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dilata&#231;&#227;o dos vasos linf&#225;ticos d&#233;rmicos e linfederma em casos de pilomatrixoma bolhoso&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> At&#233; o momento&#44; apenas alguns casos espor&#225;dicos de pilomatrixoma bolhoso foram publicados como relatos de caso&#44; com revis&#227;o da literatura&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;9&#44;11&#8211;19</span></a> A compreens&#227;o limitada das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicopatol&#243;gicas dificulta o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e o tratamento adequados&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diversas teorias foram propostas para explicar a origem do pilomatrixoma do tipo bolhoso&#46; Foram implicados como fatores desencadeantes&#58; irrita&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica&#59; obstru&#231;&#227;o dos vasos linf&#225;ticos e congest&#227;o do fluido linf&#225;tico causada pela press&#227;o do n&#250;cleo do pilomatrixoma&#59; e libera&#231;&#227;o de enzimas elastol&#237;ticas pelas c&#233;lulas tumorais ou infiltra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias que induzem a ruptura das fibras de col&#225;geno e dilata&#231;&#227;o dos vasos linf&#225;ticos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar novas caracter&#237;sticas&#44; incluindo hist&#243;rico de trauma&#44; tamanho do n&#243;dulo tumoral&#44; dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e fatores angiog&#234;nicos&#47;linfangiog&#234;nicos ou enzimas proteol&#237;ticas no pilomatrixoma bolhoso&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram avaliadas as caracter&#237;sticas clinicopatol&#243;gicas e imuno&#8208;histoqu&#237;micas de 12 pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso e tamb&#233;m o desenvolvimento da morfologia bolhosa&#46; Este &#233; o primeiro estudo abrangente a analisar casos de pilomatrixoma bolhoso diagnosticados em um &#250;nico centro na Rep&#250;blica da Coreia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Pacientes</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Um total de 12 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de pilomatrixoma bolhoso foi estudado retrospectivamente no Jeonbuk National University Hospital entre janeiro de 2009 e maio de 2018&#46; 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eosina &#40;H&#38;E&#41;&#44; el&#225;stica &#40;Roche&#44; Basel&#44; Su&#237;&#231;a&#41; e el&#225;stica&#8208;van Gieson &#40;EVG&#44; Muto&#44; T&#243;quio&#44; Jap&#227;o&#41;&#46; Dois dermatopatologistas avaliaram os seguintes dados histopatol&#243;gicos na colora&#231;&#227;o de H&#38;E de todas as amostras biopsiadas&#58; caracter&#237;sticas do tumor &#40;est&#225;gio cronol&#243;gico&#44; epit&#233;lio escamoso&#44; epit&#233;lio basaloide&#44; c&#233;lulas transicionais&#44; c&#233;lulas sombra&#44; infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio&#44; c&#233;lulas gigantes&#44; calcifica&#231;&#227;o e mitoses&#41; e altera&#231;&#245;es d&#233;rmicas &#40;dilata&#231;&#227;o de vasos linf&#225;ticos e sangu&#237;neos&#44; aumento do n&#250;mero de vasos linf&#225;ticos e sangu&#237;neos&#44; edema&#44; aumento do espa&#231;o intersticial&#44; escassez e rompimento de fibras col&#225;genas e escassez de fibras el&#225;sticas&#41;&#46; Os est&#225;gios cronol&#243;gicos foram categorizados histopatologicamente em inicial&#44; totalmente desenvolvido&#44; regressivo precoce e regressivo tardio&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> A les&#227;o inicial &#40;est&#225;gio 1&#41; era um pequeno cisto revestido por epit&#233;lio escamoso e basaloide contendo filamentos de queratina e c&#233;lulas sombra&#46; A les&#227;o totalmente desenvolvida &#40;est&#225;gio 2&#41; era uma grande massa de tecido c&#243;rneo eosinof&#237;lico contendo c&#233;lulas sombra com revestimento perif&#233;rico de epit&#233;lio basaloide&#46; Les&#245;es regressivas precoces &#40;est&#225;gio 3&#41; mostravam infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio com c&#233;lulas gigantes histioc&#237;ticas multinucleadas&#46; Na periferia havia pequenos focos de c&#233;lulas basaloides&#46; A les&#227;o regressiva tardia &#40;est&#225;gio 4&#41; era composta por massa confluente de matriz folicular eosinof&#237;lica&#44; de formato irregular&#44; e c&#233;lulas sombra com graus variados de calcifica&#231;&#227;o e ossifica&#231;&#227;o&#46; Estava rodeada por estroma hialinizado e escler&#243;tico&#46; Nesse est&#225;gio o infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio era escasso ou ausente&#46; Quando dois ou mais est&#225;gios eram observados simultaneamente&#44; o est&#225;gio com caracter&#237;sticas dominantes era selecionado&#46; A determina&#231;&#227;o dos achados histopatol&#243;gicos d&#233;rmicos&#44; referentes &#224;s fibras col&#225;genas e el&#225;sticas&#44; foi avaliada na colora&#231;&#227;o el&#225;stica e EVG em todas as amostras&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Achados imuno&#8208;histoqu&#237;micos</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A imuno&#8208;marca&#231;&#227;o foi realizada em cortes do tecido emblocado em parafina&#44; de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante e protocolos laboratoriais estabelecidos&#46; Foram utilizados os seguintes anticorpos prim&#225;rios&#58; CD31 &#40;Dako&#44; Glostrup&#44; Dinamarca&#59; dilui&#231;&#227;o 1&#58;1000&#41;&#44; CD34 &#40;Roche&#44; Basel&#44; Su&#237;&#231;a&#59; RTU&#41;&#44; D2&#8208;40 &#40;Roche&#44; Basel&#44; Su&#237;&#231;a&#59; RTU&#41;&#44; MMP&#8208;2 &#40;Abcam&#44; Cambridge&#44; Reino Unido&#59; ab97779&#59; dilui&#231;&#227;o 1&#58;1000&#41;&#44; MMP&#8208;9 &#40;Abcam&#44; Cambridge&#44; Reino Unido&#59; ab137867&#59; dilui&#231;&#227;o 1&#58;2000&#41;&#44; VEGFR&#8208;3 &#40;Abcam&#44; Cambridge&#44; Reino Unido&#59; ab27278&#59; dilui&#231;&#227;o 1&#58;100&#41; e VEGF&#8208;C &#40;Abcam&#44; Cambridge&#44; Reino Unido&#59; ab9546&#59; dilui&#231;&#227;o 