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and ulcers that may often resemble <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sporothrix</span> infections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Zoonotic transmission is rarely reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 63-year-old female presented with a history of a 2-month enlarging nodule over the medial aspect of the thigh after suffering a street dog bite&#46; She was previously treated with clindamycin 300&#160;mg TID for 21 days without improvement&#46; On examination&#44; there were 3 ulcerated&#44; purulent gummas over an erythematous&#44; warm&#44; tender&#44; fluctuating area of the thigh &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; No adenomegalies were found&#46; Samples were taken from the secretion for microbiological and molecular biology studies&#46; Gram stain&#44; KOH smear&#44; and Sabouraud culture were negative&#46; Acid-fast bacilli were identified on the Ziehl-Nielsen stain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Creamy&#44; white&#44; cerebriform colonies grew on Lowenstein Jensen culture &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41; and with the identification of 1&#41; PCR-RFLP &#40;polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism&#41; of the gyrB and hsp65 genes with the digestion of the RsaI&#44; TaqI or Sac II enzymes and HhaI enzyme respectively and 2&#41; Multi-primer PCR to detect the absence or the presence of the RD9 and RD1 regions confirmed M&#46; abscessus&#46;The patient received amikacin 1&#160;g IM daily for 2 weeks in two cycles plus clarithromycin 500&#160;mg BID for 4 months&#44; showing a favorable clinical response &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NTM comprise a heterogenous group of acid-fast bacilli that are further classified according to their growth speed&#44; morphology&#44; and pigmentation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> They were first described in 1931 by Pinners&#44; and there are now more than 200 reported species&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; abscessus</span> is associated with a wide spectrum of dermatological lesions that include cellulitis&#44; abscesses&#44; papules&#44; pustules&#44; fistulae&#44; ulcers&#44; necrotic lesions&#44; and subcutaneous nodules that can resemble <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sporothrix</span> lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wounds by animal bites are typically caused by domestic dogs&#44; which harbor a diverse oral microbiota that includes facultative and obligate anaerobes&#46; Such diversity depends on the age&#44; feeding&#44; and oral health of the canine&#44; among other factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> There are scant reports of zoonotic transmission of NTM infection after canine bites in both humans<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a> and dogs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;9</span></a> In humans&#44; only the upper extremity has been reported to be affected with either <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; fortuitum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; kansasii</span>&#44; or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; chelonae</span>&#46; In canines&#44; only <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; fortuitum</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; smegmatis</span> infection have been documented&#46; To the best of our knowledge&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; abscessus</span> transmission has not been previously reported&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of NTM infection includes direct microscopy&#44; culture in a selective medium&#44; biochemical testing&#44; chromatography&#44; and molecular biology techniques&#59; the latter being the preferred method&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unfortunately&#44; the treatment is not well established&#46; However&#44; antibiotic combination therapy and surgical drainage of the lesions is strongly recommended&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a> The choice of antibiotics usually involves clarithromycin or azithromycin plus amikacin&#44; cefoxitin&#44; or imipenem for severe infections&#46; Treatment duration may span from 3 to 6 months&#46; There are no clinical studies that compare different treatment schemes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conclusion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among all infectious agents that may cause disease after a canine bite&#44; NTM is some of the most therapeutically challenging&#46; The oral cavity of dogs may be colonized by NTM as a commensal pathogen and canines should therefore be considered a possible vector&#46; Since the clinical presentation of sporotrichosis may be undistinguishable from NTM lesions&#44; we emphasize the need to run all appropriate microbiological tests available that include acid-fast bacilli detection&#44; apart from ordinary smears and cultures&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Financial support</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patricia Guadalupe Mendoza-Del Toro&#58; Critical literature review&#44; preparation and writing of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Arturo Robles-Tenorio&#58; Manuscript critical review&#44; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic management of studied cases&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">V&#237;ctor Manuel Tarango-Mart&#237;nez&#58; Critical literature review&#44; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic management of studied cases&#44; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Author&#59; year&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Host&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comorbity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Affected area&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type of infection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Agent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ariel et al&#59; 1983&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&#44; 55 years old&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hand&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Granulomatous synosivitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium fortuitum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Southern&#59; 2004<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&#44; 68 years old&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diabetes mellitus type 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hand&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tenosinovitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium kansasii</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Minato et&#46; al&#46;&#44; 2021<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male&#44; 77 years old&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hand&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tenosinovitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium chelonae</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fox et al&#46;&#44; 1995<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Canine&#44; male&#44; 15 months old&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Neck and trunk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Subcutaneous infection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium fortuitum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Malik et al&#46;&#44; 2004<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Canine&#44; female&#44; 4 years old&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Obese&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pyoderma panicullitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium smegmatis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Malik et al&#46; 2004<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Canine&#44; female&#44; 5 years old&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Obese&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Trunk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pyoderma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium smegmatis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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Journal Information
Vol. 99. Issue 1.
Pages 145-147 (1 January 2024)
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3877
Vol. 99. Issue 1.
Pages 145-147 (1 January 2024)
Letter - Tropical/Infectious and parasitic dermatology
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Mycobacterium abscessus sporotrichoid infection after a dog bite
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3877
Patricia Guadalupe Mendoza-Del Toro (Patricia)a,
Corresponding author
patricia_2495@outlook.com

Corresponding author.
, Arturo Robles-Tenorio (Arturo)b, Víctor Manuel Tarango-Martínez (Victor)a
a Department of Dermatology, Dermatological Institute of Jalisco “Dr. José Barba Rubio”, Secretariat of Salud Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
b Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
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Table 1. Cases of non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection after dog bites in humans and canines
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Dear Editor,

