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e escala HAD &#40;Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depress&#227;o&#41;&#46; Por fim&#44; apontaram em mapa facial &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; as &#225;reas afetadas pelo melasma&#59; o n&#250;mero de &#225;reas acometidas foi indicador da extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a&#46; O mapa foi validado presencialmente com 51 mulheres &#40;correla&#231;&#227;o com escala de gravidade mMASI&#58; rho<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;94&#59; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#46; A disponibilidade amostral e o convite &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o ocorreram por meio de grupos de discuss&#227;o sobre melasma nas redes sociais&#46; O estudo foi conduzido durante os meses de junho&#8208;setembro&#47;2022&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A vari&#225;vel dependente do estudo foi a gravidade do melasma&#44; representado pelo n&#250;mero de &#225;reas indicadas no mapa facial&#46; As vari&#225;veis independentes foram informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas&#44; dados cl&#237;nicos&#44; demogr&#225;ficos&#44; exposi&#231;&#227;o ocupacional&#44; HAD e PSQI&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As &#225;reas faciais indicadas no mapa facial foram avaliadas por an&#225;lise de agrupamentos &#40;m&#233;todo de Ward&#41;&#44; e as covari&#225;veis foram testadas quanto ao n&#250;mero de topografias por modelo linear generalizado com distribui&#231;&#227;o de probabilidade <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tweedie</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">link</span> de identidade&#41;&#46; A dimens&#227;o do efeito foi estimada pelo coeficiente &#946; da regress&#227;o&#44; e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica definida como p&#8208;valor &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Das 2&#46;271 respostas&#44; 1&#46;878 foram consideradas v&#225;lidas em virtude de confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica&#44; duplica&#231;&#245;es ou dados incompletos&#46; A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a> evidencia as principais caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada&#46; Destaca&#8208;se a predomin&#226;ncia de mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil&#44; de cor autodeclarada branca&#44; que apresentaram mais de uma gesta&#231;&#227;o e alta frequ&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria familiar&#46; A alta preval&#234;ncia de transtornos de ansiedade&#44; depress&#227;o e comprometimento da qualidade do sono tamb&#233;m merece destaque nessa amostra&#46; Os principais fatores de piora foram&#58; exposi&#231;&#227;o ao sol&#44; exposi&#231;&#227;o ao calor e estresse psicol&#243;gico&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o topogr&#225;fica do melasma facial&#44; foram identificados tr&#234;s padr&#245;es principais de agrupamento &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#58; superior da face&#44; centrofacial e perif&#233;rico&#46; Segundo a an&#225;lise multivariada &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#44; melasmas mais extensos foram identificados entre mulheres de pigmenta&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea intermedi&#225;ria&#44; entre 30 e 45 anos&#44; que referiam mais de tr&#234;s gesta&#231;&#245;es&#44; que se expunham ao sol nas atividades laborais&#44; que se expunham diretamente ao calor&#44; que apresentavam in&#237;cio precoce do melasma&#44; al&#233;m de maiores escores de ansiedade&#44; depress&#227;o e comprometimento da qualidade do sono&#46; A ader&#234;ncia ao filtro solar&#44; entretanto&#44; apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com a gravidade do melasma&#59; j&#225; a pr&#225;tica de esportes&#44; apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o negativa&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Como os valores de HAD&#8208;ansiedade e HAD&#8208;depress&#227;o foram colineares &#40;rho<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;66&#59; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#44; n&#227;o puderam compor o modelo final&#44; optando&#8208;se pelo de maior peso estat&#237;stico&#59; por&#233;m&#44; ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es foram&#44; quando analisadas de maneira independente no modelo final&#44; associados &#224; maior gravidade do melasma facial &#40;p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas assemelharam&#8208;se &#224;s de outras s&#233;ries de mulheres brasileiras com melasma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> Os resultados desse estudo corroboram v&#225;rios fatores agravantes j&#225; apontados&#44; como exposi&#231;&#227;o solar&#44; pigmenta&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea constitucional&#44; multiparidade&#44; predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica e horm&#244;nios sexuais&#46; Ademais&#44; refor&#231;a o impacto na sa&#250;de mental&#44; como transtornos de humor e comprometimento da qualidade do sono&#44; como agravantes do melasma facial&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dist&#250;rbios afetivos e priva&#231;&#227;o do sono influenciam n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de cortisol e aumentam o estresse oxidativo sist&#234;mico&#44; substratos para a intensifica&#231;&#227;o da pigmenta&#231;&#227;o mel&#226;nica&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Al&#233;m disso&#44; h&#225; maior frequ&#234;ncia do uso de antidepressivos e ansiol&#237;ticos em mulheres com melasma&#44; cuja causalidade deve ser explorada&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A radia&#231;&#227;o infravermelha em altas doses tamb&#233;m pode induzir melanog&#234;nese&#44; como ocorre no eritema <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ab igne</span>&#46; Entretanto&#44; assim como em nossa amostra&#44; um inqu&#233;rito na &#205;ndia evidenciou associa&#231;&#227;o entre a intensidade do melasma e a exposi&#231;&#227;o laboral ao calor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Horm&#244;nios sexuais femininos s&#227;o fatores de risco conhecidos&#44; que foram corroborados em nosso estudo pela multiparidade e maior gravidade entre mulheres que iniciaram melasma em idade precoce &#40;&#60; 30 anos&#41;&#44; em contraponto com as menopausadas&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dados relativos &#224; cor da pele nos pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina s&#227;o&#44; predominantemente&#44; autodeclarados&#44; o que pode diferir da classifica&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica com base em etnias&#44; na fotorreatividade ou aspectos colorim&#233;tricos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Nessa amostra&#44; o melasma foi mais intenso em fen&#243;tipos pigmentados&#59; contudo&#44; 74&#44;4&#37; das participantes referiram cor branca&#44; o que pode sinalizar poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s social &#40;decorrente de maior acesso &#224; Internet&#41;&#44; mas tamb&#233;m porque o melasma &#233; mais prevalente entre indiv&#237;duos autodeclarados brancos e pardos&#44; em detrimento de negros&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Da