1&#58;100&#41;&#46; Os achados histopatol&#243;gicos d&#233;rmicos da vasculatura linf&#225;tica e sangu&#237;nea foram avaliados por dois dermatopatologistas em todas as amostras usando CD31&#44; CD34 e D2&#8208;40&#46; Dois dermatopatologistas tamb&#233;m avaliaram a imunorreatividade de MMP&#8208;2&#44; MMP&#8208;9&#44; VEGFR&#8208;3 e VEGF&#8208;C usando o escore H&#44; que avalia tanto a intensidade da colora&#231;&#227;o quanto a fra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas coradas em cada intensidade&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> A intensidade da colora&#231;&#227;o recebeu em escore de &#8220;0&#8221; para nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de marca&#231;&#227;o&#44; &#8220;1&#43;&#8221; para imunomarca&#231;&#227;o fraca&#44; vis&#237;vel em grande aumento&#44; &#8220;2&#43;&#8221; para imunomarca&#231;&#227;o moderada&#44; &#8220;3&#43;&#8221; para imunomarca&#231;&#227;o forte e vis&#237;vel em pequeno aumento&#46; A porcentagem de c&#233;lulas coradas &#40;0&#37; a 100&#37;&#41; em cada intensidade de imunomarca&#231;&#227;o foi determinada visualmente&#46; O escore H foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula&#58; 0&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;porcentagem de c&#233;lulas &#8220;0&#8221;&#41; &#43; 1&#215; &#40;porcentagem de c&#233;lulas &#8220;1&#43;&#8221;&#41; &#43; 2&#215; &#40;porcentagem de c&#233;lulas &#8220;2&#43;&#8221;&#41; &#43; 3&#215;&#40;porcentagens de c&#233;lulas &#8220;3&#43;&#8221;&#41;&#44; com intervalo de 0 a 300&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">An&#225;lise comparativa entre pilomatrixoma bolhoso e comum</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para investigar de maneira abrangente as diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre pilomatrixoma bolhoso e comum&#44; foram analisados 159 casos de 150 pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum comprovado por biopsia durante o mesmo per&#237;odo no JBNUH&#46; Cinco pacientes apresentaram duas les&#245;es&#59; um paciente apresentou tr&#234;s les&#245;es de pilomatrixoma e dois pacientes apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia&#46; Para analisar as caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas e imuno&#8208;histopatol&#243;gicas da derme e do tumor&#44; foram exclu&#237;dos 143 casos de esp&#233;cimes de pilomatrixoma comum&#58; 1&#41; amostra de tumor biopsiada por enuclea&#231;&#227;o sem tecido d&#233;rmico ou 2&#41; amostra mal orientada e insuficiente para avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas da transforma&#231;&#227;o bolhosa na derme&#46; Foram avaliadas as caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas e imuno&#8208;histopatol&#243;gicas de 16 pilomatrixomas comuns completamente excisados&#44; incluindo epiderme&#44; derme e tumor&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando SPSS vers&#227;o 25 &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; EUA&#41; e R vers&#227;o 4&#46;2&#46;1&#46; Todos os dados cl&#237;nicos e histopatol&#243;gicos foram analisados pelo teste de qui&#8208;quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher&#44; exceto os dados do est&#225;gio cronol&#243;gico&#46; Foi utilizado o teste do qui&#8208;quadrado se as frequ&#234;ncias celulares esperadas &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 fossem inferiores a 20&#37;&#44; e o teste exato de Fisher se as frequ&#234;ncias celulares esperadas &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 fossem superiores a 20&#37;&#46; O teste de qui&#8208;quadrado foi utilizado para analisar os dados referentes a epit&#233;lio escamoso&#44; aumento de vasos linf&#225;ticos&#44; dilata&#231;&#227;o dos vasos sangu&#237;neos&#44; edema&#44; aumento do espa&#231;o intersticial&#44; fibras el&#225;sticas esparsas e fibras col&#225;genas esparsas&#44; enquanto os demais dados foram analisados pelo teste exato de Fisher&#46; Enquanto isso&#44; o est&#225;gio cronol&#243;gico &#40;est&#225;gios&#58; 1&#8211;4&#41; e a imunorreatividade &#40;escore H&#58; 0&#8211;300&#41; foram avaliados usando o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> R&#44; o teste de soma de postos de Wilcoxon&#44; porque suas categorias ordenadas exibiram tend&#234;ncia linear significante&#46; Resultados com valor de p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Achados cl&#237;nicos</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O pilomatrixoma bolhoso n&#227;o apresentou prefer&#234;ncia por g&#234;nero&#44; e o pilomatrixoma comum teve predile&#231;&#227;o pelo g&#234;nero feminino &#40;rela&#231;&#227;o M&#58;F<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#58;1&#44;79&#41;&#46; O pilomatrixoma bolhoso ocorreu predominantemente em pacientes com idade entre 10 e 19 anos &#40;58&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; seguido daqueles com idade entre 50 e 59 anos &#40;25&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#46; Por outro lado&#44; o pilomatrixoma comum ocorreu predominantemente em pacientes com idade de 0 a 9 anos &#40;44&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#44; seguido por pacientes de 10 a 19 anos &#40;31&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#46; As idades m&#233;dias de in&#237;cio foram 31&#44;2 e 15&#44;5 anos para o pilomatrixoma bolhoso e o pilomatrixoma comum&#44; respectivamente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apenas cinco &#40;41&#44;7&#37;&#41; casos de pilomatrixoma bolhoso foram clinicamente diagnosticados como pilomatrixoma&#44; enquanto 66&#37; dos casos de pilomatrixoma comum foram clinicamente diagnosticados como pilomatrixoma&#46; O pilomatrixoma bolhoso foi encontrado com maior frequ&#234;ncia nas extremidades superiores &#40;41&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#44; seguido pelo tronco &#40;25&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#44; enquanto a forma comum foi encontrada com maior frequ&#234;ncia na face &#40;54&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#44; seguida pelas