de PB foi encontrado para pacientes em uso de anticoagulantes&#44; inibidores da bomba de pr&#243;tons e inibidores seletivos da recapta&#231;&#227;o da serotonina&#44; enquanto o risco de PB foi significantemente menor para aqueles com DM2 em uso de estatinas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabela 3</a>&#41;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; a rela&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de estatina com um risco reduzido de PB foi a &#250;nica associa&#231;&#227;o que permaneceu significativa ap&#243;s a concentra&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise nos quatro grupos de medicamentos acima &#40;HR de Cox &#61; 0&#44;165&#59; IC95&#37; &#61; 0&#44;038&#8208;0&#44;723&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;017&#41;&#46; A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; o n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de participantes&#59; entretanto&#44; as coortes eram razoavelmente homog&#234;neas&#44; com um n&#250;mero evidente de pacientes com PB inclu&#237;dos&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A ingest&#227;o de estatinas pode diminuir o risco de desenvolver PB em pacientes com DM2 tratados com DPP4i&#44; modificando certos processos inflamat&#243;rios&#44; provavelmente promovendo uma mudan&#231;a anti&#8208;inflamat&#243;ria por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas Th17 e da produ&#231;&#227;o de IL&#8208;17&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Por exemplo&#44; em um modelo animal de asma al&#233;rgica&#44; a sinvastatina modificou o influxo de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias&#44; incluindo eosin&#243;filos e T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">reg</span>&#44; nos tecidos&#8208;alvo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Recentemente&#44; Guo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> relataram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativamente aumentada do uso de espironolactona com o risco de desenvolver PB em pacientes tratados com DPP4i&#44; mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste para fatores de confus&#227;o &#40;HR &#61; 5&#44;50&#59; IC95&#37; &#61; 1&#44;25&#8208;7&#44;51&#41;&#46; Notavelmente&#44; embora n&#227;o tenha sido avaliado especificamente o efeito da espironolactona&#44; n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel confirmar um risco maior de PB em pacientes tratados com qualquer diur&#233;tico poupador de K &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabela 3</a>&#41;&#46; &#201; poss&#237;vel que a varia&#231;&#227;o de fatores gen&#233;ticos em popula&#231;&#245;es remotas &#40;como pacientes coreanos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; gregos&#41;&#44; incluindo diferen&#231;as na suscetibilidade de PB e&#47;ou farmacogen&#244;mica divergente&#44; possam explicar as diferen&#231;as na suscetibilidade da associa&#231;&#227;o de certos medicamentos ao desenvolvimento de PB&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi sugerido que o PB induzido por DPP4i pode se tornar uma doen&#231;a modelo para o melhor entendimento dos princ&#237;pios b&#225;sicos da autoimunidade&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Tentar esclarecer o papel de outros medicamentos no desencadeamento de PB em pacientes com DM2 tratados com DPP4i em estudos prospectivos com amostras de pacientes suficientemente grandes poder&#225; fornecer contribui&#231;&#245;es essenciais para delinear os pontos ainda n&#227;o esclarecidos na patog&#234;nese dessa doen&#231;a&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Suporte financeiro</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Agoritsa Gravani e Ioannis Bassukas foram respons&#225;veis pelo desenho do estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Agoritsa Gravani&#44; Panagiota Christou e Stelios Tigas coletaram os dados&#46; Todos os autores contribu&#237;ram para a an&#225;lise dos dados&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Agoritsa Gravani foi respons&#225;vel pela 1&#170; vers&#227;o do manuscrito&#59; todos os autores revisaram criticamente e aprovaram a vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Como citar este artigo&#58; Gravani A&#44; Christou P&#44; Tigas S&#44; Bassukas ID&#46; Co&#8208;medications and dipeptidyl peptidase&#8208;4 inhibitors associated bullous pemphigoid&#46; An Bras Dermatol&#46; 2021&#59;96&#58;782&#8211;4&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">Todos os tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios devem ser atendidos&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;a&#41; Apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica relevante&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;c&#41; Um resultado consistente com o diagn&#243;stico de PB em pelo menos um dos seguintes exames laboratoriais rotineiramente dispon&#237;veis&#58; imunofluoresc&#234;ncia direta&#44; imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta ou ELISA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">n &#61; 26 &#40;57&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;70&#8208;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;0&#44;3&#8208;60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">53&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Metab&#243;licas &#40;dislipidemia&#44; hiperuricemia&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#61; 29 &#40;64&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#61; 72 &#40;73&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urogenitais&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#61; 7 &#40;15&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#61; 7 &#40;7&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas&#44; incluindo neoplasias malignas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#61; 5 &#40;11&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#61; 0 &#40;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Doen&#231;as de ouvido&#44; nariz&#44; e garganta&#47;oculares&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#61; 4 &#40;8&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#61; 0 &#40;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Reumatol&#243;gicas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#61; 2 &#40;4&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#61; 4 &#40;4&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cut&#226;neas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#61; 3 &#40;6&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#61; 0 &#40;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>End&#243;crinas&#44; exceto diabetes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mellitus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#61; 4 &#40;8&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n &#61; 10 &#40;10&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Principais caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e dados da hist&#243;ria da doen&#231;a de pacientes com penfigoide bolhoso &#40;PB&#41; &#40;n &#61; 45&#41; e controles &#40;n &#61; 48&#41;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Medicamento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Coorte&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">OR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> para OR</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PB &#40;n &#61; 45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controles &#40;n &#61; 98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inferior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Superior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anticoagulantes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;53&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;34&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;026&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;300&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;104&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;793&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inibidores &#945;1&#8208;adren&#233;rgicos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;13&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;7&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;220&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;062&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;649&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;550&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inibidores ECA&#47;AT2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;80&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63 &#40;64&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;064&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;292&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;954&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;503&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Betabloqueadores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;40&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;33&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;276&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;510&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;719&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;170&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bloqueadores do canal de c&#225;lcio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;31&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;41&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;165&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;581&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;270&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;252&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;24&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;21&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;444&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;393&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;596&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;170&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;44&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;29&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;065&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;958&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;214&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diur&#233;ticos poupadores de pot&#225;ssio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;11&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;5&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;113&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;026&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;771&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#44;886&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Medicamentos anti&#8208;hipertensivos com a&#231;&#227;o no sistema nervoso central&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;6&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;522&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;411&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;785&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estatinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;46&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">67 &#40;68&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;179&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;790&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hipolipemiante&#44; outros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;8&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;851&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;128&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;321&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;970&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tiroxina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;6&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;9&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;643&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;725&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;186&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;823&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inibidores da bomba de pr&#243;ton&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;26&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;8&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;781&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;396&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#44;243&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Benzodiazep&#237;nicos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;13&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;4&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;051&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;730&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;995&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#44;982&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inibidores seletivos da recapta&#231;&#227;o da serotonina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;20&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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Vol. 96. Núm. 6.
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Penfigoide bolhoso associado a vários medicamentos e inibidores da dipeptidil peptidase‐4
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Agoritsa Gravania,
Autor para correspondência
ritsagravani@gmail.com