mesma maneira&#44; a ades&#227;o &#224; atividade f&#237;sica exposta ao sol foi baixa &#40;2&#37;&#41;&#44; prejudicando a infer&#234;ncia de causalidade desse fator&#46; Esses dados devem ser confirmados quanto ao aspecto do sedentarismo e melasma&#44; j&#225; que diversas dermatoses s&#227;o influenciadas pelas mudan&#231;as metab&#243;licas desencadeadas pela pr&#225;tica esportiva&#44; e as portadoras de melasma podem adotar comportamento de evita&#231;&#227;o de esportes ao sol&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dentre as participantes&#44; 24&#44;3&#37; referiram atividade de lazer fotoexposta&#46; Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada&#44; houve incremento populacional da fotoexposi&#231;&#227;o durante o tempo de descanso&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Nessa amostra&#44; o uso di&#225;rio de fotoprotetor esteve associado a maior intensidade do melasma&#46; Entretanto&#44; esse dado deve representar vari&#225;vel confundidora&#44; visto que casos mais graves devem levar a maior busca por tratamento&#44; em que o fotoprotetor &#233; imprescind&#237;vel&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es por n&#227;o ser randomizado e ser como base convites em redes sociais&#44; podendo gerar vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o social e tamb&#233;m vi&#233;s de ader&#234;ncia&#46; Entretanto&#44; foi realizada an&#225;lise multivariada e as vari&#225;veis foram ajustadas&#44; tendo sido estimados seus coeficientes &#946;&#44; minimizando assim o efeito individual de despropor&#231;&#245;es&#46; Os diferentes fatores identificados devem ser explorados em estudos randomizados&#44; com amostragem populacional proporcional &#224;s cotas et&#225;rias e raciais e que representem de maneira mais equ&#226;nime a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira&#44; a fim de confirmar esses achados&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em conclus&#227;o&#44; fatores ligados &#224; gen&#233;tica&#44; exposi&#231;&#227;o solar e ao calor&#44; horm&#244;nios sexuais&#44; comorbidades afetivas e altera&#231;&#227;o do sono foram associados &#224; gravidade do melasma facial&#44; o que propicia a elabora&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;teses fisiopatol&#243;gicas&#44; propostas terap&#234;uticas e medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Suporte financeiro</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ana Fl&#225;via Teixeira de Abreu&#58; Idealiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo&#44; escrita e aprova&#231;&#227;o do texto final&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marina Oliveira Dias&#58; Idealiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo&#44; escrita e aprova&#231;&#227;o do texto final&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mayla Martins Conti Barbosa&#58; Idealiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo&#44; escrita e aprova&#231;&#227;o do texto final&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rebecca Perez de Amorim&#58; Idealiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo&#44; escrita e aprova&#231;&#227;o do texto final&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">H&#233;lio Amante Miot&#58; Idealiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo&#44; escrita e aprova&#231;&#227;o do texto final&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ana Cl&#225;udia Cavalcante Esp&#243;sito&#58; Idealiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo&#44; escrita e aprova&#231;&#227;o do texto final&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Idade &#40;em anos&#41;&#44; m&#233;dia &#40;DP&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;398&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">74&#44;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">24&#44;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Preta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36&#44;3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Preven&#231;&#227;o hormonal de gravidez&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Anticoncepcional&#47;gravidez&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">465&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Menopausa&#47;histerectomia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">182&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#44;7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Implante&#47;DIU com horm&#244;nio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Idade de in&#237;cio do melasma &#40;em anos&#41;&#44; m&#233;dia &#40;DP&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">29&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;6&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Familiar de primeiro grau com melasma&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">954&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">50&#44;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escore de extens&#227;o do melasma&#44; mediana &#40;p25&#8208;p75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;2&#8208;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#193;reas afetadas&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#227;o da fronte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">841&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44&#44;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#227;o entre as sobrancelhas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">407&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21&#44;7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#227;o nasal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">355&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&#44;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#227;o malar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;399&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">74&#44;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#227;o do labial superior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">602&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">32&#44;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#227;o do mento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">209&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11&#44;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#227;o da mand&#237;bula&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">261&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&#44;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Regi&#227;o temporal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">733&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">39&#44;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vive em &#225;rea polu&#237;da&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">319&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#44;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tabagismo atual&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trabalha exposta ao sol&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Esportes exposta ao sol&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exposi&#231;&#227;o ao calor no trabalho&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Frequenta sauna&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Uso de &#243;culos de grau&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">794&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#44;3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ader&#234;ncia ao fotoprotetor&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;553&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82&#44;7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbidades&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tireoidopatia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">244&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#44;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enxaqueca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">362&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#44;3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hipertens&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">111&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dislipidemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">182&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#44;7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fator que desencadeou o seu melasma&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exposi&#231;&#227;o ao sol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;030&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&#44;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Anticoncepcional comprimido&#44; inje&#231;&#227;o ou DIU&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">587&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31&#44;3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gravidez&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">560&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#44;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estresse psicol&#243;gico muito intenso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">382&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#44;3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exposi&#231;&#227;o ao calor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">226&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>N&#227;o sei&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">205&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#44;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Depila&#231;&#227;o da face&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">138&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Procedimento na pele&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">peeling</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">129&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Procedimento na pele&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">laser</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">115&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rem&#233;dio que tomei&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fatores de piora do melasma&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exposi&#231;&#227;o ao sol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;408&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75&#44;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exposi&#231;&#227;o ao calor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">651&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34&#44;7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estresse psicol&#243;gico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">460&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#44;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>N&#227;o sei&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">192&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#44;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Anticoncepcional comprimido&#44; inje&#231;&#227;o ou DIU&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">187&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#44;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hist&#243;rico de gesta&#231;&#245;es</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nenhuma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Entre uma e tr&#234;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;826&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mais de tr&#234;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;047</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exposi&#231;&#227;o solar no trabalho</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exposi&#231;&#227;o solar durante pr&#225;tica de esporte</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;009</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exposi&#231;&#227;o direta ao calor&#47;sauna</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;020</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hist&#243;ria familiar de primeiro grau</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;018</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">In&#237;cio do melasma &#60;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">30 anos de idade</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ader&#234;ncia di&#225;ria ao filtro solar</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;022</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Uso de &#243;culos de grau&#47;lente di&#225;rios</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;901&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hormonioterapia</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nenhum&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Menopausa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;035</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DIU com horm&#244;nio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;764&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ACO&#47;gravidez atual&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;260&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HAD&#8208;D &#8805; 8</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;034</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PSQI &#62;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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Fatores associados à gravidade do melasma facial em mulheres brasileiras: inquérito com base na Internet
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Ana Flávia Teixeira de Abreu, Marina Oliveira Dias, Mayla Martins Conti Barbosa, Rebecca Perez de Amorim, Hélio Amante Miot, Ana Cláudia Cavalcante Espósito
Autor para correspondência
anaclaudiaesposito@gmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
Departamento de Infectologia, Dermatologia, Diagnóstico por Imagem e Radioterapia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Tabela 1. Principais dados clínicos e demográficos das 1.878 mulheres com melasma, entre 18 e 65 anos
Tabela 2. Análise multivariada dos fatores associados à gravidade do melasma em mulheres adultas (n=1.878)
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Melasma é hipermelanose crônica, recorrente e multifatorial que acomete principalmente mulheres durante idade reprodutiva e, embora haja elementos desencadeantes conhecidos (p. ex., exposição à radiação solar, gestação, terapia hormonal, contraceptivos hormonais), nenhum estudo investigou, de maneira sistemática, os fatores associados à gravidade do melasma facial.1,2