extremidades superiores &#40;22&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pilomatrixoma bolhoso foi detectado em 10&#47;11 &#40;90&#44;9&#37;&#41; pacientes em tr&#234;s meses&#44; e pilomatrixoma comum foi detectado em apenas 43&#47;134 &#40;32&#44;1&#37;&#41; pacientes no mesmo per&#237;odo&#46; O tamanho do pilomatrixoma bolhoso foi maior que 1&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm em todos os 12 pacientes &#40;100&#37;&#41;&#44; enquanto o do pilomatrixoma comum foi menor que 1&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm em 73&#47;159 &#40;52&#44;2&#37;&#41; pacientes&#46; O tamanho m&#233;dio do tumor foi de 1&#44;68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm para o pilomatrixoma bolhoso e 0&#44;99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm para o pilomatrixoma comum&#46; Todos os pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso &#40;8&#47;8&#44; 100&#37;&#41; queixaram&#8208;se de aumento no tamanho do tumor&#46; Quatro pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso tinham hist&#243;rico de trauma no tumor&#44; enquanto isso ocorreu em 18 pacientes com a forma comum &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Achados histopatol&#243;gicos</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados histopatol&#243;gicos do tumor&#44; a diferen&#231;a no est&#225;gio cronol&#243;gico&#44; calcifica&#231;&#227;o e figuras de mitose entre pacientes com ambos os tipos de pilomatrixoma foi estatisticamente significante&#46; Dos 12 pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso&#44; sete &#40;58&#44;3&#37;&#41; e cinco &#40;41&#44;7&#37;&#41; foram diagnosticados nos est&#225;gios cronol&#243;gicos 3 e 2&#44; respectivamente&#46; Dos 16 pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum&#44; 12 &#40;75&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#44; tr&#234;s &#40;18&#44;8&#37;&#41; e um &#40;6&#44;3&#37;&#41; foram diagnosticados nos est&#225;gios 3&#44; 4 e 2&#44; respectivamente&#46; Calcifica&#231;&#227;o e figuras de mitose foram observadas em cinco &#40;41&#44;7&#37;&#41; e oito &#40;66&#44;7&#37;&#41; pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso&#44; respectivamente&#46; Enquanto isso&#44; 14 &#40;87&#44;5&#37;&#41; e tr&#234;s &#40;18&#44;8&#37;&#41; pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum apresentaram calcifica&#231;&#227;o e figuras de mitose&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ao contr&#225;rio do pilomatrixoma comum&#44; quase todos os pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es d&#233;rmicas&#44; incluindo vasos linf&#225;ticos dilatados &#40;66&#44;7&#37;&#41; ou aumentados &#40;100&#37;&#41;&#44; vasos sangu&#237;neos dilatados &#40;83&#44;3&#37;&#41; ou aumentados &#40;100&#37;&#41;&#44; edema d&#233;rmico &#40;100&#37;&#41;&#44; aumento do espa&#231;o intersticial &#40;100&#37;&#41;&#44; fibras el&#225;sticas esparsas &#40;100&#37;&#41;&#44; diminui&#231;&#227;o &#40;100&#37;&#41; e ruptura &#40;66&#44;7&#37;&#41; das fibras col&#225;genas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabela 3</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Achados imuno&#8208;histoqu&#237;micos</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MMP&#8208;2&#44; MMP&#8208;9&#44; VEGFR&#8208;3 e VEGF&#8208;C foram expressos em c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias d&#233;rmicas e c&#233;lulas endoteliais &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Em pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso&#44; as c&#233;lulas positivas para MMP&#8208;2 e MMP&#8208;9 apresentaram escores H mais elevados do que aquelas em pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de VEGFR&#8208;3 e VEGF&#8208;C em pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso foram maiores do que em pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum&#46; As diferen&#231;as na imunorreatividade de MMP&#8208;2&#44; MMP&#8208;9&#44; VEGFR&#8208;3 e VEGF&#8208;C nos grupos bolhoso e comum foram estatisticamente significantes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O pilomatrixoma bolhoso &#233; variante rara do pilomatrixoma que geralmente se apresenta como bolha semitransparente com pregueamento&#44; com n&#243;dulo firme subjacente&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> No presente estudo&#44; 3&#47;5 dos casos de pilomatrixoma bolhoso foram clinicamente diagnosticados erroneamente como outras doen&#231;as antes da confirma&#231;&#227;o histopatol&#243;gica&#44; destacando que a morfologia peculiar do pilomatrixoma bolhoso dificulta o diagn&#243;stico&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; os resultados do presente estudo revelaram que o pilomatrixoma bolhoso tem caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas distintas em termos de idade de in&#237;cio&#44; locais de predile&#231;&#227;o&#44; tamanho do tumor e taxa de crescimento&#44; o que poderia facilitar um diagn&#243;stico adequado&#46; Aproximadamente 60&#37; dos pilomatrixomas se desenvolvem nas primeiras duas d&#233;cadas de vida&#44; principalmente na primeira d&#233;cada&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;23</span></a> e o grupo que tinha a forma comum neste estudo apresentava distribui&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria semelhante&#46; O pilomatrixoma bolhoso neste estudo n&#227;o afetou indiv&#237;duos com menos de 10 anos&#44; e a idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes suscet&#237;veis ao pilomatrixoma bolhoso foi maior do que a dos pacientes suscet&#237;veis ao pilomatricoma comum &#40;31&#44;2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 15&#44;5 anos&#41;&#46; Os locais comuns das les&#245;es de pilomatrixoma s&#227;o tipicamente cabe&#231;a&#44; membros superiores&#44; pesco&#231;o&#44; tronco e membros inferiores&#44; em ordem decrescente de frequ&#234;ncia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;24</span></a> como mostrado em pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum neste estudo&#46; O pilomatrixoma