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os melan&#243;citos s&#227;o destru&#237;dos pelas c&#233;lulas T&#44; que constituem um dos principais mediadores da resposta autoimune&#44; criando &#225;reas de despigmenta&#231;&#227;o&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Um membro da superfam&#237;lia de imunoglobulinas&#44; o gene do ant&#237;geno 4 associado ao linf&#243;cito T citot&#243;xico &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span>&#41;&#44; encontrado no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">locus</span> 2q33&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> codifica um receptor&#8208;chave inibit&#243;rio cuja fun&#231;&#227;o &#233; a de um potente regulador negativo da resposta das c&#233;lulas T durante a fase de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">priming</span> da resposta imune&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Portanto&#44; o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span> tem sido associado a v&#225;rias doen&#231;as autoimunes&#44; como doen&#231;a autoimune da tireoide&#44; doen&#231;a de Graves&#44; tireoidite de Hashimoto&#44; diabetes tipo 1&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> psor&#237;ase&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> doen&#231;a de Beh&#231;et<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> e alopecia areata&#44; embora a associa&#231;&#227;o com esta &#250;ltima permane&#231;a controversa&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Duas variantes gen&#233;ticas do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span> foram associadas ao desenvolvimento do vitiligo&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;49A&#47;G &#40;rs231775&#41;&#44; uma varia&#231;&#227;o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">missense</span> do &#233;xon 1 que leva &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o de treonina por alanina no c&#243;don 17 &#40;T17A&#41;&#59; e CT60 A&#47;G &#40;rs3087243&#41;&#44; localizado a 236 pb <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">downstream</span> de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span> 3&#8217;&#8208;UTR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Entretanto&#44; essas variantes e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o vitiligo variam amplamente e parecem ser fortemente dependentes da popula&#231;&#227;o analisada&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#8211;12</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Assim&#44; o presente estudo avaliou se as variantes do gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;49 A&#47;G e CT60 A&#47;G est&#227;o associadas ao vitiligo em uma popula&#231;&#227;o mexicana&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Material e m&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Amostra</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes com vitiligo e controles saud&#225;veis foram recrutados do Departamento de Dermatologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Dr&#46; Jos&#233; Eleuterio Gonzalez&#44; Universidad Aut&#243;noma de Nuevo Le&#243;n &#40;UANL&#59; Monterrey&#44; M&#233;xico&#41;&#46; Os indiv&#237;duos eram origin&#225;rios da regi&#227;o nordeste do M&#233;xico&#44; incluindo os estados de Coahuila&#44; Nuevo Le&#243;n&#44; San Luis Potos&#237;&#44; Tamaulipas e Zacatecas&#46; Um total de 116 pacientes com vitiligo &#40;62 mulheres e 54 homens&#59; m&#233;dia de idade de 43&#44;06 &#177; 16&#44;34 anos&#41; e 117 controles saud&#225;veis &#40;75 mulheres e 42 homens&#59; m&#233;dia de idade de 29&#44;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#44;67 anos&#41; foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo&#46; Todos os pacientes foram avaliados por um dermatologista&#46; A atividade do vitiligo foi determinada pelo intervalo de tempo entre a manifesta&#231;&#227;o de novas &#225;reas despigmentadas &#40;vitiligo com estabilidade da les&#227;o<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;1 ano&#41; ou aumento das j&#225; existentes&#46; O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Dr&#46; Jos&#233; Eleuterio Gonzalez &#8211; UANL &#40;c&#243;digo DE08&#8208;008&#41;&#46; Todos os participantes forneceram seu consentimento informado&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Isolamento de DNA</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O DNA gen&#244;mico foi isolado do sangue venoso perif&#233;rico dos pacientes com vitiligo e controles&#46; As amostras foram centrifugadas e a camada leucoplaquet&#225;ria foi processada para isolamento do DNA seguindo o m&#233;todo de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">salting&#8208;out</span> &#8211; com o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pellet</span> de DNA ressuspenso em Tris&#8208;EDTA &#40;Ph 7&#44;8&#41; &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o final de 0&#44;1&#8208;1&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;&#956;L&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Genotipagem das variantes de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;49A&#47;G &#40;rs231775&#41; e CT60 &#40;rs3087243&#41;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica das variantes do gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span> rs231775 e rs3087243 foi caracterizada por PCR&#8208;RFLP em termociclador MJ Mini PTC1148 &#40;Bio&#8208;Rad&#44; Hercules&#59; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; Os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">primers</span> de oligonucleot&#237;deos para <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span> rs231775 &#40;5&#8217;&#8208;CCA CGG CTT CCT TTC TCG TA&#8208;3&#8217; e 5&#8217;&#8208;AGT CTC ACT CAC CTT TGC AG&#8208;3&#8217;&#41; e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span> rs3087243 &#40;5&#8217;&#8208;ATG AGT CAG CTT TGC ACC AGC CAT TAC&#8208;3&#8217; e 5&#8217;&#8208;GAG GTG AAG AAC CTG TGT TAA ACA GCA TG&#8208;3&#8217;&#41; foram obtidos com IDT &#40;IA&#59; EUA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De acordo com um protocolo publicado anteriormente&#44; as enzimas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bbv</span>I e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nla</span>III &#40;New England Biolabs&#44; MA&#59; EUA&#41; foram usadas na an&#225;lise de restri&#231;&#227;o&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Os fragmentos do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">amplicon</span> foram resolvidos por eletroforese em gel de agarose a 2&#44;5&#37;&#44; corados com brometo de et&#237;dio e observados em um transiluminador UVP modelo 2UV High Performance &#40;Upland&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O tamanho da amostra foi definido com base na incid&#234;ncia relatada de vitiligo no M&#233;xico &#40;4&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Considerando um poder estat&#237;stico de 99&#44;0&#37; &#40;Z<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;33&#41;&#44; um m&#237;nimo de 84 indiv&#237;duos &#233; suficiente para an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica precisa&#46; O <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> SPSS v21&#46;0 para Windows &#40;IBM&#44; IL&#59; EUA&#41; e o programa estat&#237;stico Epi&#8208;INFO&#8482; 7 &#40;CDC&#44; EUA&#41; foram utilizados na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica&#46; O teste de equil&#237;brio de Hardy&#8208;Weinberg foi obtido para os alelos usando teste de ajuste&#44; enquanto a depend&#234;ncia genot&#237;pica entre pacientes e controles foi determinada com teste de &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; O OR foi calculado a partir de tabelas de conting&#234;ncia 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46; Um valor de p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 foi considerado significante para todos os testes&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Resultados</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os 116 pacientes com vitiligo inclu&#237;dos neste estudo foram classificados em quatro categorias de acordo com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a&#58; 101 &#40;87&#44;07&#37;&#41; vitiligo vulgar &#40;VV&#41;&#44; 12 &#40;10&#44;35&#37;&#41; vitiligo focal &#40;VF&#41;&#44; 2 &#40;1&#44;72&#37;&#41; vitiligo universal &#40;VU&#41; e 1 &#40;0&#44;86&#37;&#41; vitiligo segmentar &#40;VS&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; A idade de in&#237;cio&#44; o aparecimento das les&#245;es cut&#226;neas ap&#243;s trauma &#40;fen&#244;meno de Ko&#235;bner&#41; e as comorbidades comuns s&#227;o apresentadas nas tabelas 1 e 2&#46; Aproximadamente 47&#37; dos pacientes tinham pelo menos um familiar com vitiligo&#59; a idade de in&#237;cio antecedeu os 30 anos para 58&#44;48&#37; dos pacientes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos pacientes com vitiligo&#44; 21 &#40;18&#44;1&#37;&#41; tinham hist&#243;ria pessoal de altera&#231;&#245;es tireoidianas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#59; hipotireoidismo foi a mais prevalente &#40;8&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#46; Entretanto&#44; diabetes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mellitus</span> tipo 2 &#40;DM2&#44; 8&#44;62&#37;&#41; e hipertens&#227;o arterial &#40;HTN&#44; 16&#44;38&#37;&#41; foram as comorbidades mais encontradas nesses pacientes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Correla&#231;&#227;o entre variantes do gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span> e vitiligo</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O estudo investigou se as variantes do gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;49A&#47;G &#40;rs231775&#41; e CT60 &#40;rs3087243&#41; estavam associadas ao vitiligo em amostra de pacientes e controles saud&#225;veis mexicanos&#46; Nenhum desvio do equil&#237;brio de Hardy&#8208;Weinberg foi detectado para qualquer um dos polimorfismos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span> avaliados &#40;&#91;rs231775&#58; pacientes com vitiligo Pearson 0&#44;889&#44; raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a 0&#44;889 e teste exato de Fisher 1&#59; controles Pearson 0&#44;885&#44; raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a 0&#44;885 e teste exato de Fisher 1&#93;&#44; &#91;rs3087243&#58; pacientes com vitiligo Pearson 0&#44;837&#44; raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a 0&#44;837 e teste exato de Fisher 1&#59; controles Pearson 0&#44;721&#44; raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a 0&#44;721 e teste exato de Fisher 0&#44;85&#93;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A compara&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos e&#47;ou frequ&#234;ncias al&#233;licas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;49A&#47;G &#40;rs231775&#41; e CT60 &#40;rs3087243&#41; entre a coorte de casos e controles revelou que o gen&#243;tipo AG heterozigoto &#40;rs231775 e rs3087243&#41; teve maior frequ&#234;ncia em toda a coorte&#59; entretanto&#44; n&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre os polimorfismos avaliados e o risco de desenvolver vitiligo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62; 0&#44;05&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabela 3</a>&#41;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; n&#227;o foi encontrada nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o entre gen&#243;tipos e atividade do vitiligo&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar&#44; hist&#243;ria pessoal de doen&#231;as autoimunes ou sexo nos pacientes analisados &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62; 0&#44;05&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabela 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O vitiligo &#233; uma doen&#231;a complexa&#44; na qual os melan&#243;citos s&#227;o destru&#237;dos progressiva e seletivamente&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> M&#250;ltiplos fatores internos e externos t&#234;m sido associados ao desenvolvimento do vitiligo&#44; incluindo altera&#231;&#245;es autoimunes&#44; fatores gen&#233;ticos&#44; trauma epid&#233;rmico&#44; estresse emocional e infec&#231;&#245;es&#44; entre outros fatores de risco&#44; que podem agir independentemente uns dos outros ou em combina&#231;&#227;o&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;15</span></a> Al&#233;m disso&#44; acredita&#8208;se que o vitiligo possa ter padr&#227;o de heran&#231;a n&#227;o mendeliana&#44; penetr&#226;ncia incompleta&#44; m&#250;ltiplos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">loci</span> de suscetibilidade e heterogeneidade gen&#233;tica&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O vitiligo tem sido associado a m&#250;ltiplas variantes gen&#233;ticas&#44; muitas das quais est&#227;o envolvidas nas vias da resposta imune&#44; principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s regi&#245;es g&#234;nicas de classe I e classe II do ant&#237;geno leucocit&#225;rio humano &#40;HLA&#44; do ingl&#234;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">human leukocyte antigen</span>&#41; do complexo principal de histocompatibilidade &#40;MHC&#44; do ingl&#234;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major histocompatibility complex</span>&#41; e genes candidatos n&#227;o MHC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Em rela&#231;&#227;o a esses &#250;ltimos&#44; o gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span> codifica um correceptor de c&#233;lulas T expresso por c&#233;lulas T CD4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>e CD8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#44; que est&#225; envolvido na ativa&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas T&#59; al&#233;m disso&#44; esse correceptor &#233; um regulador negativo cr&#237;tico da resposta das c&#233;lulas T&#44; desempenhando assim papel de prote&#231;&#227;o essencial contra a autoimunidade&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> A resposta autoimune mediada pelas c&#233;lulas T CD8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#233; fundamental durante o processo de despigmenta&#231;&#227;o do vitiligo&#44; pois essas c&#233;lulas s&#227;o diretamente respons&#225;veis pela destrui&#231;&#227;o dos melan&#243;citos&#44; criando as &#225;reas de despigmenta&#231;&#227;o da pele t&#237;picas da doen&#231;a&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A associa&#231;&#227;o entre as variantes do gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;49G&#47;A e CT60 e o desenvolvimento de diferentes doen&#231;as autoimunes foi sugerida anteriormente&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a> Entretanto&#44; os resultados foram inconsistentes em doen&#231;as dermatol&#243;gicas&#59; por exemplo&#44; em casos de psor&#237;ase&#44; sua participa&#231;&#227;o ou falta de influ&#234;ncia foi relatada&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Uma condi&#231;&#227;o semelhante foi observada durante o desenvolvimento da alopecia areata &#40;AA&#41;&#44; na qual um estudo de associa&#231;&#227;o anterior prop&#244;s o envolvimento de polimorfismos do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span> como fator de risco em seu desenvolvimento em uma popula&#231;&#227;o europeia&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> no entanto&#44; outro estudo revelou que esses polimorfismos eram irrelevantes para o desenvolvimento dessa doen&#231;a em uma popula&#231;&#227;o mexicana&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na Am&#233;rica Latina&#44; as variantes gen&#233;ticas do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span> s&#243; foram correlacionadas com o desenvolvimento de obesidade no nordeste do Brasil&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> diabetes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mellitus</span> tipo 1 no Chile&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> desenvolvimento do inibidor do FVIII em pacientes com hemofilia tipo A &#40;HA&#41; na Argentina&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> leishmaniose cut&#226;nea difusa na Venezuela<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> e v&#237;rus da hepatite C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> e artrite reumatoide no M&#233;xico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Embora a participa&#231;&#227;o&#44; ou falta de influ&#234;ncia&#44; de ambos os polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos tenha sido relatada para o vitiligo&#44; um estudo de metan&#225;lise&#44; incluindo 1&#46;252 casos em quatro popula&#231;&#245;es europeias&#44; tr&#234;s asi&#225;ticas e duas turcas revelou que a variante do gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span> CT60 A&#47;G confere suscetibilidade ao vitiligo apenas na popula&#231;&#227;o europeia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em estudos anteriores&#44; observamos o papel de variantes gen&#233;ticas do TNF&#8208;&#945;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> e PTPN22 &#40;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0365059620300921">https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;sciencedirect&#46;com&#47;science&#47;article&#47;pii&#47;S0365059620300921</a> &#8208; bib0195&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> como fatores de risco no desenvolvimento de formas ativas de vitiligo em popula&#231;&#227;o mexicana&#46; Ambos os genes est&#227;o relacionados com a regula&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos imunol&#243;gicos&#46; No entanto&#44; a influ&#234;ncia das variantes do gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span> no desenvolvimento do vitiligo n&#227;o foi analisada em pacientes mexicanos&#46; Talvez sem surpresa&#44; este estudo n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significante na presen&#231;a dos polimorfismos rs231775 ou rs3087243 na correla&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento de vitiligo&#44; sugerindo que essas variantes gen&#233;ticas n&#227;o constituem fator de risco para a doen&#231;a em popula&#231;&#227;o do nordeste mexicano&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As