A multifatorialidade envolvida na gravidade do melasma demanda amostra vultosa para executar análise multivariada robusta. Nesse contexto, os inquéritos com base na Internet são a metodologia que viabiliza pesquisas que necessitam de grandes amostras, inacessíveis na realidade clínica.

O presente estudo objetivou explorar fatores associados à gravidade do melasma facial em mulheres adultas, no Brasil, a partir de m estudo transversal tipo inquérito com base na Internet, em que foram incluídas mulheres com 18 a 60 anos, que referiam melasma facial previamente diagnosticadas por dermatologista. Foram excluídas participantes que referiram outras dermatoses faciais concomitantes ou dermatoses com fotossensibilidade.

O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética (parecer n° 5.509.091), e as participantes foram convidadas a responder formulário online composto por itens sobre dados clínicos, demográficos, relacionados à exposição, além de questionário de Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI) e escala HAD (Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão). Por fim, apontaram em mapa facial (fig. 1) as áreas afetadas pelo melasma; o número de áreas acometidas foi indicador da extensão da doença. O mapa foi validado presencialmente com 51 mulheres (correlação com escala de gravidade mMASI: rho=0,94; p <0,01). A disponibilidade amostral e o convite à participação ocorreram por meio de grupos de discussão sobre melasma nas redes sociais. O estudo foi conduzido durante os meses de junho‐setembro/2022.

Figura 1.

Mapa facial validado, utilizado para que as participantes apontassem as regiões cometidas por melasma em seus rostos.

(0.16MB).

A variável dependente do estudo foi a gravidade do melasma, representado pelo número de áreas indicadas no mapa facial. As variáveis independentes foram informações demográficas, dados clínicos, demográficos, exposição ocupacional, HAD e PSQI.

As áreas faciais indicadas no mapa facial foram avaliadas por análise de agrupamentos (método de Ward), e as covariáveis foram testadas quanto ao número de topografias por modelo linear generalizado com distribuição de probabilidade Tweedie (link de identidade). A dimensão do efeito foi estimada pelo coeficiente β da regressão, e a significância estatística definida como p‐valor <0,05.

Das 2.271 respostas, 1.878 foram consideradas válidas em virtude de confirmação diagnóstica, duplicações ou dados incompletos. A tabela 1 evidencia as principais características da população estudada. Destaca‐se a predominância de mulheres em idade fértil, de cor autodeclarada branca, que apresentaram mais de uma gestação e alta frequência de história familiar. A alta prevalência de transtornos de ansiedade, depressão e comprometimento da qualidade do sono também merece destaque nessa amostra. Os principais fatores de piora foram: exposição ao sol, exposição ao calor e estresse psicológico.

Tabela 1.

