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Vol. 93. Núm. 5.
Páginas 686-695 (1 setembro 2018)
Open Access
Effectiveness of acyclovir in the treatment of pityriasis rosea. A systematic review and meta-analysis*
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Milton Rodriguez-Zuniga1, Natalie Torres2, Herney Garcia-Perdomo3
1 Dermatology Department, Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrion, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
2 Dermatology Department, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
3 Postgraduate Clinical Programs, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
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Chart 1. PRISMA checklist
Chart 2. Protocol search strategy
Table 1. Systematic review of studies included
Table 2. Systematic review of adverse events
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Abstract
Background:

There is a lack of evidence to support acyclovir administration in pityriasis rosea.

Objective:

To determine the efficacy of acyclovir in patients with typical pityriasis rosea.

Methods:

A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies was performed in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE and others, from January 1990 to October 2016 on acyclovir for pityriasis rosea. Random effect model was used to find the pooled Risk Ratio. Outcomes, evaluated between weeks 1 to 8, were regression of lesions, cessation of lesions, decrease of symptoms and duration of disease. Comparisons were acyclovir vs. placebo; acyclovir vs. symptomatic treatment; acyclovir vs. antibiotic; acyclovir vs. observation and combined therapy (acyclovir plus symptomatic treatment) vs. symptomatic treatment alone.

Results:

Seven papers were analyzed with 324 participants, of which 159 received acyclovir and 165 were controls. Acyclovir was superior to placebo for complete regression of lesions at week 1 (Risk Ratio 5.72, CI95% 2.36-13.88). However, combined therapy was not superior to symptomatic treatment at week 4 (Risk Ratio 1.46, CI95% 0.93-2.29). Individual studies showed the superiority of acyclovir for the control of symptoms and pruritus.

Study limitations:

We faced differences designs of trials and inconsistency between reports.

Conclusion:

Symptomatic treatment is a reasonable option for pityriasis rosea, and the addition of acyclovir is justified for the control of symptoms and pruritus.

Keywords:
Acyclovir
Histamine antagonists
Meta-analysis as topic
Pityriasis rosea
Pruritus
Texto Completo
Introduction

Pityriasis rosea (PR) is an acute inflammatory skin disease that occurs worldwide, more often in children and young people.1,2 Typically, an exanthema of smaller patches develops across the trunk, that usually lasts 8 weeks, with moderate to severe pruritus.3,4 The etiology is still unclear, but many features suggest a viral infectious cause: at least half of patients reports symptoms compatible with a viral upper respiratory infection, the early age of onset, the self-limited clinical course and the low rate of relapses.5,6 Accordingly, several authors have found the presence of Human Herpes Virus type 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7) in patients with PR, however, the evidence is not enough to confirm a direct association.4,7,8

Current treatments consist on topical and systemic therapy, mainly as symptomatic drugs, as PR is a self-limited disease.9 Yet, Drago et al,10 first described the efficacy of acyclovir for PR with promising results. Nowadays, there is still a lack of high quality evidence to support acyclovir administration in PR. Recommendations suggest its use in cases of extensive, relapsing, persistent disease or during pregnancy, mostly based on expert opinions.11 We aimed to determine the efficacy of acyclovir in comparison to other interventions in patients with typical PR, both adults and children.

Methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the Cochrane Collaboration recommendations and the PRISMA guidelines (Chart 1).12-14 Protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42016049318).

Chart 1.