variantes do gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span> rs231775 e rs3087243 n&#227;o constituem fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de vitiligo na popula&#231;&#227;o do nordeste mexicano&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; essas variantes gen&#233;ticas n&#227;o t&#234;m correla&#231;&#227;o com a hist&#243;ria pessoal de doen&#231;as autoimunes&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar de vitiligo ou o sexo dos pacientes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Suporte financeiro</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mauricio Salinas&#8208;Santander&#58; Concep&#231;&#227;o&#44; desenho e planejamento do estudo&#59; obten&#231;&#227;o&#44; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#59; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica da literatura e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#59; aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">V&#237;ctor Su&#225;rez&#8208;Valencia&#58; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#59; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica da literatura e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#59; aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mayela del &#193;ngel&#8208;Mart&#237;nez&#58; Interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#59; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica da literatura e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#59; aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">David Kubelis&#8208;Lopez&#58; Interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#59; aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Natalia Zapata&#8208;Salazar&#58; Interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#59; aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jorge Ocampo&#8208;Garza&#58; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#59; aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jorge Ocampo&#8208;Candiani&#58; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#59; aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Fundamentos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O vitiligo &#233; caracterizado por resposta autoimune direcionada aos melan&#243;citos&#44; resultando na despigmenta&#231;&#227;o da pele&#46; Existem v&#225;rios componentes gen&#233;ticos envolvidos no desenvolvimento do vitiligo&#44; dos quais v&#225;rios polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos s&#227;o atualmente considerados fatores de risco&#46; Por exemplo&#44; as variantes do gene do ant&#237;geno 4 associado ao linf&#243;cito T citot&#243;xico &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;49A&#47;G &#40;rs231775&#41; e CT60 &#40;rs3087243&#41; foram associadas &#224; predisposi&#231;&#227;o para doen&#231;as autoimunes em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es&#59; entretanto&#44; seu envolvimento no desenvolvimento do vitiligo permanece controverso&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre vitiligo e as variantes do gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;49A&#47;G &#40;rs231775&#41; e CT60 &#40;rs3087243&#41; em popula&#231;&#227;o mexicana&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">116 pacientes com vitiligo e 117 indiv&#237;duos controles do nordeste do M&#233;xico foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo&#44; com an&#225;lise por PCR&#8208;RFLP para determinar as variantes do gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;49A&#47;G &#40;rs231775&#41; e CT60 &#40;rs3087243&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica para ambos os polimorfismos g&#234;nicos entre pacientes com vitiligo e controles &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; quando os par&#226;metros de atividade e hist&#243;ria familiar de vitiligo&#44; hist&#243;ria pessoal de doen&#231;as autoimunes ou sexo foram analisados&#44; n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Como sugerido pela an&#225;lise de uma popula&#231;&#227;o do nordeste mexicano&#44; as variantes do gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;49A&#47;G &#40;rs231775&#41; e CT60 &#40;rs3087243&#41; n&#227;o constituem fator de risco no desenvolvimento do vitiligo&#46;</p></span>"
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      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Como citar este artigo&#58; Salinas&#8208;Santander MA&#44; Su&#225;rez&#8208;Valencia VJ&#44; del &#193;ngel&#8208;Mart&#237;nez M&#44; Kubelis&#8208;Lopez DE&#44; Zapata&#8208;Salazar NA&#44; Ocampo&#8208;Garza JA&#44; et al&#46; Association between the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;49A&#47;G &#40;rs231775&#41; and CT60 &#40;rs3087243&#41; gene variants with vitiligo&#58; Study on a Mexican population&#46; An Bras Dermatol&#46; 2022&#59;97&#58;710&#8211;5&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Trabalho realizado no Departamento de Dermatologia&#44; Dr&#46; Jos&#233; E&#46; Gonz&#225;lez University Hospital&#44; Universidad Aut&#243;noma de Nuevo Le&#243;n&#44; Monterrey&#44; M&#233;xico&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Tipo de vitiligo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Fen&#244;meno de Ko&#235;bner&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Idade de in&#237;cio</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Feminino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Masculino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ativo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Est&#225;vel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Antes dos 30 anos&#44; n&#160;&#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ap&#243;s os 30 anos&#44;n&#160;&#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vitiligo vulgar &#40;VV&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56 &#40;48&#44;28&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45 &#40;38&#44;79&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45 &#40;38&#44;79&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56 &#40;48&#44;28&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;27&#44;59&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">61 &#40;52&#44;59&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40 &#40;34&#44;48&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vitiligo universal &#40;VU&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;86&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;86&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#44;72&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;86&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;86&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Vitiligo focal &#40;VF&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;3&#44;45&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;6&#44;90&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;2&#44;59&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;7&#44;76&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#44;72&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;5&#44;17&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;5&#44;17&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vitiligo segmentar &#40;VS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;86&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;86&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;86&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3688196.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes com vitiligo</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Tabela "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AA&#44; alopecia areata&#59; DM2&#44; diabetes mellitus tipo 2&#59; HTN&#44; hipertens&#227;o arterial&#59; VV&#44; vitiligo vulgar&#59; VU&#44; vitiligo universal&#59; VF&#44; vitiligo focal&#59; VS&#44; vitiligo segmentar&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Doen&#231;as autoimunes&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tipo de Vitiligo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tireoide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DM2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HTN&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Atopia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vulgar &#40;VV&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;16&#44;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;2&#44;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;8&#44;62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;15&#44;52&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;2&#44;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Universal &#40;VU&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Focal &#40;VF&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#44;72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Segmentar &#40;VS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab3688199.