Principais dados clínicos e demográficos das 1.878 mulheres com melasma, entre 18 e 65 anos

Variáveis  Valores
Idade (em anos), média (DP)  40,0  7,4 
Cor autodeclarada, n (%)
Branca  1.398  74,4% 
Parda/amarela  452  24,1% 
Preta  28  1,5% 
Número de gestações, n (%)
Nunca fiquei grávida  682  36,3% 
Entre uma e três  1.125  59,9% 
Mais de três vezes  71  3,8% 
Prevenção hormonal de gravidez, n (%)
Anticoncepcional/gravidez  465  24,8% 
Menopausa/histerectomia  182  9,7% 
Implante/DIU com hormônio  235  12,5% 
Idade de início do melasma (em anos), média (DP)  29,8  (6,5) 
Familiar de primeiro grau com melasma, n (%)  954  50,8% 
Escore de extensão do melasma, mediana (p25‐p75)  (2‐6) 
Áreas afetadas, n (%)
Região da fronte  841  44,8% 
Região entre as sobrancelhas  407  21,7% 
Região nasal  355  18,9% 
Região malar  1.399  74,5% 
Região do labial superior  602  32,1% 
Região do mento  209  11,1% 
Região da mandíbula  261  13,9% 
Região temporal  733  39,0% 
Vive em área poluída, n (%)  319  17,0% 
Tabagismo atual, n (%)  70  3,7% 
Trabalha exposta ao sol, n (%)  32  1,7% 
Esportes exposta ao sol, n (%)  39  2,1% 
Exposição ao calor no trabalho, n (%)  55  2,9% 
Frequenta sauna, n (%)  0,5% 
Uso de óculos de grau, n (%)  794  42,3% 
Aderência ao fotoprotetor, n (%)  1.553  82,7% 
Comorbidades, n (%)
Tireoidopatia  244  13,0% 
Enxaqueca  362  19,3% 
Hipertensão  111  5,9% 
Dislipidemia  182  9,7% 
Diabetes  68  3,6% 
Fator que desencadeou o seu melasma, n (%)
Exposição ao sol  1.030  54,8% 
Anticoncepcional comprimido, injeção ou DIU  587  31,3% 
Gravidez  560  29,8% 
Estresse psicológico muito intenso  382  20,3% 
Exposição ao calor  226  12,0% 
Não sei  205  10,9% 
Depilação da face  138  7,3% 
Procedimento na pele: peeling  129  6,9% 
Procedimento na pele: laser  115  6,1% 
Remédio que tomei  52  2,8% 
Fatores de piora do melasma, n (%)
Exposição ao sol  1.408  75,0% 
Exposição ao calor  651  34,7% 
Estresse psicológico  460  24,5% 
Não sei  192  10,2% 
Anticoncepcional comprimido, injeção ou DIU  187  10,0% 
Procedimento na pele: peeling/laser  133  7,1% 
Gravidez  117  6,2% 
HAD‐A, média (DP)  8,3  (4,0) 
HAD‐A ≥ 8  1.001  53,3% 
HAD‐D, média (DP)  6,0  (3,7) 
HAD‐D ≥ 8  609  32,4% 
PSQI, média (DP)  6,6  (3,5) 
PSQI >1084  57,7% 

DIU, dispositivo intrauterino; DP, desvio padrão; HAD‐A, Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade; HAD‐D, Escala Hospitalar de Depressão; PSQI, Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh.

De acordo com a distribuição topográfica do melasma facial, foram identificados três padrões principais de agrupamento (fig. 2): superior da face, centrofacial e periférico. Segundo a análise multivariada (tabela 2), melasmas mais extensos foram identificados entre mulheres de pigmentação cutânea intermediária, entre 30 e 45 anos, que referiam mais de três gestações, que se expunham ao sol nas atividades laborais, que se expunham diretamente ao calor, que apresentavam início precoce do melasma, além de maiores escores de ansiedade, depressão e comprometimento da qualidade do sono. A aderência ao filtro solar, entretanto, apresentou associação positiva com a gravidade do melasma; já a prática de esportes, apresentou associação negativa.

Figura 2.

Análise de agrupamento das regiões com melasma.

(0.09MB).
Tabela 2.