PRISMA checklist

Section/topic  Checklist item  Reported on page # 
TITLE
Title  Identify the report as a systematic review, meta-analysis, or both 
ABSTRACT
Structured summary  Provide a structured summary including, as applicable: background; objectives; data sources; study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions; study appraisal and synthesis methods; results; limitations; conclusions and implications of key findings; systematic review registration number  22 
INTRODUCTION
Rationale  Describe the rationale for the review in the context of what is already known 
Objectives  Provide an explicit statement of questions being addressed with reference to participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and study design (PICOS) 
METHODS
Protocol and registration  Indicate if a review protocol exists, if and where it can be accessed (e.g., Web address), and, if available, provide registration information including registration number 
Eligibility criteria  Specify study characteristics (e.g., PICOS, length of follow-up) and report characteristics (e.g., years considered, language, publication status) used as criteria for eligibility, giving rationale 
Information sources  Describe all information sources (e.g., databases with dates of coverage, contact with study authors to identify additional studies) in the search and date last searched 
Search  Present full electronic search strategy for at least one database, including any limits used, such that it could be repeated 
Study selection  State the process for selecting studies (i.e., screening, eligibility, included in systematic review, and, if applicable, included in the meta-analysis) 
Data collection process  10  Describe method of data extraction from reports (e.g., piloted forms, independently, in duplicate) and any processes for obtaining and confirming data from investigators 
Data items  11  List and define all variables for which data were sought (e.g., PICOS, funding sources) and any assumptions and simplifications made 
Risk of bias in individual studies  12  Describe methods used for assessing risk of bias of individual studies (including specification of whether this was done at the study or outcome level), and how this information is to be used in any data synthesis 
Summary measures  13  State the principal summary measures (e.g., risk ratio, difference in means) 
Synthesis of results  14  Describe the methods of handling data and combining results of studies, if done, including measures of consistency (e.g., I2) for each meta-analysis 
Risk of bias across studies  15  Specify any assessment of risk of bias that may affect the cumulative evidence (e.g., publication bias, selective reporting within studies) 
Additional analyses  16  Describe methods of additional analyses (e.g., sensitivity or subgroup analyses, meta-regression), if done, indicating which were pre-specified 
RESULTS
Study selection  17  Give numbers of studies screened, assessed for eligibility, and included in the review, with reasons for exclusions at each stage, ideally with a flow diagram 
Study characteristics  18  For each study, present characteristics for which data were extracted (e.g., study size, PICOS, follow-up period) and provide the citations  6, Table1 
Risk of bias within studies  19  Present data on risk of bias of each study and, if available, any outcome level assessment (see item 12)  Fig. 7 
Results of individual studies  20  For all outcomes considered (benefits or harms), present, for each study: (a) simple summary data for each intervention group (b) effect estimates and confidence intervals, ideally with a forest plot  Table 1 
Synthesis of results  21  Present results of each meta-analysis done, including confidence intervals and measures of consistency 
Risk of bias across studies  22  Present results of any assessment of risk of bias across studies (see Item 15).  Fig. 7 
Additional analysis  23  Give results of additional analyses, if done (e.g., sensitivity or subgroup analyses, meta-regression [see Item 16]) 
DISCUSSION
Summary of evidence  24  Summarize the main findings including the strength of evidence for each main outcome; consider their relevance to key groups (e.g., healthcare providers, users, and policy makers)  8, 9 
Limitations  25  Discuss limitations at study and outcome level (e.g., risk of bias), and at review-level (e.g., incomplete retrieval of identified research, reporting bias)  11 
Conclusions  26  Provide a general interpretation of the results in the context of other evidence, and implications for future research  11-12 
FUNDING
Funding  27  Describe sources of funding for the systematic review and other support (e.g., supply of data); role of funders for the systematic review 

Source: Moher D, et al, 2009.14

Search Strategy

A database search was independently conducted by two reviewers (MR and NT) in MEDLINE (accessed via PubMed), SCOPUS, EMBASE, SCIENCE DIRECT, LILACS and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for the period of January 1990 until October 2016. 15,16 The search strategy was specific for each database and included a combination of the Medical Subject Heading and free text terms for ¨Acyclovir¨, “Pityriasis rosea” and “Clinical trial” (Chart 2). For unpublished studies we reviewed grey literature and experts’ opinion on the topic. In addition, we scanned bibliographies of published studies by a manual search of the literature; reviewed virtual libraries of universities and theses; requested authors for papers presented at conferences and congresses of dermatology societies; and contacted the pharmaceutical industry. We also searched at ClinicalTrials.gov database to find additional studies that were not included in the initial search. There are no restrictions of language to select the studies for this review.