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Doen&#231;as autoimunes associadas ao vitiligo</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Tabela "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gen&#243;tipo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Vitiligo&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controle&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IC95&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&#8208;valor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Todos os tipos de vitiligo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">rs231775&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;36&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;28&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;034&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;362&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55 &#40;47&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;50&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;16&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">55 &#40;47&#44;4&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19 &#40;16&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;50&#44;4&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25 &#40;21&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alelos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Vitiligo ativo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">AG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;36&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;50&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">GG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;36&#44;7&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11 &#40;22&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;50&#44;4&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25 &#40;21&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;874&#8208;3&#44;527&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Vitiligo est&#225;vel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">GG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">AG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;55&#44;2&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8 &#40;12&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;50&#44;4&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25 &#40;21&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Alelos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">81 &#40;60&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">125 &#40;53&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;866&#8208;2&#44;051&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;191&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">GG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">AG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;50&#44;4&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25 &#40;21&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Alelos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Todos os tipos de vitiligo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;475&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">AG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;50&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;50&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">31&#40;26&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;32&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;50&#44;9&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31 &#40;26&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;50&#44;4&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38 &#40;32&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;732&#8208;2&#44;683&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alelos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">99 &#40;42&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">121 &#40;52&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">135 &#40;57&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Vitiligo ativo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">AA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;26&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;17&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;369&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;42&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;50&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;30&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;32&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;42&#44;9&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15 &#40;30&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;50&#44;4&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38 &#40;32&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;931&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;790&#8208;3&#44;883&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;165&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alelos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;48&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">99 &#40;42&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;344&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">51 &#40;52&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">135 &#40;57&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Vitiligo est&#225;vel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">AA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;19&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;17&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;469&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;56&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;50&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;23&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;32&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;56&#44;7&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16 &#40;23&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;50&#44;4&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38 &#40;32&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alelos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">64 &#40;47&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3688198.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frequ&#234;ncias al&#233;licas e genot&#237;picas das variantes do gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;49A&#47;G &#40;rs231775&#41; e CT60 &#40;rs3087243&#41; em pacientes com vitiligo e controles saud&#225;veis</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at4"
            "detalle" => "Tabela "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ativo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hist&#243;ria pessoal de doen&#231;as autoimunes</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correla&#231;&#227;o entre os polimorfismos do gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTLA4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;49A&#47;G &#40;rs231775&#41; e CT60 &#40;rs3087243&#41; com a atividade de vitiligo&#44; hist&#243;ria familiar&#44; hist&#243;ria pessoal de doen&#231;as autoimunes e sexo</p>"
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                            3 => "I&#46; Hamzavi"
                            4 => "J&#46;E&#46; Harris"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Vitiligo&#46; Nat Rev Dis Primers"
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                            3 => "H&#46;G&#46; Martinez-Rodriguez"
                            4 => "D&#46;E&#46; Kubelis-Lopez"
                            5 => "N&#46;A&#46; Zapata-Salazar"
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                            4 => "R&#46; Kuromaru"
                            5 => "N&#46; Matsuura"
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Vol. 97. Núm. 6.
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Vol. 97. Núm. 6.
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Associação entre as variantes do gene CTLA4+49A/G (rs231775) e CT60 (rs3087243) com vitiligo: estudo em população mexicana
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Mauricio Andrés Salinas‐Santandera,
Autor para correspondência
msalinsa@yahoo.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Víctor de Jesús Suárez‐Valenciaa, Mayela del Ángel‐Martíneza, David Emmanuel Kubelis‐Lopezb, Natalia Aranza Zapata‐Salazarb, Jorge Alejandro Ocampo‐Garzab, Jorge Ocampo‐Candianib
a Departamento de Pesquisa, Faculdade de Medicina Unidad Saltillo, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, México
b Serviço de Dermatologia, Hospital Universitario Dr José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
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Estatísticas
Tabelas (4)
Tabela 1. Parâmetros clínicos dos pacientes com vitiligo
Tabela 2. Doenças autoimunes associadas ao vitiligo
Tabela 3. Frequências alélicas e genotípicas das variantes do gene CTLA4+49A/G (rs231775) e CT60 (rs3087243) em pacientes com vitiligo e controles saudáveis
Tabela 4. Correlação entre os polimorfismos do gene CTLA4+49A/G (rs231775) e CT60 (rs3087243) com a atividade de vitiligo, história familiar, história pessoal de doenças autoimunes e sexo
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Resumo
Fundamentos