Análise multivariada dos fatores associados à gravidade do melasma em mulheres adultas (n=1.878)

Variáveis  Coeficiente β  EP  p‐valora 
Cor autodeclarada
Branca  ‐  ‐  ‐ 
Pardo/amarelo  0,19  0,07  0,011 
Preto  0,25  0,26  0,340 
Idade
<30 anos  ‐  ‐  ‐ 
30‐45 anos  0,27  0,11  0,016 
>45 anos  0,22  0,14  0,123 
Tabagismo atual  0,30  0,18  0,091 
Poluição do ar na região  0,09  0,08  0,245 
Histórico de gestações
Nenhuma  ‐  ‐  ‐ 
Entre uma e três  0,02  0,07  0,826 
Mais de três  0,35  0,18  0,047 
Exposição solar no trabalho  0,23  0,07  0,001 
Exposição solar durante prática de esporte  0,18  0,07  0,009 
Exposição direta ao calor/sauna  0,22  0,09  0,020 
História familiar de primeiro grau  0,14  0,06  0,018 
Início do melasma <30 anos de idade  0,30  0,06  <0,001 
Aderência diária ao filtro solar  0,18  0,08  0,022 
Uso de óculos de grau/lente diários  0,00  0,06  0,901 
Hormonioterapia
Nenhum  ‐  ‐  ‐ 
Menopausa  0,25  0,12  0,035 
DIU com hormônio  0,03  0,09  0,764 
ACO/gravidez atual  0,09  0,08  0,260 
HAD‐D ≥ 8  0,15  0,07  0,034 
PSQI >5  0,22  0,06  0,001 

ACO, anticoncepcional oral; EP, erro‐padrão; HAD‐D, Escala Hospitalar de Depressão; PSQI, Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh.

a

p‐valor ajustado.

Como os valores de HAD‐ansiedade e HAD‐depressão foram colineares (rho=0,66; p <0,01), não puderam compor o modelo final, optando‐se pelo de maior peso estatístico; porém, ambas as condições foram, quando analisadas de maneira independente no modelo final, associados à maior gravidade do melasma facial (p <0,05).

As características clínicas e demográficas assemelharam‐se às de outras séries de mulheres brasileiras com melasma.1–3 Os resultados desse estudo corroboram vários fatores agravantes já apontados, como exposição solar, pigmentação cutânea constitucional, multiparidade, predisposição genética e hormônios sexuais. Ademais, reforça o impacto na saúde mental, como transtornos de humor e comprometimento da qualidade do sono, como agravantes do melasma facial.4

Distúrbios afetivos e privação do sono influenciam níveis séricos de cortisol e aumentam o estresse oxidativo sistêmico, substratos para a intensificação da pigmentação melânica.4 Além disso, há maior frequência do uso de antidepressivos e ansiolíticos em mulheres com melasma, cuja causalidade deve ser explorada.5

A radiação infravermelha em altas doses também pode induzir melanogênese, como ocorre no eritema ab igne. Entretanto, assim como em nossa amostra, um inquérito na Índia evidenciou associação entre a intensidade do melasma e a exposição laboral ao calor.6,7

Hormônios sexuais femininos são fatores de risco conhecidos, que foram corroborados em nosso estudo pela multiparidade e maior gravidade entre mulheres que iniciaram melasma em idade precoce (< 30 anos), em contraponto com as menopausadas.

Dados relativos à cor da pele nos países da América Latina são, predominantemente, autodeclarados, o que pode diferir da classificação fenotípica com base em etnias, na fotorreatividade ou aspectos colorimétricos.8 Nessa amostra, o melasma foi mais intenso em fenótipos pigmentados; contudo, 74,4% das participantes referiram cor branca, o que pode sinalizar possível viés social (decorrente de maior acesso à Internet), mas também porque o melasma é mais prevalente entre indivíduos autodeclarados brancos e pardos, em detrimento de negros.

Da mesma maneira, a adesão à atividade física exposta ao sol foi baixa (2%), prejudicando a inferência de causalidade desse fator. Esses dados devem ser confirmados quanto ao aspecto do sedentarismo e melasma, já que diversas dermatoses são influenciadas pelas mudanças metabólicas desencadeadas pela prática esportiva, e as portadoras de melasma podem adotar comportamento de evitação de esportes ao sol.9

Dentre as participantes, 24,3% referiram atividade de lazer fotoexposta. Na última década, houve incremento populacional da fotoexposição durante o tempo de descanso.10 Nessa amostra, o uso diário de fotoprotetor esteve associado a maior intensidade do melasma. Entretanto, esse dado deve representar variável confundidora, visto que casos mais graves devem levar a maior busca por tratamento, em que o fotoprotetor é imprescindível.9

Este estudo apresenta limitações por não ser randomizado e ser como base convites em redes sociais, podendo gerar viés de seleção social e também viés de aderência. Entretanto, foi realizada análise multivariada e as variáveis foram ajustadas, tendo sido estimados seus coeficientes β, minimizando assim o efeito individual de desproporções. Os diferentes fatores identificados devem ser explorados em estudos randomizados, com amostragem populacional proporcional às cotas etárias e raciais e que representem de maneira mais equânime a população brasileira, a fim de confirmar esses achados.