Chart 2.

Protocol search strategy

The search strategy was specific for each database according to the medical subject headings (MeSH) and free text terms for the key concepts. The search terms were combined as follow: “pityriasis rosea”[MeSH Terms] AND “acyclovir”[MeSH Terms] AND “clinical trial”[MeSH Terms] 
PUBMED 
(Pityriasis Rosea OR Pityriasis OR pityriasis rosea of gilbert OR pityriasis rosea Gilbert) AND (Acyclovir OR Acycloguanosine OR Acic* OR acyc*) No filters will be added 
COCHRANE 
We will search for ‘’all text’’, it will be limited by ‘’product type’’, indicating the point ‘’trials’’. The terms will be combined as follows: (Pityriasis Rosea OR Pityriasis OR pityriasis rosea of gilbert OR pityriasis rosea Gilbert) AND (Acyclovir OR acyclovir OR Acycloguanosine OR Acic* OR acyc*) 
SCOPUS 
We are going to search (All words) in ‘’All fields’’ (full text) for: (Pityriasis Rosea OR Pityriasis OR pityriasis rosea of gilbert OR pityriasis rosea Gibert) AND (Aciclovir OR Acycloguanosine OR Acic* OR acyc*) AND (clinical trial OR clinical trials,randomized OR controlled clinical trials, randomized) 
SCIENCEDIRECT 
Search results: 61 results found for pub-date > 1989 and (Pityriasis Rosea OR Pityriasis) AND (Acyclovir OR Acycloguanosine) AND (clinical trial) AND LIMIT-TO(topics, “patient,treatment,acad dermatol,dermatology,skin,clinical”) 
BIREME 
(Pityriasis Rosea OR Pityriasis OR pityriasis rosea of gilbert OR pityriasis rosea Gibert) AND (Aciclovir OR Acycloguanosine OR Acic* OR acyc*). All the studies that include one of the following terms in the tittle will be considered: limits: “humans” and main topic: “Pytiriasis rosea” 
LILACS 
(Pityriasis Rosea OR Pityriasis OR pityriasis rosea of gilbert OR pityriasis rosea Gibert) AND (Aciclovir OR Acycloguanosine OR Acic* OR acyc*) AND (clinical trial OR clinical trials,randomized OR controlled clinical trials,randomized) 
Other resources 
Clinicaltrials.gov: 
(Pityriasis Rosea) AND (Acyclovir) 
Eligibility criteria

We included parallel-clinical trials (experimental and quasi-experimental), with open-labeled or blinded designs; studying the efficacy of acyclovir for PR. Participants included were immunocompetent and nonpregnant females and males, children and adults with PR diagnosed according to the investigator criteria and specific clinical features.

Studies should have two or more study arms, at least one arm on acyclovir (with or without symptomatic treatment), and a control group (on placebo, symptomatic treatment, antibiotics or nothing). Symptomatic treatment consists on oral or topical antihistamines, oral or topical steroids, and topical balsams.9,17

We excluded studies lacking complete data in any arm of study, after exhausting efforts to contact the authors for full data. Overlapping studies were included after discarding the one with the smaller study population.

The comparisons were (1) Acyclovir vs. placebo; (2) Acyclovir vs. symptomatic treatment; (3) Acyclovir vs. antibiotic; (4) Acyclovir vs. observation; (5) Acyclovir plus symptomatic treatment (combined therapy) vs. symptomatic treatment alone.

Outcomes

The primary outcome was the proportion of patients achieving regression of lesions after the treatment of oral acyclovir. Regression of lesions is defined as decrease or disappearance of erythema in all lesions leaving desquamation or pigmentation. Secondary outcomes were (i) The proportion of patients that achieved cessation of new lesions. (ii) The proportion of patients that had decreased systemic symptoms (pruritus). (iii) Time for complete clearance of lesions. Outcomes were measured at several weeks after treatment was initiated.

