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e fatores associados&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo 308 pacientes confirmados com RACM hospitalizados no First Affiliated Hospital da Chongqing Medical University no per&#237;odo de 2013 a 2018&#46; As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas desses pacientes foram coletadas do sistema de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos&#46; A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o PI e outros fatores foi avaliada por an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o&#44; e as diferen&#231;as dos n&#237;veis de PI entre os diferentes subgrupos foram comparadas pelo teste de Kruskal&#8208;Wallis&#46; Este estudo foi revisado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do First Affiliated Hospital da Chongqing Medical University&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes avaliados&#46; A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 47 anos&#59; 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O resultado mostrou que os tipos de doen&#231;a &#40;&#201;psilon ao quadrado<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;153&#59; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; via de administra&#231;&#227;o &#40;&#201;psilon ao quadrado<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;060&#59; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; e medicamentos implicados &#40;&#201;psilon ao quadrado<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;151&#59; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; foram os fatores correlacionados de maneira significativa&#46; Entretanto&#44; nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa foi detectada entre o PI e g&#234;nero &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">rank&#8208;biserial</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;002&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;973&#41;&#44; idade &#40;rho<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;104&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;068&#41; e envolvimento da mucosa &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">rank&#8208;biserial</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;132&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;054&#41;&#46; Com base nesses resultados&#44; comparamos os n&#237;veis de PI entre os diferentes subgrupos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Os pacientes que receberam alopurinol e anticonvulsivantes tiveram PI mais longos do que com outros medicamentos&#59; a administra&#231;&#227;o oral apresentou PI mais longo do que a injet&#225;vel e RACM graves mais longas do que RACM leves a moderadas &#40;p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 para todos&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a> A&#8211;C&#41;&#46; A mesma associa&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m pode ser observada se a propor&#231;&#227;o de cada subgrupo por PI fosse apresentada a cada tr&#234;s dias &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a> D&#8211;F&#41;&#46; A figura mostrou que embora quase todos os subgrupos pudessem ser detectados em cada grupo categorizado por PI&#44; a distribui&#231;&#227;o de cada subgrupo foi distorcida e acumulada em determinada categoria de PI&#44; indicando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o PI e esses fatores&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O presente estudo analisou minuciosamente os PI de RACMs baseados na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e fatores associados&#46; Entretanto&#44; a principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; como determinar com precis&#227;o os medicamentos implicados e PI&#46; Embora o PI e o medicamento respons&#225;vel pela RACM de cada paciente tenham sido registrados no sistema de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos&#44; o desenho retrospectivo significou que os crit&#233;rios n&#227;o foram unificados&#46; Consequentemente&#44; os resultados podem apresentar vi&#233;s&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esta an&#225;lise descritiva sugeriu que tipos graves e leves a moderados de RACM podem ser doen&#231;as diferentes&#44; especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos medicamentos implicados e PI&#46; PI mais longos foram significativamente associados a tipos graves&#44; administra&#231;&#227;o oral e uso de alopurinol&#47;anticonvulsivantes&#46; Esse resultado pode ser &#250;til para entender os PI das RACM e avaliar a gravidade das mesmas&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Suporte financeiro</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esse estudo foi financiado pela Postdoctoral Research Foundation of Chongqing Medical University &#40;n&#176; 2&#8208;01&#8208;02&#8208;04&#8208;P0474&#41; e Special Foundation for Postdoctoral Research Projects of Chongqing&#44; N&#250;mero da concess&#227;o&#58; 2021XM3080&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Xiaoli Chen&#58; Metodologia&#59; curadoria de dados&#59; visualiza&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Li Hu&#58; Concep&#231;&#227;o&#59; administra&#231;&#227;o do projeto&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Zupeng Xiao&#58; Recursos&#59; reda&#231;&#227;o &#8208; revis&#227;o e edi&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hanyi Wu&#58; Valida&#231;&#227;o&#59; curadoria de dados&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aijun Chen&#58; Investiga&#231;&#227;o&#59; supervis&#227;o&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rentao Yu&#58; An&#225;lise formal&#59; aquisi&#231;&#227;o de financiamento&#59; software&#59; reda&#231;&#227;o &#8208; rascunho original&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EMP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Outros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">50 &#40;16&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;14&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;4&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cancer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;3&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DPOC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;2&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Doen&#231;a autoimune&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;6&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Epilepsia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;5&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medicamento implicado</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antibi&#243;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">113 &#40;36&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Medicamentos fitoter&#225;picos chineses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">76 &#40;24&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AINEs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;10&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Anticonvulsivantes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;8&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alopurinol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;2&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Medicamentos anti&#8208;c&#226;ncer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;1&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Medicamentos antivirais&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;1&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Outros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Medicamentos desconhecidos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;6&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Via de administra&#231;&#227;o</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Oral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">223 &#40;72&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Inje&#231;&#227;o intramuscular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;0&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;20&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Desconhecida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;6&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tratamento</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Somente anti&#8208;histam&#237;nicos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;3&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Somente ciclosporina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;0&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Somente GC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">266 &#40;86&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Azatioprina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;0&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ciclosporina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IgIV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;1&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Somente glicirrizina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Metotrexato&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Somente cuidados de suporte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "New Discoveries and Updates on Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions Presented at the 24th World Congress of Dermatology&#44; Milan"
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                            2 => "N&#46; Shah"
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                            4 => "R&#46; Hashimoto"
                            5 => "R&#46;P&#46; Dodiuk-Gad"
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Vol. 98. Núm. 2.
Páginas 227-232 (1 março 2023)
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Vol. 98. Núm. 2.
Páginas 227-232 (1 março 2023)
Cartas ‐ Investigação
Open Access
Características das reações adversas cutâneas a medicamentos, especialmente em relação ao período de incubação, com base em pacientes hospitalizados
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4491
Xiaoli Chen1, Li Hu1, Zupeng Xiao, Hanyi Wu, Aijun Chen
Autor para correspondência
cajhx888@aliyun.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Rentao Yu
Autor para correspondência
rentaoyu@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
Departamento de Dermatologia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Prezado Editor,