bolhoso apareceu com maior frequ&#234;ncia nas extremidades superiores &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#59; 41&#44;7&#37;&#41; e no tronco&#44; especialmente no ombro &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#59; 25&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Esses resultados s&#227;o consistentes com a revis&#227;o de Chen et al&#46;&#44; na qual 11&#47;16 casos relatados de pilomatrixoma bolhoso foram encontrados no ombro ou na parte superior do bra&#231;o&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Neste estudo&#44; o pilomatrixoma bolhoso apresentou clinicamente menor tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o do tumor&#44; maior tamanho do tumor e aumento no tamanho do tumor em compara&#231;&#227;o com o pilomatrixoma comum&#46; A forma bolhosa revelou histopatologicamente est&#225;gio cronol&#243;gico mais precoce&#44; menos calcifica&#231;&#227;o e mais figuras de mitose que a forma comum&#46; Esses resultados sugerem que o pilomatrixoma bolhoso atinge mais de 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm de tamanho em per&#237;odo relativamente curto&#46; Assim&#44; o diagn&#243;stico precoce e as decis&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas s&#227;o cruciais para o manejo da forma bolhosa&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O pilomatrixoma bolhoso foi chamado de pilomatrixoma pseudobolhoso em alguns estudos na literatura porque os espa&#231;os semelhantes a bolhas s&#227;o preenchidos por l&#237;quido linf&#225;tico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Neste estudo&#44; o pilomatrixoma bolhoso apresentou degrada&#231;&#227;o do tecido conjuntivo e desenvolvimento da vasculariza&#231;&#227;o na derme&#44; enquanto a forma comum apresentou apenas altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas m&#237;nimas na vasculariza&#231;&#227;o d&#233;rmica&#46; Essas caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas d&#233;rmicas distintas foram consistentes com sua morfologia bolhosa que constituem&#44; mais precisamente&#44; altera&#231;&#245;es pseudobolhosas&#46; As prote&#237;nas da fam&#237;lia MMP podem degradar proteoliticamente a matriz extracelular e facilitar a migra&#231;&#227;o celular&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Diversos estudos demonstraram que as MMPs est&#227;o envolvidas no desenvolvimento da elast&#243;lise da derme m&#233;dia e da neoangiog&#234;nese&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#8211;28</span></a> Um estudo recente demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre a express&#227;o de MMP&#8208;9 e 12 e tr&#234;s casos de pilomatrixoma tipo bolhoso&#47;anetod&#233;rmico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Assim&#44; foi avaliada a express&#227;o de MMP&#8208;2 e MMP&#8208;9&#44; da fam&#237;lia das gelatinases&#44; que foram altamente expressas nas c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias d&#233;rmicas do pilomatrixoma bolhoso&#46; Sup&#245;e&#8208;se que essas prote&#237;nas facilitem a degrada&#231;&#227;o das fibras de col&#225;geno e elastina e&#44; consequentemente&#44; o crescimento tumoral do pilomatrixoma bolhoso&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O papel principal do sistema linf&#225;tico &#233; manter a homeostase dos fluidos teciduais&#44; cuja disfun&#231;&#227;o pode resultar em linfedema e linfangiog&#234;nese patol&#243;gica&#44; causando inflama&#231;&#227;o e met&#225;stase tumoral&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span></a> O VEGFR&#8208;3 e seu ligante&#44; VEGF&#8208;C&#44; s&#227;o potentes indutores do desenvolvimento vascular linf&#225;tico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Este estudo mostrou que a express&#227;o de VEGFR&#8208;3 e VEGF&#8208;C foi significantemente maior nas c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias d&#233;rmicas e no endot&#233;lio vascular no pilomatrixoma bolhoso do que na forma comum&#46; Este &#233; o primeiro estudo sobre a express&#227;o de VEGF&#8208;C e VEGFR&#8208;3 em pilomatrixoma bolhoso&#46; &#201; importante investigar melhor se a linfangiog&#234;nese induzida por VEGF&#8208;C e VEGFR&#8208;3 em pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso est&#225; associada a resposta inflamat&#243;ria d&#233;rmica e&#47;ou progress&#227;o tumoral&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diversas teorias foram propostas para explicar a origem do pilomatrixoma bolhoso&#46; Inui et al&#46; sugeriram que irrita&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica pode resultar na forma&#231;&#227;o do pilomatrixoma bolhoso&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> entretanto&#44; neste estudo&#44; apenas quatro pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso apresentavam hist&#243;rico de trauma&#44; e nenhum dos 18 pacientes com a forma comum que sofreram acidente traum&#225;tico desenvolveu tumores bolhosos&#46; De acordo com Chen et al&#46;&#44; uma hist&#243;ria de co&#231;adura mec&#226;nica local foi relatada em apenas dois de 16 casos de pilomatrixoma bolhoso&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Enquanto isso&#44; a preval&#234;ncia da forma bolhosa nas extremidades superiores e nos bra&#231;os implica alta probabilidade de exposi&#231;&#227;o a traumas&#44; e os pacientes podem ter esquecido os eventos traum&#225;ticos com intensidade fraca&#44; como o atrito&#46; Portanto&#44; a teoria que prop&#245;e uma transforma&#231;&#227;o bolhosa do pilomatrixoma comum induzida por irrita&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica requer valida&#231;&#227;o adicional&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al&#233;m disso&#44; foi sugerido que press&#227;o adicional na parte central do pilomatrixoma ou na &#225;rea de crescimento do n&#243;dulo tumoral pode bloquear os vasos linf&#225;ticos e causar vazamento de fluido linf&#225;tico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> Foi ainda sugerido que o tumor e&#47;ou c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias secretam enzimas elastol&#237;ticas que degradam a matriz extracelular&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;9</span></a> Neste estudo&#44; altera&#231;&#245;es bolhosas n&#227;o foram observadas em 26 pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum com dura&#231;&#227;o maior do que um ano e em 76 pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum de tamanho maior que 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46; No geral&#44; o pilomatrixoma bolhoso pode ocorrer a partir da libera&#231;&#227;o d&#233;rmica de MMPs&#44; VEGFR&#8208;3 e VEGF&#8208;C&#44; e n&#227;o por altera&#231;&#227;o degenerativa induzida por est&#237;mulo traum&#225;tico ou pela press&#227;o crescente ou duradoura do n&#243;dulo tumoral&#44; embora sejam necess&#225;rios estudos adicionais&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo revelou que o pilomatrixoma bolhoso &#233; clinicamente caracterizado por tumor de crescimento r&#225;pido atingindo tamanho maior que 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; com predile&#231;&#227;o pela extremidade superior e ombro em pacientes idosos e histopatologicamente sendo constitu&#237;do por tecido conjuntivo d&#233;rmico frouxo com aumento da vasculariza&#231;&#227;o&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com o pilomatrixoma comum&#46; &#201; prov&#225;vel que essas caracter&#237;sticas clinicopatol&#243;gicas distintas estejam associadas &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o d&#233;rmica de MMPs&#44; VEGFR&#8208;3 e VEGFR&#8208;C&#46; Embora sejam necess&#225;rias investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais com uma coorte maior&#44; o presente estudo pode melhorar a compreens&#227;o da patog&#234;nese e auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento do pilomatrixoma bolhoso&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Suporte financeiro</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Status de aprova&#231;&#227;o do CEP</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Revisado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; 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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Fundamentos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O pilomatrixoma bolhoso &#233; variante rara do pilomatrixoma&#46; Por ter sido publicado na forma de relatos de casos espor&#225;dicos&#44; a compreens&#227;o limitada de suas caracter&#237;sticas clinicopatol&#243;gicas restringe seu diagn&#243;stico e tratamento eficazes&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as caracter&#237;sticas clinicopatol&#243;gicas e imuno&#8208;histoqu&#237;micas do pilomatrixoma bolhoso para melhor compreender sua transforma&#231;&#227;o bolhosa&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de 12 pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso e comparados seus dados cl&#237;nicos&#44; histopatol&#243;gicos e imuno&#8208;histoqu&#237;micos com os de pacientes com a forma comum&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O pilomatrixoma bolhoso n&#227;o apresentou prefer&#234;ncia de g&#234;nero&#44; com idade m&#233;dia de in&#237;cio de 31&#44;2 anos&#46; Os locais comuns foram as extremidades superiores e o tronco&#46; O pilomatrixoma bolhoso apresentou menor dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a&#44; maior di&#226;metro e maior tend&#234;ncia de aumento de tamanho do que o pilomatrixoma comum&#46; Na histopatologia&#44; o pilomatrixoma bolhoso apresentava um est&#225;gio cronol&#243;gico mais precoce&#44; menos calcifica&#231;&#227;o&#44; mais figuras de mitose e caracter&#237;sticas d&#233;rmicas distintas em compara&#231;&#227;o com a forma comum&#46; Na imuno&#8208;histoqu&#237;mica&#44; a express&#227;o de metaloproteinase de matriz &#40;MMP&#41;&#8208;2&#44; MMP&#8208;9&#44; receptor do fator de crescimento do endot&#233;lio vascular&#8208;3 &#40;VEGFR&#8208;3&#41; e VEGF&#8208;C estava elevada&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O estudo foi retrospectivo e o tamanho da amostra foi pequeno&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As caracter&#237;sticas distintas do pilomatrixoma bolhoso resultam potencialmente de altera&#231;&#245;es d&#233;rmicas associadas &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores angiog&#234;nicos e enzimas proteol&#237;ticas&#46; Esta an&#225;lise abrangente fornece novas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e a patog&#234;nese do pilomatrixoma bolhoso&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G&#234;nero</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Masculino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Feminino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Propor&#231;&#227;o entre os g&#234;neros &#40;M&#58;F&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Idade &#40;anos&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#8211;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40&#8211;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#8211;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;16&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;6&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">159&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Localiza&#231;&#227;o</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Couro cabeludo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;16&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;3&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Face&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;8&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;54&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pesco&#231;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;8&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;11&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extremidade superior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;41&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;22&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extremidade