Study selection

Two reviewers (MR and NT) independently screened the titles and abstracts of all the retrieved articles, followed by the full texts of the articles considered potentially eligible for the study. They independently collected the data using a standardized data sheet. Both authors confirmed all entries and checked at least twice for completeness and accuracy. Disagreements were resolved by discussion with a third reviewer (HG). Authors were contacted by email for missing data and clarifications, in order to achieve completeness of studies.

Data analysis

The pooled relative risk (RR) was the effect measured of the primary outcome, with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). As the heterogeneity was considerable, the pooled RR was calculated based on a random effect model, according to the ‘standard approach’.18 Statistical heterogeneity was assessed with the I2 statistic.19

For secondary outcomes, dichotomous data was calculated using RR and continuous data using the standardized mean difference, with 95%CI and a random effect model.

Included trials were characterized with descriptive statistics (percentages and mean). We performed analyses with Stata13® and RevMan 5.1®.

Quality assessment

Every study was independently evaluated for ‘risk of bias’ by two reviewers (MR and NT), considering the domains and criteria suggested by the Cochrane Handbook v.5.1.0.12 Disagreements were discussed and resolved with a third reviewer (HG).

Other analysis

Subgroup analysis, publication bias and sensitivity analysis were not possible due to the limited number of trials in the meta-analysis.

Results

The literature search yielded 104 titles and abstracts, and after eligibility criteria, 7 trials entered to systematic review and meta-analysis (Figure 1). Characteristics of included trials are detailed in table 1. There were a total of 324 participants with PR, 159 on acyclovir and 165 controls. All studies had two arms, acyclovir and control groups. Only two studies used low doses of acyclovir (400mg 5 times daily), while the rest used high doses (800mg 5 times daily).20,21 Almost all of the studies had an intervention of seven days, except one (10 days).22 All studies include male and females patients with a mean age of 26.9 years old.

Figure 1.

Flow diagram of studies included in the meta-analysis

(0.22MB).
Table 1.

Systematic review of studies included

Study  Country  Language  Centers  Blinding  N of arms  N AllocatedAcyclovir dose  Days of treatment  A scheme  C scheme  N AnalyzedN f  N m  Age (mean)  Age group included 
                             
Drago 2006(10)  Italy  English  SC  SB  87  45  42  SS: Acyclovir  Placebo (vitamin C)  87  45  42  38  49  27.4  AD 
Ehsani 2010(21)  Iran  English  SC  SB  30  15  15  10  SS: Acyclovir  Antibiotic (erythromycin)  30  15  15  15  15  32.0  AD 
Rassai 2011(20)  Iran  English  SC  OB  64  NR  NR  SS: Acyclovir  Observation  54  26  28  NR  NR  27.12  B (>10yo) 
Amatya 2012(23)  Nepal  English  SC  OpB  42  24  18  CS: Acyclovir + cetirizine and topical corticoid  Symptomatic (cetirizine and topical corticoid)  42  24  18  16  26  23.0  B (>2yo) 
Ganguli 2014(22)  India  English  SC  DB  60  30  30  SS: Acyclovir  Placebo (vitamin C)  60  30  30  27  33  24.2  B (NR age) 
Das 2015(19)  India  English  SC  OB  24  12  12  CS: Acyclovir + cetirizine and calamine lotion  Symptomatic (cetirizine and calamine lotion)  24  12  12  10  14  33.2  AD 
Singh 2016(24)  India  English  SC  TB  33  NR  NR  SS: Acyclovir  Placebo  27  13  14  19  21.35  B (>40kg of weight) 

Abbreviations: SC: single-center; SB: single-blinded; OB: observer-blinded; OpB: open-blinded; DB: double-blinded; TB: triple-blinded; NR: no reported; N: number of patients; N allocated: number of patients allocated to each treatment; N analyzed: number of patients who completed trial and entered to analysis; T: total; C: control group; A: acyclovir group; H: high dose; L: low dose; SS: single-scheme; CS: combined-scheme; S: sex; B: both; Nf: number of females; Nm: Number of males; AD: adult (>18yo).