O vitiligo é caracterizado por resposta autoimune direcionada aos melanócitos, resultando na despigmentação da pele. Existem vários componentes genéticos envolvidos no desenvolvimento do vitiligo, dos quais vários polimorfismos genéticos são atualmente considerados fatores de risco. Por exemplo, as variantes do gene do antígeno 4 associado ao linfócito T citotóxico (CTLA4)+49A/G (rs231775) e CT60 (rs3087243) foram associadas à predisposição para doenças autoimunes em diferentes populações; entretanto, seu envolvimento no desenvolvimento do vitiligo permanece controverso.

Objetivo

Avaliar a associação entre vitiligo e as variantes do gene CTLA4+49A/G (rs231775) e CT60 (rs3087243) em população mexicana.

Métodos

116 pacientes com vitiligo e 117 indivíduos controles do nordeste do México foram incluídos no estudo, com análise por PCR‐RFLP para determinar as variantes do gene CTLA4+49A/G (rs231775) e CT60 (rs3087243).

Resultados

Não foi observada diferença estatística para ambos os polimorfismos gênicos entre pacientes com vitiligo e controles (p> 0,05). Além disso, quando os parâmetros de atividade e história familiar de vitiligo, história pessoal de doenças autoimunes ou sexo foram analisados, não foram observadas diferenças (p> 0,05).

Conclusão

Como sugerido pela análise de uma população do nordeste mexicano, as variantes do gene CTLA4+49A/G (rs231775) e CT60 (rs3087243) não constituem fator de risco no desenvolvimento do vitiligo.

Palavras‐chave:
CTLA4, variantes gênicas
População mexicana
Vitiligo
Texto Completo
Introdução

O vitiligo é um distúrbio autoimune caracterizado pela perda seletiva de melanócitos, que resulta na despigmentação da pele, e afeta cerca de 0,5% a 2% da população mundial, com prevalência global de aproximadamente 0,06% a 8,8%.1,2 O desenvolvimento do vitiligo tem forte componente genético, e vários polimorfismos genéticos têm sido associados à resposta autoimune e melanogênese tipicamente observadas nessa doença.2 Durante esse processo, os melanócitos são destruídos pelas células T, que constituem um dos principais mediadores da resposta autoimune, criando áreas de despigmentação.3 Um membro da superfamília de imunoglobulinas, o gene do antígeno 4 associado ao linfócito T citotóxico (CTLA4), encontrado no locus 2q33,4 codifica um receptor‐chave inibitório cuja função é a de um potente regulador negativo da resposta das células T durante a fase de priming da resposta imune.5 Portanto, o CTLA4 tem sido associado a várias doenças autoimunes, como doença autoimune da tireoide, doença de Graves, tireoidite de Hashimoto, diabetes tipo 1,6 psoríase,7 doença de Behçet8 e alopecia areata, embora a associação com esta última permaneça controversa.9

Duas variantes genéticas do CTLA4 foram associadas ao desenvolvimento do vitiligo:+49A/G (rs231775), uma variação missense do éxon 1 que leva à substituição de treonina por alanina no códon 17 (T17A); e CT60 A/G (rs3087243), localizado a 236 pb downstream de CTLA4 3’‐UTR.10 Entretanto, essas variantes e sua associação com o vitiligo variam amplamente e parecem ser fortemente dependentes da população analisada. 10–12

Assim, o presente estudo avaliou se as variantes do gene CTLA4+49 A/G e CT60 A/G estão associadas ao vitiligo em uma população mexicana.

Material e métodosAmostra

Pacientes com vitiligo e controles saudáveis foram recrutados do Departamento de Dermatologia do Hospital Universitário Dr. José Eleuterio Gonzalez, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL; Monterrey, México). Os indivíduos eram originários da região nordeste do México, incluindo os estados de Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas e Zacatecas. Um total de 116 pacientes com vitiligo (62 mulheres e 54 homens; média de idade de 43,06 ± 16,34 anos) e 117 controles saudáveis (75 mulheres e 42 homens; média de idade de 29,01±12,67 anos) foram incluídos neste estudo. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados por um dermatologista. A atividade do vitiligo foi determinada pelo intervalo de tempo entre a manifestação de novas áreas despigmentadas (vitiligo com estabilidade da lesão>1 ano) ou aumento das já existentes. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa do Hospital Universitário Dr. José Eleuterio Gonzalez – UANL (código DE08‐008). Todos os participantes forneceram seu consentimento informado.

Isolamento de DNA

O DNA genômico foi isolado do sangue venoso periférico dos pacientes com vitiligo e controles. As amostras foram centrifugadas e a camada leucoplaquetária foi processada para isolamento do DNA seguindo o método de salting‐out – com o pellet de DNA ressuspenso em Tris‐EDTA (Ph 7,8) à concentração final de 0,1‐1,0μg/μL.