Autor pra correspondência.
, Panagiota Christoub, Stelios Tigasb,c, Ioannis D. Bassukasa,d
a Departamento de Dermatologia, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Grécia
b Departamento de Endocrinologia e Centro de Diabetes, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Grécia
c Departamento de Endocrinologia e Centro de Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Grécia
d Departamento de Doenças Cutâneas e Venéreas, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Grécia
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Tabela 1. Critérios para o diagnóstico de penfigoide bolhoso (PB)
Tabela 2. Principais características demográficas e dados da história da doença de pacientes com penfigoide bolhoso (PB) (n = 45) e controles (n = 48)
Tabela 3. Medicamentos em pacientes com penfigoide bolhoso associado ao uso de DPP4i e em pacientes sem PB, com uso de DPP4i
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O penfigoide bolhoso (PB) é uma doença autoimune cutânea grave associada a diferentes comorbidades, como doenças neurológicas, hipertensão e diabetes mellitus. Recentemente, o uso de inibidores da dipeptidil peptidase‐4/gliptinas (DPP4i) para controlar a hiperglicemia foi associado ao aumento da prevalência de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) em pacientes com PB recém‐diagnosticado,1 demonstrando que a associação de diferentes medicamentos a certas comorbidades pode ser parcialmente responsável pela relação observada de algumas comorbidades com o PB. Consequentemente, perguntamos se os medicamentos utilizados para tratar outras comorbidades podem ter modificado o risco de desenvolver PB nesse cenário. Este é o relato dos achados sobre a associação de PB com medicamentos não antidiabéticos utilizados no momento do diagnóstico de PB em uma coorte de centro único de pacientes idosos (≥ 70 anos) com DM2 tratados com DPP4i.

A coorte de PB consistiu em 45 pacientes com DM2 em tratamento com DPP4i com PB recém‐diagnosticado após janeiro de 2010. Os critérios diagnósticos para PB são apresentados na tabela 1.1 Todos os pacientes com PB nesta coorte foram tratados uniformemente, de acordo com a diretriz institucional, com a descontinuação da DPP4i e a combinação de corticosteroides sistêmicos em doses progressivamente reduzidas e metotrexato, utilizado como agente poupador de corticosteroide. Os controles incluíam 98 pacientes idosos com DM2 sem PB tratados com DPP4i por pelo menos os últimos 30 meses antes da inclusão no estudo, pareados em uma proporção de 1:2 por sexo, idade (dentro de 2 anos) e ano de diagnóstico. Utilizando o software SPSS, as variáveis categóricas foram comparadas com o teste χ2, e os odds ratios de risco proporcionais de Cox e de Mantel‐Haenszel (OR ± IC95%) foram calculados entre pacientes com e sem PB ao nível de p < 0,05. Os achados fazem parte de um estudo retrospectivo aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da instituição.