Main outcome analysis

324 participants entered to the meta-analysis, 159 were allocated to acyclovir, and 165 to control. Studies failed to report reasons for dropouts.

Comparison: Acyclovir vs. Placebo (two trials)

Acyclovir was superior to placebo after one week of treatment (RR 5.72, 95%CI 2.36-13.88, I2=0%); however, there was no difference at two weeks (RR 6.08, 95%CI 0.94-39.36, I2=85%) (Figure 2).10,23

Figure 2.

Forest plots of meta-analysis for the main outcome (regression of lesions) after one A and two weeks of treatment B. Trials included compared acyclovir vs. placebo

(0.32MB).
Comparison: Acyclovir vs. antibiotic (one trial)

Acyclovir was similar to erythromycin after two weeks, but superior after four (RR 8.0 95%CI 1.13-56.33) and eight (RR 2.16 95%CI 1.13-4.15) weeks of treatment.22

Comparison: Acyclovir vs. observation (one trial)

Acyclovir was superior to observation after one (RR 3.02 95%CI 1.13-8.08), two (RR 2.92 95%CI 1.50-5.66) and four (RR 1.51 95%CI 1.10-2.08) weeks of treatment.21

Comparison: Combined therapy vs. symptomatic treatment (two trials)

Combined treatment was not significantly superior after two (one study (23): RR 3.11 95%CI 0.93-10.39), four (two studies (19, 23): RR 1.46 95%CI 0.93-2.29, I2=69%) and eight (one study (23): RR 0.98 95%CI 0.86-1.12) weeks of treatment (Figure 3).24

Figure 3.

Forest plots of meta-analysis for the main outcome (regression of lesions) after four weeks of treatment. Trials included compared combined therapy vs. symptomatic treatment alone. Combined RR was obtained only for comparison at week 4

(0.21MB).
Secondary outcome analysis

Outcome: Cessation of new lesions

Comparison: Acyclovir vs. Placebo (two trials)

Acyclovir was not significantly superior after one (RR 4.85 95%CI 0.16-145.64, I2=83%) and two (RR 1.42 95%CI 0.73-2.75, I2=92%) weeks of treatment (Figure 4).10,23

Figure 4.

Forest plot of the meta-analysis for secondary outcome cessation of lesions after one A and two B weeks of treatment. Trials included compared acyclovir vs. placebo

(0.38MB).

Comparison: Combined therapy vs. symptomatic treatment (one trial)

Combined therapy was not significantly superior after one week of treatment (RR 1.67, 95%CI 0.85-3.426).20

Outcome: Decrease of symptoms

Comparison: Acyclovir vs. Placebo (one trial)

Acyclovir was not superior to decrease symptoms (e.g. fatigue, headache, sore throat, difficulty in concentrating, irritability, insomnia, and nausea) after one week (RR 12.75, 95%CI 0.78-207.32).10 Nevertheless, it was superior at two (RR 11.79, 95%CI 1.73-80.15) weeks of treatment (Figure 5).

Figure 5.

Comparative diagram for decrease of symptoms analysis after one A and two B weeks of treatment. Trials included compared acyclovir vs. placebo

(0.16MB).