Genotipagem das variantes de CTLA4+49A/G (rs231775) e CT60 (rs3087243)

A frequência alélica das variantes do gene CTLA4 rs231775 e rs3087243 foi caracterizada por PCR‐RFLP em termociclador MJ Mini PTC1148 (Bio‐Rad, Hercules; CA, EUA). Os primers de oligonucleotídeos para CTLA4 rs231775 (5’‐CCA CGG CTT CCT TTC TCG TA‐3’ e 5’‐AGT CTC ACT CAC CTT TGC AG‐3’) e CTLA4 rs3087243 (5’‐ATG AGT CAG CTT TGC ACC AGC CAT TAC‐3’ e 5’‐GAG GTG AAG AAC CTG TGT TAA ACA GCA TG‐3’) foram obtidos com IDT (IA; EUA).

De acordo com um protocolo publicado anteriormente, as enzimas BbvI e NlaIII (New England Biolabs, MA; EUA) foram usadas na análise de restrição.13 Os fragmentos do amplicon foram resolvidos por eletroforese em gel de agarose a 2,5%, corados com brometo de etídio e observados em um transiluminador UVP modelo 2UV High Performance (Upland, CA, EUA).

Análise estatística

O tamanho da amostra foi definido com base na incidência relatada de vitiligo no México (4%).2 Considerando um poder estatístico de 99,0% (Z=2,33), um mínimo de 84 indivíduos é suficiente para análise genética precisa. O software SPSS v21.0 para Windows (IBM, IL; EUA) e o programa estatístico Epi‐INFO™ 7 (CDC, EUA) foram utilizados na análise estatística. O teste de equilíbrio de Hardy‐Weinberg foi obtido para os alelos usando teste de ajuste, enquanto a dependência genotípica entre pacientes e controles foi determinada com teste de χ2. O OR foi calculado a partir de tabelas de contingência 2×2. Um valor de p <0,05 foi considerado significante para todos os testes.

ResultadosParâmetros clínicos

Os 116 pacientes com vitiligo incluídos neste estudo foram classificados em quatro categorias de acordo com a apresentação clínica da doença: 101 (87,07%) vitiligo vulgar (VV), 12 (10,35%) vitiligo focal (VF), 2 (1,72%) vitiligo universal (VU) e 1 (0,86%) vitiligo segmentar (VS; tabela 1). A idade de início, o aparecimento das lesões cutâneas após trauma (fenômeno de Koëbner) e as comorbidades comuns são apresentadas nas tabelas 1 e 2. Aproximadamente 47% dos pacientes tinham pelo menos um familiar com vitiligo; a idade de início antecedeu os 30 anos para 58,48% dos pacientes.

Tabela 1.

Parâmetros clínicos dos pacientes com vitiligo

Tipo de vitiligo  Sexo, n (%)Atividade do vitiligo, n (%)Fenômeno de Koëbner, n (%)  Idade de início
  Feminino  Masculino  Ativo  Estável    Antes dos 30 anos, n (%)  Após os 30 anos,n (%) 
Vitiligo vulgar (VV)  56 (48,28%)  45 (38,79%)  45 (38,79%)  56 (48,28%)  32 (27,59%)  61 (52,59%)  40 (34,48%) 
Vitiligo universal (VU)  1 (0,86%)  1 (0,86%)  ‐  2 (1,72%)  ‐  1 (0,86%)  1 (0,86%) 
Vitiligo focal (VF)  4 (3,45%)  8 (6,90%)  3 (2,59%)  9 (7,76%)  2 (1,72%)  6 (5,17%)  6 (5,17%) 
Vitiligo segmentar (VS)  1 (0,86%)  ‐  1 (0,86%)  ‐  ‐  1 (0,86%)  ‐ 

Dos pacientes com vitiligo, 21 (18,1%) tinham história pessoal de alterações tireoidianas (tabela 2); hipotireoidismo foi a mais prevalente (8,6%). Entretanto, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2, 8,62%) e hipertensão arterial (HTN, 16,38%) foram as comorbidades mais encontradas nesses pacientes.

Tabela 2.

Doenças autoimunes associadas ao vitiligo

    Doenças autoimunes, n (%) 
Tipo de Vitiligo  Tireoide  AA  DM2  HTN  Atopia 
Vulgar (VV)  19 (16,38)  3 (2,59)  10 (8,62)  18 (15,52)  3 (2,59) 
Universal (VU)  ‐  ‐  ‐  ‐  1 (0,86) 
Focal (VF)  2 (1,72)  1 (0,86)  ‐  1 (0,86)  ‐ 
Segmentar (VS)  ‐  ‐  ‐  ‐  1 (0,86) 

AA, alopecia areata; DM2, diabetes mellitus tipo 2; HTN, hipertensão arterial; VV, vitiligo vulgar; VU, vitiligo universal; VF, vitiligo focal; VS, vitiligo segmentar.

Correlação entre variantes do gene CTLA4 e vitiligo

O estudo investigou se as variantes do gene CTLA4+49A/G (rs231775) e CT60 (rs3087243) estavam associadas ao vitiligo em amostra de pacientes e controles saudáveis mexicanos. Nenhum desvio do equilíbrio de Hardy‐Weinberg foi detectado para qualquer um dos polimorfismos de CTLA4 avaliados ([rs231775: pacientes com vitiligo Pearson 0,889, razão de verossimilhança 0,889 e teste exato de Fisher 1; controles Pearson 0,885, razão de verossimilhança 0,885 e teste exato de Fisher 1], [rs3087243: pacientes com vitiligo Pearson 0,837, razão de verossimilhança 0,837 e teste exato de Fisher 1; controles Pearson 0,721, razão de verossimilhança 0,721 e teste exato de Fisher 0,85]).