The terms “atypical mycobacteria” or “non-tuberculous mycobacteria” (NTM) refer to a group of mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae.1,2 NTM are ubiquitous organisms that can resist extreme temperature conditions.1,2M. abscessus is a fast-growing atypical mycobacterium that can cause cutaneous lesions and disseminated infections, typically after skin trauma.2 Dermatological manifestations include nodules, abscesses, and ulcers that may often resemble Sporothrix infections.1 Zoonotic transmission is rarely reported.3

Case report

A 63-year-old female presented with a history of a 2-month enlarging nodule over the medial aspect of the thigh after suffering a street dog bite. She was previously treated with clindamycin 300 mg TID for 21 days without improvement. On examination, there were 3 ulcerated, purulent gummas over an erythematous, warm, tender, fluctuating area of the thigh (Fig. 1). No adenomegalies were found. Samples were taken from the secretion for microbiological and molecular biology studies. Gram stain, KOH smear, and Sabouraud culture were negative. Acid-fast bacilli were identified on the Ziehl-Nielsen stain (Fig. 2). Creamy, white, cerebriform colonies grew on Lowenstein Jensen culture (Fig. 3) and with the identification of 1) PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) of the gyrB and hsp65 genes with the digestion of the RsaI, TaqI or Sac II enzymes and HhaI enzyme respectively and 2) Multi-primer PCR to detect the absence or the presence of the RD9 and RD1 regions confirmed M. abscessus.The patient received amikacin 1 g IM daily for 2 weeks in two cycles plus clarithromycin 500 mg BID for 4 months, showing a favorable clinical response (Fig. 4).

Figure 1.

Three ulcerated, purulent, gummas affecting the thigh

(0.12MB).
Figure 2.

Abundant acid-fast bacili can be observed with Ziehl-Neelsen stain

(0.1MB).
Figure 3.

M. abscessus colonies grew in Lowenstein Jensen culture after 7 days

(0.03MB).
Figure 4.

Favorable clinical response

(0.1MB).

NTM comprise a heterogenous group of acid-fast bacilli that are further classified according to their growth speed, morphology, and pigmentation.1 They were first described in 1931 by Pinners, and there are now more than 200 reported species.3M. abscessus is associated with a wide spectrum of dermatological lesions that include cellulitis, abscesses, papules, pustules, fistulae, ulcers, necrotic lesions, and subcutaneous nodules that can resemble Sporothrix lesions.2,3

Wounds by animal bites are typically caused by domestic dogs, which harbor a diverse oral microbiota that includes facultative and obligate anaerobes. Such diversity depends on the age, feeding, and oral health of the canine, among other factors.4 There are scant reports of zoonotic transmission of NTM infection after canine bites in both humans5–7 and dogs8,9 (Table 1).5–9 In humans, only the upper extremity has been reported to be affected with either M. fortuitum, M. kansasii, or M. chelonae. In canines, only M. fortuitum and M. smegmatis infection have been documented. To the best of our knowledge, M. abscessus transmission has not been previously reported.

Table 1.

Cases of non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection after dog bites in humans and canines

Author; year  Host  Comorbity  Affected area  Type of infection  Agent 
Ariel et al; 1983.5  Male, 55 years old  None  Hand  Granulomatous synosivitis  Mycobacterium fortuitum 
Southern; 20046  Male, 68 years old  Diabetes mellitus type 2  Hand  Tenosinovitis  Mycobacterium kansasii 
Minato et. al., 20217  Male, 77 years old  None  Hand  Tenosinovitis  Mycobacterium chelonae 
Fox et al., 19958  Canine, male, 15 months old  None  Neck and trunk  Subcutaneous infection  Mycobacterium fortuitum 
Malik et al., 20049  Canine, female, 4 years old  Obese  Neck  Pyoderma panicullitis  Mycobacterium smegmatis 
Malik et al. 20049  Canine, female, 5 years old  Obese  Trunk  Pyoderma  Mycobacterium smegmatis 

The diagnosis of NTM infection includes direct microscopy, culture in a selective medium, biochemical testing, chromatography, and molecular biology techniques; the latter being the preferred method.10

Unfortunately, the treatment is not well established. However, antibiotic combination therapy and surgical drainage of the lesions is strongly recommended.1,3 The choice of antibiotics usually involves clarithromycin or azithromycin plus amikacin, cefoxitin, or imipenem for severe infections. Treatment duration may span from 3 to 6 months. There are no clinical studies that compare different treatment schemes.2

Conclusion

Among all infectious agents that may cause disease after a canine bite, NTM is some of the most therapeutically challenging. The oral cavity of dogs may be colonized by NTM as a commensal pathogen and canines should therefore be considered a possible vector. Since the clinical presentation of sporotrichosis may be undistinguishable from NTM lesions, we emphasize the need to run all appropriate microbiological tests available that include acid-fast bacilli detection, apart from ordinary smears and cultures.

Financial support

None declared.

Authors' contributions

Patricia Guadalupe Mendoza-Del Toro: Critical literature review, preparation and writing of the manuscript.

Arturo Robles-Tenorio: Manuscript critical review, intellectual participation in propaedeutic and/or therapeutic management of studied cases.

Víctor Manuel Tarango-Martínez: Critical literature review, intellectual participation in propaedeutic and/or therapeutic management of studied cases, approval of the final version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

None declared.

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Study conducted at the Dermatological Institute of Jalisco “Dr. José Barba Rubio”, Secretariat of Salud Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, México.

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