Comparison: Acyclovir vs. antibiotic (one trial)

Acyclovir was not significantly superior to erythromycin to decrease pruritus after two (RR 13.22, 95%CI 0.91-192.02), four (RR 1.47, 95%CI 0.83-2.61) and eight (RR 1.20, 95%CI 0.79-1.83) weeks of treatment.22

Comparison: Combined therapy vs. symptomatic treatment (one trial)

Combined therapy decreased significantly pruritus after one (SMD -1.31 95%CI -2.19, -0.41), two (SMD -1.61 95%CI -2.53, -0.68), three (SMD -1.25 95%CI-2.13, -0.27) and four (SMD -1.21 95%CI -2.10, -0.34) weeks of treatment.20

Outcome: duration of disease

Comparison: Acyclovir vs. Placebo (two trials)

Acyclovir was not superior (SMD -0.04 95%CI -1.47, 1.38) (Figure 6).10,25

Figure 6.

Forest plot of the meta-analysis for secondary outcome duration of disease. Trials included compared acyclovir vs. placebo

(0.21MB).

The rest of analyses are not presented, as there was not data available.

Discussion

Regression of lesions

This is the first meta-analysis that evaluates the efficacy of acyclovir for PR. We found that acyclovir was superior to placebo for PR at week 1 for achieving regression of lesions; but when combined with symptomatic treatment, acyclovir was not superior to control at week 4 (Figures 2 and 3). Several studies have linked PR to HHV-6 and 7 as main etiology.5,7 However, studies are not conclusive yet, as some have proposed other etiologies, such as other viruses (e.g. HHV-8, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, etc.), association with bacterial and fungal infections, and even immunological origin.26 We believe that most of the patients responded to the antiviral when compared to placebo due to the involvement of HHV-6 and 7 (Figure 2). Still, some authors have questioned acyclovir efficacy against HHV-7, as it lacks the thymidine kinase gene.27 Nevertheless, efficacy of the antiviral is supported by the results of Watanabe et al. They found systemic active infection of both HHV-6 and 7 at the same time in PR patients, and HHV-6 does respond to acyclovir.28

When acyclovir was compared with symptomatic treatment, this superiority for regression of lesions was apparently reduced (Figure 3).20,24 Thus, symptomatic treatment has an important role for the control of lesions in PR. Guidelines support the use of symptomatic treatment for PR with mild to moderate symptoms.9,11 However, a prior meta-analysis found inadequate evidence for efficacy of most symptomatic treatments.17 Only a single study showed that oral antihistamine alone was superior than the combination of oral antihistamine and steroids in clearing the PR rash within two weeks.29 The symptomatic treatment used in the studies included was oral antihistamine plus topical calamine or corticoid. We suggest that oral antihistamines should be included as primary symptomatic treatment, in association with topical steroids or calamine lotion.30

Control of symptoms

One study10 demonstrated that acyclovir was superior to placebo for decreasing symptoms at week 1 and 2 (Figure 5); another study showed the significant decrease of itching from week 1 to 4 with combined treatment.20 It is important to underline that other reports had elucidated the anti-pruritic effect of acyclovir in PR.9 Other treatments, erythromycin and phototherapy, have been also proposed for pruritic management in PR with controversial results.31 Most of the guidelines suggest that, as PR is a self-limited illness, most patients do not need to be treated. Other authors propose that patients with recalcitrant symptoms, such as pruritus, are the exception: they may benefit from treatment with macrolides, phototherapy and antivirals.9

When erythromycin is compared to placebo for PR, 3 out of 4 patients on interventional group cleared completely within 2 weeks.32 Nevertheless, this study had methodological deficiencies in randomization, allocation concealment and analysis, with the adverse events inherent to macrolides.33 Other studies suggested immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides in PR due to Chlamydia, Legionella and Mycoplasma involvement, but not assertively.34-36 Clinical trials have shown that efficacy of macrolides, such as erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin has not been proven.36-38 One study compared acyclovir vs. erythromycin and showed that the antiviral was significantly superior for regression of lesions, but not significant for decrease of symptoms.22 Therefore, we recommend the use of antiviral over macrolides supported by the possible viral etiology of PR.39

Phototherapy with narrowband UVB and UVA1 has been proposed as methods to control PR severity and pruritus.40,41 Other studies have proven their efficacy in decreasing severity but failed to change itch and course of the disease.42,43 There is inadequate evidence for phototherapy, and sessions are given thrice a week for at least one month.27 Although it might be efficient, it may not be feasible and accessible for all patients.31