A comparação dos genótipos e/ou frequências alélicas de CTLA4+49A/G (rs231775) e CT60 (rs3087243) entre a coorte de casos e controles revelou que o genótipo AG heterozigoto (rs231775 e rs3087243) teve maior frequência em toda a coorte; entretanto, não foi observada correlação estatística entre os polimorfismos avaliados e o risco de desenvolver vitiligo (p> 0,05; tabela 3). Além disso, não foi encontrada nenhuma associação entre genótipos e atividade do vitiligo, história familiar, história pessoal de doenças autoimunes ou sexo nos pacientes analisados (p> 0,05; tabela 4).

Tabela 3.

Frequências alélicas e genotípicas das variantes do gene CTLA4+49A/G (rs231775) e CT60 (rs3087243) em pacientes com vitiligo e controles saudáveis

Genótipo  Vitiligo, n (%)  Controle, n (%)  χ2  OR  IC95%  p‐valor 
Todos os tipos de vitiligo  rs231775           
AA  42 (36,2)  33 (28,2)  2,034      0,362 
AG  55 (47,4)  59 (50,4)         
GG  19 (16,4)  25 (21,4)         
AG+GG  55 (47,4)+19 (16,4)  59 (50,4)+25 (21,4)  1,709  1,445  0,831‐2,511  0,191 
Alelos             
139 (59,9)  125 (53,4)  2,001  1,303  0,902‐1,881  0,157 
93 (40,1)  109 (46,6)  2,001  0,767  0,531‐1,108  0,157 
Vitiligo ativo             
AA  20 (40,8)  33 (28,2)  3,135      0,209 
AG  18 (36,7)  59 (50,4)         
GG  11 (22,5)  25 (21,4)         
AG+GG  18 (36,7)+11 (22,5)  59 (50,4)+25 (21,4)  2,527  1,756  0,874‐3,527  0,112 
Alelos             
58 (59,2)  125 (53,4)  0,928  1,264  0,784‐2,039  0,335 
40 (40,8)  109 (46,6)  0,928  0,791  0,491‐1,275  0,335 
Vitiligo estável             
AA  22 (32,8)  33 (28,2)  2,605      0,272 
AG  37 (55,2)  59 (50,4)         
GG  8 (12,0)  25 (21,4)         
AG+GG  37 (55,2)+8 (12,0)  59 (50,4)+25 (21,4)  0,436  1,244  0,650‐2,382  0,509 
Alelos             
81 (60,4)  125 (53,4)  1,708  1,333  0,866‐2,051  0,191 
53 (39,6)  109 (46,6)  1,708  0,750  0,488‐1,155  0,191 
Vitiligo vulgar             
AA  37(36,6)  33 (28,2)  1,947      0,378 
AG  47 (46,5)  59 (50,4)         
GG  17 (16,9)  25 (21,4)         
AG+GG  47 (46,5)+17 (16,9)  59 (50,4)+25 (21,4)  1,767  1,472  0,831‐2,605  0,184 
Alelos             
121 (59,9)  125 (53,4)  1,853  1,303  0,890‐1,907  0,173 
81 (40,1)  109 (46,6)  1,853  0,768  0,525‐1,124  0,173 
Todos os tipos de vitiligo  rs3087243           
AA  26 (22,4)  20 (17,1)  1,488      0,475 
AG  59 (50,9)  59 (50,4)         
GG  31(26,7)  38 (32,5)         
AG+GG  59 (50,9)+31 (26,7)  59 (50,4)+38 (32,5)  1,040  1,401  0,732‐2,683  0,308 
Alelos             
111 (47,8)  99 (42,3)  1,443  1,251  0,868‐1,803  0,230 
121 (52,2)  135 (57,7)  1,443  0,799  0,555‐1,152  0,230 
Vitiligo ativo             
AA  13 (26,5)  20 (17,1)  1,995      0,369 
AG  21 (42,9)  59 (50,4)         
GG  15 (30,6)  38 (32,5)         
AG+GG  21 (42,9)+15 (30,6)  59 (50,4)+38 (32,5)  1,931  1,751  0,790‐3,883  0,165 
Alelos             
47 (48,0)  99 (42,3)  0,895  1,257  0,783‐2,018  0,344 
51 (52,0)  135 (57,7)  0,895  0,796  0,496‐1,278  0,344 
Vitiligo estável             
AA  13 (19,4)  20 (17,1)  1,519      0,469 
AG  38 (56,7)  59 (50,4)         
GG  16 (23,9)  38 (32,5)         
AG+GG  38 (56,7)+16 (23,9)  59 (50,4)+38 (32,5)  0,154  1,168  0,539‐2,531  0,694 
Alelos             
64 (47,8)  99 (42,3)  1,027  1,247  0,814‐1,911  0,311 
70 (52,2)  135 (57,7)  1,027  0,802  0,523‐1,229  0,311 
Vitiligo vulgar             
AA  21 (20,8)  20 (17,1)  1,039      0,595 
AG  53 (52,5)  59 (50,4)         
GG  27 (26,7)  38 (32,5)         
AG+GG  53 (52,5)+27 (26,7)  59 (50,4)+38 (32,5)  0,486  1,273  0,645‐2,513  0,486 
Alelos             
95 (47,0)  99 (42,3)  0,979  1,211  0,829‐1,769  0,322 
107 (53,0)  135 (57,7)  0,979  0,826  0,565‐1,207  0,322 
Tabela 4.