Mais opções de medicamentos, cursos de tratamento prolongados e maior sobrevida do paciente contribuem para maior exposição aos medicamentos e, posteriormente, dão origem à incidência de reações adversas cutâneas a medicamentos (RACM).1–3 Embora a maioria dos pacientes com RACM obtenha cura após a descontinuação do medicamento, tipos graves de RACM requerem intervenções hospitalares e são até potencialmente fatais.4,5 O presente relato analisou retrospectivamente as características de pacientes hospitalizados com RACM. Especificamente, o relato enfoca o período de incubação (PI) e fatores associados.

Foram incluídos neste estudo 308 pacientes confirmados com RACM hospitalizados no First Affiliated Hospital da Chongqing Medical University no período de 2013 a 2018. As características demográficas e clínicas desses pacientes foram coletadas do sistema de prontuários médicos eletrônicos. A relação entre o PI e outros fatores foi avaliada por análise de correlação, e as diferenças dos níveis de PI entre os diferentes subgrupos foram comparadas pelo teste de Kruskal‐Wallis. Este estudo foi revisado e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do First Affiliated Hospital da Chongqing Medical University.

A tabela 1 mostra as características basais dos pacientes avaliados. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 47 anos; 49,7% eram do sexo feminino. Os resultados mostraram que o eritema multiforme e o exantema maculopapular foram as reações mais comuns, correspondendo a 30,5% e 26,6%, respectivamente. As RACM graves como síndrome de Stevens‐Johnson/necrólise epidérmica tóxica (SJS/NET) e reação cutânea associada à eosinofilia e sintomas sistêmicos (DRESS, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms) foram responsáveis por 21% dos casos. A mediana do PI foi de quatro dias, com mediana do tempo de permanência de sete dias. Além disso, em cerca de 40% dos pacientes as lesões cutâneas afetaram a mucosa e mais de 70% dos pacientes desenvolveram RACM com memdicação por via de administração oral. Em relação aos medicamentos implicados, os antibióticos foram os mais comuns, afetando 36,7% de todos os pacientes, seguidos por medicamentos fitoterápicos chineses (24,7%), anti‐inflamatórios não esteroidais (10,1%) e anticonvulsivantes (8,8%). Além disso, foram comparados os tipos de medicamentos implicados em pacientes com RACM graves e com RACM leves a moderadas. O resultado mostrou diferença significativa entre os dois subgrupos (p <0,001). Os anticonvulsivantes e o alopurinol pareciam estar associados a tipos graves de RACM (fig. 1).

Tabela 1.