Based on the results, we think that symptomatic treatment (oral antihistamines and topical steroids/calamine) may be considered as baseline treatment for PR, and the early addition of acyclovir for pruritus control, especially in extensive, relapsing or persistent disease.11,17,44

Other outcomes

Acyclovir was not superior to placebo, neither combined to symptomatic treatment in cessation of new lesions at week 1 and 2 (Figure 4). In addition, acyclovir failed to decrease significantly the duration of PR compared to placebo. However, studies that entered into the meta-analysis had opposed results independently (Figure 6).10,25

Clinical trials included were not enough to distinguish efficacy of children from adult population. Drago et al. have found different characteristics between them.45 Children have less prevalence of systemic symptoms and less average duration of exanthema. Therefore, we believed that acyclovir in children may not be a reasonable alternative for PR, until trials demonstrate efficacy in this population.

Adverse events

Adverse events were reported in both acyclovir and control groups (Table 2). In an observer-blinded trial, 8 patients on acyclovir and antihistamines reported increased sleep, headache, nausea, vomiting and dysgeusia.20 These adverse events, although they are expected in patients on acyclovir, were not reported in the rest of trials.46 A triple-blinded trial reported abdominal pain and diarrhea in placebo group, possibly due to nocebo effect.25,47

Table 2.

Systematic review of adverse events

Study  N of adverse eventList of adverse events
 
Drago 2006  NR  NR  NR  NR  NR 
Ehsani 2010  NR  NR  NR  NR  NR 
Rassai 2011  NR  NR  NR  NR  NR 
Amatya 2012  Dyspepsia  None 
Ganguli 2014  NR  NR  NR  NR  NR 
Das 2015  Increased sleep  Increased sleep, headache, nausea, vomiting, dysgeusia 
Singh 2016  Abdominal pain and diarrhea  None 

Abbreviations: N: number; T: total; C: control group; A: acyclovir group; NR: no reported

Risk of bias

Unclear risk of bias was prevalent for allocation concealment (selection bias) and incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) (Figure 7A). The rest of domains had in general low risk of bias. Drago et al,10 did not perform randomization neither allocation concealment. Two trials failed to blind participants from treatment received (Figure 7B).20,24

Figure 7.

Risk of bias analysis. A. Between studies; B. Within studies

(0.61MB).
Limitations

We faced several limitations. First, studies did not evaluate all outcomes and they differed in temporality. Therefore, meta-analysis was not possible for all outcomes and weeks of the follow-up. Second, some studies had high risk of bias in randomization and allocation concealment. However, we decided to include all trials since they represent interventional studies with similar established outcomes. Finally, there were few trials for each comparison, thus, subgroup analysis was not possible.

Conclusion

Acyclovir was superior to placebo for regression of lesions of PR. However, combined therapy was not superior to symptomatic treatment for control of lesions. Individual trials indicated that acyclovir was superior to placebo and symptomatic treatment for the control of symptoms and pruritus. Finally, acyclovir failed to prevent new lesions and to shorten the duration of the disease when compared to placebo.

Our results reflect that symptomatic treatment, as oral antihistamines and topical steroids/calamine, plays an important role for PR in the regression of lesions, given that there was no difference when compared to combined treatment. We recommend the addition of acyclovir for pruritus control and it might be justified also for severe symptoms, within four weeks of the onset of PR.6

More trials need to be conducted in order to prove the efficacy of acyclovir for PR. We encourage researchers to follow similar designs and to adopt similar outcomes to unify criteria for future meta-analysis. Interventions should include acyclovir plus symptomatic treatment in therapy group. In addition, report of trials should account for randomization, allocation concealment and dropouts in order to increase quality of studies.

Financial support: None.

Conflict of interest: None.

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Work conducted at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.

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