Correlação entre os polimorfismos do gene CTLA4+49A/G (rs231775) e CT60 (rs3087243) com a atividade de vitiligo, história familiar, história pessoal de doenças autoimunes e sexo

  +49A/G (rs231775)CT60 (rs3087243)
  AA  AG  GG  p‐valor  AA  AG  GG  p‐valor 
Atividade do vitiligo                0,335 
Ativo  20  18  11  0,108  13  21  15   
Estável  22  37  08    13  38  16   
História familiar de vitiligo                0,617 
Sim  20  24  11  0,562  12  26  17   
Não  22  31  08    14  33  14   
História pessoal de doenças autoimunes                0,802 
Sim  17  19  11  0,202  12  23  12   
Não  25  36  08    14  36  19   
Sexo                0,695 
Feminino  20  31  11  0,634  12  33  17   
Masculino  22  24  08    14  26  14   
Discussão

O vitiligo é uma doença complexa, na qual os melanócitos são destruídos progressiva e seletivamente.14 Múltiplos fatores internos e externos têm sido associados ao desenvolvimento do vitiligo, incluindo alterações autoimunes, fatores genéticos, trauma epidérmico, estresse emocional e infecções, entre outros fatores de risco, que podem agir independentemente uns dos outros ou em combinação.2,15 Além disso, acredita‐se que o vitiligo possa ter padrão de herança não mendeliana, penetrância incompleta, múltiplos loci de suscetibilidade e heterogeneidade genética.16

O vitiligo tem sido associado a múltiplas variantes genéticas, muitas das quais estão envolvidas nas vias da resposta imune, principalmente em relação às regiões gênicas de classe I e classe II do antígeno leucocitário humano (HLA, do inglês human leukocyte antigen) do complexo principal de histocompatibilidade (MHC, do inglês major histocompatibility complex) e genes candidatos não MHC.17 Em relação a esses últimos, o gene CTLA4 codifica um correceptor de células T expresso por células T CD4+e CD8+, que está envolvido na ativação de células T; além disso, esse correceptor é um regulador negativo crítico da resposta das células T, desempenhando assim papel de proteção essencial contra a autoimunidade.18 A resposta autoimune mediada pelas células T CD8+é fundamental durante o processo de despigmentação do vitiligo, pois essas células são diretamente responsáveis pela destruição dos melanócitos, criando as áreas de despigmentação da pele típicas da doença.3

A associação entre as variantes do gene CTLA4+49G/A e CT60 e o desenvolvimento de diferentes doenças autoimunes foi sugerida anteriormente.19,20 Entretanto, os resultados foram inconsistentes em doenças dermatológicas; por exemplo, em casos de psoríase, sua participação ou falta de influência foi relatada.21 Uma condição semelhante foi observada durante o desenvolvimento da alopecia areata (AA), na qual um estudo de associação anterior propôs o envolvimento de polimorfismos do CTLA4 como fator de risco em seu desenvolvimento em uma população europeia;22 no entanto, outro estudo revelou que esses polimorfismos eram irrelevantes para o desenvolvimento dessa doença em uma população mexicana.9

Na América Latina, as variantes genéticas do CTLA4 só foram correlacionadas com o desenvolvimento de obesidade no nordeste do Brasil,23 diabetes mellitus tipo 1 no Chile,24 desenvolvimento do inibidor do FVIII em pacientes com hemofilia tipo A (HA) na Argentina,25 leishmaniose cutânea difusa na Venezuela26 e vírus da hepatite C27 e artrite reumatoide no México.28

Embora a participação, ou falta de influência, de ambos os polimorfismos genéticos tenha sido relatada para o vitiligo, um estudo de metanálise, incluindo 1.252 casos em quatro populações europeias, três asiáticas e duas turcas revelou que a variante do gene CTLA4 CT60 A/G confere suscetibilidade ao vitiligo apenas na população europeia.10

Em estudos anteriores, observamos o papel de variantes genéticas do TNF‐α29 e PTPN22 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0365059620300921 ‐ bib0195)30 como fatores de risco no desenvolvimento de formas ativas de vitiligo em população mexicana. Ambos os genes estão relacionados com a regulação de mecanismos imunológicos. No entanto, a influência das variantes do gene CTLA4 no desenvolvimento do vitiligo não foi analisada em pacientes mexicanos. Talvez sem surpresa, este estudo não mostrou diferença significante na presença dos polimorfismos rs231775 ou rs3087243 na correlação com o desenvolvimento de vitiligo, sugerindo que essas variantes genéticas não constituem fator de risco para a doença em população do nordeste mexicano.

Conclusão

As variantes do gene CTLA4 rs231775 e rs3087243 não constituem fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de vitiligo na população do nordeste mexicano. Além disso, essas variantes genéticas não têm correlação com a história pessoal de doenças autoimunes, história familiar de vitiligo ou o sexo dos pacientes.

Suporte financeiro

Nenhum.

Contribuição dos autores

Mauricio Salinas‐Santander: Concepção, desenho e planejamento do estudo; obtenção, análise e interpretação dos dados; redação do manuscrito; revisão crítica da literatura e revisão crítica do manuscrito; aprovação da versão final do manuscrito.

Víctor Suárez‐Valencia: Análise e interpretação dos dados; redação do manuscrito; revisão crítica da literatura e revisão crítica do manuscrito; aprovação da versão final do manuscrito.

Mayela del Ángel‐Martínez: Interpretação dos dados; redação do manuscrito; revisão crítica da literatura e revisão crítica do manuscrito; aprovação da versão final do manuscrito.

David Kubelis‐Lopez: Interpretação dos dados; revisão crítica do manuscrito; aprovação da versão final do manuscrito.

Natalia Zapata‐Salazar: Interpretação dos dados; revisão crítica do manuscrito; aprovação da versão final do manuscrito.

Jorge Ocampo‐Garza: Revisão crítica do manuscrito; aprovação da versão final do manuscrito.

Jorge Ocampo‐Candiani: Revisão crítica do manuscrito; aprovação da versão final do manuscrito.

Conflito de interesses

Nenhum.

Agradecimentos

Os autores expressam sua gratidão aos participantes deste estudo. Agradecimentos ao Dr. Daniel Díaz por sua gentil assistência na edição e revisão deste manuscrito.

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Como citar este artigo: Salinas‐Santander MA, Suárez‐Valencia VJ, del Ángel‐Martínez M, Kubelis‐Lopez DE, Zapata‐Salazar NA, Ocampo‐Garza JA, et al. Association between the CTLA4+49A/G (rs231775) and CT60 (rs3087243) gene variants with vitiligo: Study on a Mexican population. An Bras Dermatol. 2022;97:710–5.

Trabalho realizado no Departamento de Dermatologia, Dr. José E. González University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México.

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