Características clínicas de pacientes com erupções cutâneas adversas a medicamentos

  Todo os pacientes (n=308) 
Idade, anos  47,0 (31,0–62,0) 
Gênero, feminino  153 (49,7%) 
Diagnóstico
SJS/NET  47 (15,3%) 
DRESS  17 (5,5%) 
Eritema multiforme  94 (30,5%) 
EMP  82 (26,6%) 
Erupção medicamentosa fixa  54 (17,5%) 
Outros  14 (4,5%) 
Período de incubação, dias  4,0 (1,0–10,0) 
PI do DRESS  20,0 (4,0–28,5) 
Envolvimento da mucosa  128 (41,6%) 
Tempo de permanência, dias  7,0 (5,0–11,0) 
Comorbidades
Hipertensão  50 (16,2%) 
Diabetes  46 (14,9%) 
Doença renal crônica  14 (4,5%) 
Cancer  10 (3,2%) 
DPOC  7 (2,3%) 
Doença autoimune  20 (6,5%) 
Epilepsia  16 (5,2%) 
Medicamento implicado
Antibióticosa  113 (36,7%) 
Medicamentos fitoterápicos chinesesb  76 (24,7%) 
AINEsc  31 (10,1%) 
Anticonvulsivantesd  27 (8,8%) 
Alopurinol  8 (2,6%) 
Medicamentos anti‐câncer  5 (1,6%) 
Medicamentos antivirais  3 (1,0%) 
Outros  24 (2,9%) 
Medicamentos desconhecidos  21 (6,8%) 
Via de administração
Oral  223 (72,4%) 
Injeção intramuscular  2 (0,6%) 
Injeção intravenosa  62 (20,1%) 
Desconhecida  21 (6,8%) 
Tratamento
Somente anti‐histamínicos  11 (3,6%) 
Somente ciclosporina  2 (0,6%) 
Somente GC  266 (86,4%) 
GC+Azatioprina  2 (0,6%) 
GC+Ciclosporina  9 (2,9%) 
GC+IgIV  3 (1,0%) 
Somente glicirrizina  9 (2,9%) 
Metotrexato  1 (0,3%) 
Somente cuidados de suporte  5 (1,6%) 

DPOC, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica; DRESS, reação cutânea associada à eosinofilia e sintomas sistêmicos; GC, glicocorticoides; IgIV, imunoglobulina intravenosa; EMP, exantema maculopapular; AINEs, anti‐inflamatórios não esteroidais; SJS, síndrome de Stevens‐Johnson; NET, necrólise epidérmica tóxica.

a

Antibióticos incluem penicilinas, macrolídeos, quinolonas, cefalosporinas, sulfonamidas, aminoglicosídeos e antibióticos diversos.

b

Medicamentos fitoterápicos chineses. Eles incluem medicamentos chineses patenteados, amostras de ervas chinesas e ervas de fabricação própria.

c

AINEs incluem AINEs não seletivos, como aspirina e ibuprofeno, e AINEs seletivos, como celecoxibe e meloxicam.

d

Anticonvulsivantes incluem carbamazepina, fenitoína, lamotrigina e gabapentina.

Figura 1.

Distribuições de tipos de medicamentos implicados no total de pacientes e nos pacientes com reações adversas cutâneas dos tipos grave e leves a moderadas. A diferença foi comparada pelo teste do qui‐quadrado e calculado o V de Cramer. AINEs, anti‐inflamatórios não esteroidais.

(0.34MB).

O PI foi a prioridade deste relato e foram analisados ainda os fatores associados ao PI, como mostrado na tabela 2. O resultado mostrou que os tipos de doença (Épsilon ao quadrado=0,153; p <0,001), via de administração (Épsilon ao quadrado=0,060; p <0,001) e medicamentos implicados (Épsilon ao quadrado=0,151; p <0,001) foram os fatores correlacionados de maneira significativa. Entretanto, nenhuma associação significativa foi detectada entre o PI e gênero (rrank‐biserial=0,002; p=0,973), idade (rho=0,104; p=0,068) e envolvimento da mucosa (rrank‐biserial=0,132; p=0,054). Com base nesses resultados, comparamos os níveis de PI entre os diferentes subgrupos (fig. 2). Os pacientes que receberam alopurinol e anticonvulsivantes tiveram PI mais longos do que com outros medicamentos; a administração oral apresentou PI mais longo do que a injetável e RACM graves mais longas do que RACM leves a moderadas (p <0,05 para todos, fig. 2 A–C). A mesma associação também pode ser observada se a proporção de cada subgrupo por PI fosse apresentada a cada três dias (fig. 2 D–F). A figura mostrou que embora quase todos os subgrupos pudessem ser detectados em cada grupo categorizado por PI, a distribuição de cada subgrupo foi distorcida e acumulada em determinada categoria de PI, indicando a associação entre o PI e esses fatores.