inferior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tronco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;25&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;6&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">159&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dura&#231;&#227;o</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0 &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D &#8804; 3 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#47;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;90&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43&#47;134&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;32&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D &#8804; 12 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;9&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&#47;134&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;48&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26&#47;134&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11&#47;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">134&#47;134&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tamanho</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0 &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;5 cm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;8&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm &#8804; T &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;0 cm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;43&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm &#8804; T &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5 cm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;41&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;33&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm &#8804; T &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0 cm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;25&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;10&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm &#8804; T &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;5 cm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;16&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm &#8804; T &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;0 cm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;8&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;0&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T &#8805; 3&#44;0 cm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;8&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;1&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">159&#47;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;0&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46; Totalmente desenvolvido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;41&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;6&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46; Regressivo precoce&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;58&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;75&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46; Regressivo tardio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;0&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;18&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Epit&#233;lio escamoso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;41&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;43&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;912&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Epit&#233;lio basaloide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;81&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;238&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C&#233;lulas transicionais&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;68&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;053&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C&#233;lulas sombra&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Infiltrado inflamat&#243;ri&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;93&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C&#233;lulas gigantes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;87&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;492&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;41&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;87&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mitoses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;66&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;18&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Altera&#231;&#245;es d&#233;rmicas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Vasos linf&#225;ticos dilatados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;66&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;12&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Vasos linf&#225;ticos aumentados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;100&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;6&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Vasos sangu&#237;neos dilatados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#47;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;83&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;25&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                        "serieTitulo" => "McKee&#39;s Pathology of the Skin with Clinical correlation&#46; 5&#46; ed&#46;"
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Journal Information
Vol. 99. Issue 3.
Pages 362-369 (1 May 2024)
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2082
Vol. 99. Issue 3.
Pages 362-369 (1 May 2024)
Artigo original
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Características clinicopatológicas e imuno‐histoquímicas do pilomatricoma bolhoso: estudo retrospectivo, unicêntrico e comparação com pilomatricoma comum
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Kyung‐Hwa Nama,b, Sang‐Kyung Leea, Il‐Jae Leea, Jin Parka,b, Seok‐Kweon Yuna,b,
Corresponding author
dermayun@jbnu.ac.kr