Tabela 1.

Critérios para o diagnóstico de penfigoide bolhoso (PB)

Todos os três critérios devem ser atendidos: 
(a) Apresentação clínica relevante 
(b) Biópsia de pele com lesão consistente com PB 
(c) Um resultado consistente com o diagnóstico de PB em pelo menos um dos seguintes exames laboratoriais rotineiramente disponíveis: imunofluorescência direta, imunofluorescência indireta ou ELISA 

O espectro da DPP4i empregada não diferiu entre os pacientes com e sem PB (p = 0,06). Os principais dados demográficos e de histórico médico dos pacientes com PB e controles estão resumidos na tabela 2. Os grupos de medicamentos foram incluídos na análise quando pelo menos 10/143 pacientes estavam em tratamento regular utilizando medicamentos de cada grupo. Avaliando esses grupos juntos, um risco significantemente maior de PB foi encontrado para pacientes em uso de anticoagulantes, inibidores da bomba de prótons e inibidores seletivos da recaptação da serotonina, enquanto o risco de PB foi significantemente menor para aqueles com DM2 em uso de estatinas (tabela 3). Além disso, a relação da ingestão de estatina com um risco reduzido de PB foi a única associação que permaneceu significativa após a concentração da análise nos quatro grupos de medicamentos acima (HR de Cox = 0,165; IC95% = 0,038‐0,723; p = 0,017). A principal limitação deste estudo é o número relativamente pequeno de participantes; entretanto, as coortes eram razoavelmente homogêneas, com um número evidente de pacientes com PB incluídos.

Tabela 2.

Principais características demográficas e dados da história da doença de pacientes com penfigoide bolhoso (PB) (n = 45) e controles (n = 48)

Características  PB, n (%)  Controles, n (%) 
Sexo masculino  n = 19 (42,2%)  n = 41 (41,8%) 
Sexo feminino  n = 26 (57,8%)  n = 57 (58,2%) 
Idade (anos): mediana [intervalo]:  80 (70‐92)  76,5 (70‐90) 
Intervalo de uso DPP4a (meses) – mediana [variação]  16 (0,3‐60)  43,5 (30‐125) 
Média  19,6  53,9 
Comorbidades
Cardiovasculares  n = 40 (88,9%)  n = 88 (89,8%) 
Pulmonares  n = 6 (13,3%)  n = 7 (7,1%) 
Neoplasias malignas, excluindo hematológicas  n = 1 (2%)  n = 0 (0%) 
Psiquiátricas  n = 9 (20%)  n = 10 (10,2%) 
Neurológicas  n = 7 (15,5%)  n = 6 (6,1%) 
Gastrintestinais  n = 11 (24,4%)  n = 15 (15,3%) 
Metabólicas (dislipidemia, hiperuricemia)  n = 29 (64,4%)  n = 72 (73,5%) 
Urogenitais  n = 7 (15,6%)  n = 7 (7,1%) 
Doenças hematológicas, incluindo neoplasias malignas  n = 5 (11,1%)  n = 0 (0%) 
Doenças de ouvido, nariz, e garganta/oculares  n = 4 (8,9%)  n = 0 (0%) 
Reumatológicas  n = 2 (4,4%)  n = 4 (4,1%) 
Cutâneas  n = 3 (6,7%)  n = 0 (0%) 
Endócrinas, exceto diabetes mellitus  n = 4 (8,7%)  n = 10 (10,2%) 
Tabela 3.

Medicamentos em pacientes com penfigoide bolhoso associado ao uso de DPP4i e em pacientes sem PB, com uso de DPP4i

Medicamento  Coorte, n (%)ORa  ICb para OR
  PB (n = 45)  Controles (n = 98)      Inferior  Superior 
Anticoagulantes  24 (53,3%)  34 (34,7%)  0,026  2,300  1,104  4,793 
Inibidores α1‐adrenérgicos  6 (13,3%)  7 (7,1%)  0,220  2,062  0,649  6,550 
Inibidores ECA/AT2c  36 (80%)  63 (64,3%)  0,064  2,292  0,954  5,503 
Betabloqueadores  18 (40%)  33 (33,7%)  0,276  1,510  0,719  3,170 
Bloqueadores do canal de cálcio  14 (31,1%)  41 (41,8%)  0,165  0,581  0,270  1,252 
Diuréticos de alça  11 (24,4%)  21 (21,4%)  0,444  1,393  0,596  3,170 
Diuréticos tiazídicos  20 (44,4%)  29 (29,6%)  0,065  2,009  0,958  4,214 
Diuréticos poupadores de potássio  5 (11,1%)  5 (5,1%)  0,113  3,026  0,771  11,886 
Medicamentos anti‐hipertensivos com ação no sistema nervoso central  4 (8%)  6 (6,1%)  0,522  1,538  0,411  5,785 
Estatinas  21 (46,7%)  67 (68,4%)  0,010  0,376  0,179  0,790 
Hipolipemiante, outros  4 (8%)  8 (8,2%)  0,851  1,128  0,321  3,970 
Tiroxina  3 (6,7%)  9 (9,2%)  0,643  0,725  0,186  2,823 
Inibidores da bomba de próton  12 (26,7%)  8 (8,2%)  0,009  3,781  1,396  10,243 
Benzodiazepínicos  6 (13,3%)  4 (4,1%)  0,051  3,730  0,995  13,982 
Inibidores seletivos da recaptação da serotonina  9 (20%)  6 (6,1%)  0,032  3,429  1,110  10,595 
a