Em conclusão, fatores ligados à genética, exposição solar e ao calor, hormônios sexuais, comorbidades afetivas e alteração do sono foram associados à gravidade do melasma facial, o que propicia a elaboração de hipóteses fisiopatológicas, propostas terapêuticas e medidas de prevenção.

Suporte financeiro

Nenhum.

Contribuição dos autores

Ana Flávia Teixeira de Abreu: Idealização do estudo, escrita e aprovação do texto final.

Marina Oliveira Dias: Idealização do estudo, escrita e aprovação do texto final.

Mayla Martins Conti Barbosa: Idealização do estudo, escrita e aprovação do texto final.

Rebecca Perez de Amorim: Idealização do estudo, escrita e aprovação do texto final.

Hélio Amante Miot: Idealização do estudo, escrita e aprovação do texto final.

Ana Cláudia Cavalcante Espósito: Idealização do estudo, escrita e aprovação do texto final.

Conflito de interesses

Nenhum.

Referências
[1]
A. Tamega Ade, L.D. Miot, C. Bonfietti, T.C. Gige, M.E. Marques, H.A. Miot.
Clinical patterns and epidemiological characteristics of facial melasma in Brazilian women.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol., 27 (2013), pp. 151-156
[2]
A.C. Handel, P.B. Lima, V.M. Tonolli, L.D. Miot, H.A. Miot.
Risk factors for facial melasma in women: a case‐control study.
Br J Dermatol., 171 (2014), pp. 588-594
[3]
L.R. Sklar, F. Almutawa, H.W. Lim, I. Hamzavi.
Effects of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared radiation on erythema and pigmentation: a review.
Photochem Photobiol Sci., 12 (2013), pp. 54-64
[4]
E.M. Sampaio Xerfan, M.L. Andersen, J. Tomimori, S. Tufik, A. da Silva Facina.
Melasma and the possible interaction with sleep quality.
J Clin Aesthet Dermatol., 13 (2020), pp. 12
[5]
M.C.C. Espósito, A.C.C. Espósito, M.F.S. Jorge, M.P.B. D’Elia, H.A. Miot.
Depression, anxiety, and self‐esteem in women with facial melasma: an internet‐based survey in Brazil.
Int J Dermatol., 60 (2021), pp. e346-e347
[6]
R. Sarkar, S. Jagadeesan, S. Basavapura Madegowda, S. Verma, I. Hassan, Y. Bhat, et al.
Clinical and epidemiologic features of melasma: a multicentric cross‐sectional study from India.
Int J Dermatol., 58 (2019), pp. 1305-1310
[7]
D. Hexsel, D.A. Lacerda, A.S. Cavalcante, C.A. Machado Filho, C.L. Kalil, E.L. Ayres, et al.
Epidemiology of melasma in Brazilian patients: a multicenter study.
Int J Dermatol., 53 (2014), pp. 440-444
[8]
K.M. Perreira, E.E. Telles.
The color of health: skin color, ethnoracial classification, and discrimination in the health of Latin Americans.
Soc Sci Med., 116 (2014), pp. 241-250
[9]
I.F.D.S. Mazeto, A.C.C. Esposito, D.P. Cassiano, H.A. Miot.
Sun exposure (UVB, UVA, and blue‐violet visible light) in ordinary daily situations.
Int J Dermatol., 61 (2022), pp. e291-e293
[10]
A.C.C. Espósito, D.P. Cassiano, C.N. da Silva, P.B. Lima, J.A.F. Dias, K. Hassun, et al.
Update on melasma ‐ part I: pathogenesis.
Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)., 12 (2022), pp. 1967-1988

Como citar este artigo: Abreu AFT, Dias MO, Barbosa MMC, Amorim RP, Miot HA, Espósito ACC. Factors associated with facial melasma severity in Brazilian women: an internet‐based survey. An Bras Dermatol. 2024;99:918–22.

Estudo realizado na Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil.

Copyright © 2024. Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia
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