Autor para correspondência.
a Departamento de Dermatologia, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, República da Coreia
b Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk, National University Hospital, Jeonju, República da Coreia
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Tables (3)
Tabela 1. Dados demográficos de pacientes com pilomatrixoma
Tabela 2. Diferenças clínicas entre pilomatrixoma bolhoso e comum
Tabela 3. Diferenças histopatológicas entre pilomatrixoma bolhoso e comum
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Resumo
Fundamentos

O pilomatrixoma bolhoso é variante rara do pilomatrixoma. Por ter sido publicado na forma de relatos de casos esporádicos, a compreensão limitada de suas características clinicopatológicas restringe seu diagnóstico e tratamento eficazes.

Objetivos

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as características clinicopatológicas e imuno‐histoquímicas do pilomatrixoma bolhoso para melhor compreender sua transformação bolhosa.

Métodos

Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de 12 pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso e comparados seus dados clínicos, histopatológicos e imuno‐histoquímicos com os de pacientes com a forma comum.

Resultados

O pilomatrixoma bolhoso não apresentou preferência de gênero, com idade média de início de 31,2 anos. Os locais comuns foram as extremidades superiores e o tronco. O pilomatrixoma bolhoso apresentou menor duração da doença, maior diâmetro e maior tendência de aumento de tamanho do que o pilomatrixoma comum. Na histopatologia, o pilomatrixoma bolhoso apresentava um estágio cronológico mais precoce, menos calcificação, mais figuras de mitose e características dérmicas distintas em comparação com a forma comum. Na imuno‐histoquímica, a expressão de metaloproteinase de matriz (MMP)‐2, MMP‐9, receptor do fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular‐3 (VEGFR‐3) e VEGF‐C estava elevada.

Limitações do estudo

O estudo foi retrospectivo e o tamanho da amostra foi pequeno.

Conclusão

As características distintas do pilomatrixoma bolhoso resultam potencialmente de alterações dérmicas associadas à liberação de fatores angiogênicos e enzimas proteolíticas. Esta análise abrangente fornece novas informações sobre as características clínicas e a patogênese do pilomatrixoma bolhoso.

Palavras‐chave:
Fatores de crescimento do endotélio vascular
Histoquímica
Imunometaloproteinases da matriz
Patologia clínica
Pilomatricoma
Full Text
Introdução

O pilomatrixoma, também conhecido como epitelioma calcificante de Malherbe, é neoplasia benigna originada de células da matriz do pelo.1–3 Apresenta‐se como nódulo solitário, firme e profundo, com pele normal sobrejacente. O pilomatrixoma bolhoso é variante morfológica raramente relatada, caracterizada pelo tumor ser recoberto por pele macia, muito pregueada, assemelhando estrias, ou com formação de pseudobolha.4–9 Na histopatologia foram relatadas fibras colágenas dérmicas rompidas, dilatação dos vasos linfáticos dérmicos e linfederma em casos de pilomatrixoma bolhoso.9,10 Até o momento, apenas alguns casos esporádicos de pilomatrixoma bolhoso foram publicados como relatos de caso, com revisão da literatura.5–9,11–19 A compreensão limitada das características clínicopatológicas dificulta o diagnóstico clínico e o tratamento adequados.

Diversas teorias foram propostas para explicar a origem do pilomatrixoma do tipo bolhoso. Foram implicados como fatores desencadeantes: irritação mecânica; obstrução dos vasos linfáticos e congestão do fluido linfático causada pela pressão do núcleo do pilomatrixoma; e liberação de enzimas elastolíticas pelas células tumorais ou infiltração de células inflamatórias que induzem a ruptura das fibras de colágeno e dilatação dos vasos linfáticos.7–9 O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar novas características, incluindo histórico de trauma, tamanho do nódulo tumoral, duração da doença e fatores angiogênicos/linfangiogênicos ou enzimas proteolíticas no pilomatrixoma bolhoso.

Foram avaliadas as características clinicopatológicas e imuno‐histoquímicas de 12 pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso e também o desenvolvimento da morfologia bolhosa. Este é o primeiro estudo abrangente a analisar casos de pilomatrixoma bolhoso diagnosticados em um único centro na República da Coreia.

MétodosPacientes

Um total de 12 pacientes com diagnóstico de pilomatrixoma bolhoso foi estudado retrospectivamente no Jeonbuk National University Hospital entre janeiro de 2009 e maio de 2018. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Conselho de Ética institucional. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os pacientes.

Achados clínicos

Foram coletados os seguintes dados demográficos e clínicos: idade, gênero, localização, duração, impressão clínica, histórico de trauma, tamanho e alteração no tamanho.