Odds ratio de Mantel‐Haenszel

b

IC, intervalo de confiança de 95%

c

Inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina e bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II.

A ingestão de estatinas pode diminuir o risco de desenvolver PB em pacientes com DM2 tratados com DPP4i, modificando certos processos inflamatórios, provavelmente promovendo uma mudança anti‐inflamatória por meio da inibição das células Th17 e da produção de IL‐17.2 Por exemplo, em um modelo animal de asma alérgica, a sinvastatina modificou o influxo de células inflamatórias, incluindo eosinófilos e Treg, nos tecidos‐alvo.3 Recentemente, Guo et al.4 relataram uma associação significativamente aumentada do uso de espironolactona com o risco de desenvolver PB em pacientes tratados com DPP4i, mesmo após o ajuste para fatores de confusão (HR = 5,50; IC95% = 1,25‐7,51). Notavelmente, embora não tenha sido avaliado especificamente o efeito da espironolactona, não foi possível confirmar um risco maior de PB em pacientes tratados com qualquer diurético poupador de K (tabela 3). É possível que a variação de fatores genéticos em populações remotas (como pacientes coreanos vs. gregos), incluindo diferenças na suscetibilidade de PB e/ou farmacogenômica divergente, possam explicar as diferenças na suscetibilidade da associação de certos medicamentos ao desenvolvimento de PB.

Foi sugerido que o PB induzido por DPP4i pode se tornar uma doença modelo para o melhor entendimento dos princípios básicos da autoimunidade.5 Tentar esclarecer o papel de outros medicamentos no desencadeamento de PB em pacientes com DM2 tratados com DPP4i em estudos prospectivos com amostras de pacientes suficientemente grandes poderá fornecer contribuições essenciais para delinear os pontos ainda não esclarecidos na patogênese dessa doença.

Suporte financeiro

Nenhum.

Contribuição dos autores

Agoritsa Gravani e Ioannis Bassukas foram responsáveis pelo desenho do estudo.

Agoritsa Gravani, Panagiota Christou e Stelios Tigas coletaram os dados. Todos os autores contribuíram para a análise dos dados.

Agoritsa Gravani foi responsável pela 1ª versão do manuscrito; todos os autores revisaram criticamente e aprovaram a versão final do manuscrito.

Conflito de interesses

Nenhum.

Referências
[1]
A. Gravani, G. Gaitanis, T. Tsironi, S. Tigas, I.D. Bassukas.
Changing prevalence of diabetes mellitus in bullous pemphigoid: it is the dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol., 32 (2018), pp. e438-e439
[2]
A. Egesi, G. Sun, A. Khachemoune, R.M. Rashid.
Statins in skin: research and rediscovery, from psoriasis to sclerosis.
J Drugs Dermatol., 9 (2010), pp. 921-927
[3]
A. Jha, M.H. Ryu, O. Oo, J. Bews, C. Carlson, J. Scwartz, et al.
Prophylactic benefits of systemically delivered simvastatin treatment in a house dust mite challenged murine model of allergic asthma.
Br J Pharmacol., 175 (2018), pp. 1004-1016
[4]
J.Y. Guo, H.H. Chen, Y.C. Yang, P.Y. Wu, M.P. Chang, C.C. Chen.
The association of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors and other risk factors with bullous pemphigoid in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective cohort study.
J Diabetes Complications., 34 (2020), pp. 107515
[5]
W. Nishie, K. Tasanen.
Gliptin‐associated bullous pemphigoid: A valuable model of the mechanism of breakdown of immune tolerance against BP180.
J Invest Dermatol., 139 (2019), pp. 755-756

Como citar este artigo: Gravani A, Christou P, Tigas S, Bassukas ID. Co‐medications and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors associated bullous pemphigoid. An Bras Dermatol. 2021;96:782–4.

Trabalho realizado no University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Grécia.

Copyright © 2021. Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia
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