Tabela 2.

Fatores associados ao período de incubação

  Tamanho do efeito  Medidas 
Gênero  0,002  0,973  Rank‐biserial 
Idade  0,104  0,068  rho de Spearman 
Tipos de doenças  0,153  <0,001  χ2 
Via de administração  0,060  <0,001  χ2 
Envolvimento de mucosa  0,132  0,054  Rank‐biserial 
Medicamento implicado  0,151  <0,001  Épsilon ao quadrado 
Figura 2.

Níveis e distribuições do período de incubação entre subgrupos de pacientes com reações adversas cutâneas. Os níveis do período de incubação foram comparados pelo teste de Kruskal‐Wallis e a análise post‐hoc foi ajustada pelo teste de Bonferroni. DRESS, reação cutânea associada à eosinofilia e sintomas sistêmicos; EMP, exantema maculopapular; AINEs, anti‐inflamatórios não esteroidais; SJS, síndrome de Stevens‐Johnson; NET, necrólise epidérmica tóxica.

O presente estudo analisou minuciosamente os PI de RACMs baseados na hospitalização e fatores associados. Entretanto, a principal limitação deste estudo é como determinar com precisão os medicamentos implicados e PI. Embora o PI e o medicamento responsável pela RACM de cada paciente tenham sido registrados no sistema de prontuários médicos eletrônicos, o desenho retrospectivo significou que os critérios não foram unificados. Consequentemente, os resultados podem apresentar viés.

Esta análise descritiva sugeriu que tipos graves e leves a moderados de RACM podem ser doenças diferentes, especialmente em relação aos medicamentos implicados e PI. PI mais longos foram significativamente associados a tipos graves, administração oral e uso de alopurinol/anticonvulsivantes. Esse resultado pode ser útil para entender os PI das RACM e avaliar a gravidade das mesmas.

Suporte financeiro

Esse estudo foi financiado pela Postdoctoral Research Foundation of Chongqing Medical University (n° 2‐01‐02‐04‐P0474) e Special Foundation for Postdoctoral Research Projects of Chongqing, Número da concessão: 2021XM3080.

Contribuição dos autores

Xiaoli Chen: Metodologia; curadoria de dados; visualização.

Li Hu: Concepção; administração do projeto.

Zupeng Xiao: Recursos; redação ‐ revisão e edição.

Hanyi Wu: Validação; curadoria de dados.

Aijun Chen: Investigação; supervisão.

Rentao Yu: Análise formal; aquisição de financiamento; software; redação ‐ rascunho original.

Conflito de interesses

Nenhum.

Agradecimento

Os pacientes descritos neste manuscrito deram consentimento informado por escrito para a publicação dos detalhes de seu caso.

Referências
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W. Hoetzenecker, M. Nägeli, E.T. Mehra, A.N. Jensen, I. Saulite, P. Schmid-Grendelmeier, et al.
Adverse cutaneous drug eruptions: current understanding.
Seminars in Immunopathology., 38 (2016), pp. 75-86
[2]
F.L. Chan, N.H. Shear, N. Shah, C. Olteanu, R. Hashimoto, R.P. Dodiuk-Gad.
New Discoveries and Updates on Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions Presented at the 24th World Congress of Dermatology, Milan.
Italy, 2019. Drug Saf., 43 (2020), pp. 179-187
[3]
H.T. Quach, D.B. Johnson, N.R. LeBoeuf, J.P. Zwerner, A.K. Dewan.
Cutaneous adverse events caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors.
J Am Acad Dermatol., 85 (2021), pp. 956-966
[4]
J. Zhang, Z. Lei, C. Xu, J. Zhao, X. Kang.
Current Perspectives on Severe Drug Eruption.
Clin Rev Allergy Immunol., 61 (2021), pp. 282-298
[5]
T.A. Duong, L. Valeyrie-Allanore, P. Wolkenstein, O. Chosidow.
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs.
Lancet., 390 (2017), pp. 1996-2011

Como citar este artigo: Chen X, Hu L, Xiao Z, Wu H, Chen A, Yu R. Characteristics of cutaneous adverse drug reactions with special respect to the incubation period based on hospitalized patients. An Bras Dermatol. 2023;98:229–35.

Esses autores contribuíram igualmente para o artigo.

Trabalho realizado no The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.

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