Achados histopatológicos

As biopsias dos tumores foram fixadas em formol a 10% e emblocadas em parafina. Em seguida, cortes de 4μm de espessura foram corados com hematoxilina & eosina (H&E), elástica (Roche, Basel, Suíça) e elástica‐van Gieson (EVG, Muto, Tóquio, Japão). Dois dermatopatologistas avaliaram os seguintes dados histopatológicos na coloração de H&E de todas as amostras biopsiadas: características do tumor (estágio cronológico, epitélio escamoso, epitélio basaloide, células transicionais, células sombra, infiltrado inflamatório, células gigantes, calcificação e mitoses) e alterações dérmicas (dilatação de vasos linfáticos e sanguíneos, aumento do número de vasos linfáticos e sanguíneos, edema, aumento do espaço intersticial, escassez e rompimento de fibras colágenas e escassez de fibras elásticas). Os estágios cronológicos foram categorizados histopatologicamente em inicial, totalmente desenvolvido, regressivo precoce e regressivo tardio.20 A lesão inicial (estágio 1) era um pequeno cisto revestido por epitélio escamoso e basaloide contendo filamentos de queratina e células sombra. A lesão totalmente desenvolvida (estágio 2) era uma grande massa de tecido córneo eosinofílico contendo células sombra com revestimento periférico de epitélio basaloide. Lesões regressivas precoces (estágio 3) mostravam infiltrado inflamatório com células gigantes histiocíticas multinucleadas. Na periferia havia pequenos focos de células basaloides. A lesão regressiva tardia (estágio 4) era composta por massa confluente de matriz folicular eosinofílica, de formato irregular, e células sombra com graus variados de calcificação e ossificação. Estava rodeada por estroma hialinizado e esclerótico. Nesse estágio o infiltrado inflamatório era escasso ou ausente. Quando dois ou mais estágios eram observados simultaneamente, o estágio com características dominantes era selecionado. A determinação dos achados histopatológicos dérmicos, referentes às fibras colágenas e elásticas, foi avaliada na coloração elástica e EVG em todas as amostras.

Achados imuno‐histoquímicos

A imuno‐marcação foi realizada em cortes do tecido emblocado em parafina, de acordo com as instruções do fabricante e protocolos laboratoriais estabelecidos. Foram utilizados os seguintes anticorpos primários: CD31 (Dako, Glostrup, Dinamarca; diluição 1:1000), CD34 (Roche, Basel, Suíça; RTU), D2‐40 (Roche, Basel, Suíça; RTU), MMP‐2 (Abcam, Cambridge, Reino Unido; ab97779; diluição 1:1000), MMP‐9 (Abcam, Cambridge, Reino Unido; ab137867; diluição 1:2000), VEGFR‐3 (Abcam, Cambridge, Reino Unido; ab27278; diluição 1:100) e VEGF‐C (Abcam, Cambridge, Reino Unido; ab9546; diluição 1:100). Os achados histopatológicos dérmicos da vasculatura linfática e sanguínea foram avaliados por dois dermatopatologistas em todas as amostras usando CD31, CD34 e D2‐40. Dois dermatopatologistas também avaliaram a imunorreatividade de MMP‐2, MMP‐9, VEGFR‐3 e VEGF‐C usando o escore H, que avalia tanto a intensidade da coloração quanto a fração de células coradas em cada intensidade.21,22 A intensidade da coloração recebeu em escore de “0” para nenhuma evidência de marcação, “1+” para imunomarcação fraca, visível em grande aumento, “2+” para imunomarcação moderada, “3+” para imunomarcação forte e visível em pequeno aumento. A porcentagem de células coradas (0% a 100%) em cada intensidade de imunomarcação foi determinada visualmente. O escore H foi calculado pela fórmula: 0×(porcentagem de células “0”) + 1× (porcentagem de células “1+”) + 2× (porcentagem de células “2+”) + 3×(porcentagens de células “3+”), com intervalo de 0 a 300.

Análise comparativa entre pilomatrixoma bolhoso e comum

Para investigar de maneira abrangente as diferenças nas características clínicas entre pilomatrixoma bolhoso e comum, foram analisados 159 casos de 150 pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum comprovado por biopsia durante o mesmo período no JBNUH. Cinco pacientes apresentaram duas lesões; um paciente apresentou três lesões de pilomatrixoma e dois pacientes apresentaram recorrência. Para analisar as características histopatológicas e imuno‐histopatológicas da derme e do tumor, foram excluídos 143 casos de espécimes de pilomatrixoma comum: 1) amostra de tumor biopsiada por enucleação sem tecido dérmico ou 2) amostra mal orientada e insuficiente para avaliar as características da transformação bolhosa na derme. Foram avaliadas as características histopatológicas e imuno‐histopatológicas de 16 pilomatrixomas comuns completamente excisados, incluindo epiderme, derme e tumor.

Análise estatística

As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando SPSS versão 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA) e R versão 4.2.1. Todos os dados clínicos e histopatológicos foram analisados pelo teste de qui‐quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher, exceto os dados do estágio cronológico. Foi utilizado o teste do qui‐quadrado se as frequências celulares esperadas <5 fossem inferiores a 20%, e o teste exato de Fisher se as frequências celulares esperadas <5 fossem superiores a 20%. O teste de qui‐quadrado foi utilizado para analisar os dados referentes a epitélio escamoso, aumento de vasos linfáticos, dilatação dos vasos sanguíneos, edema, aumento do espaço intersticial, fibras elásticas esparsas e fibras colágenas esparsas, enquanto os demais dados foram analisados pelo teste exato de Fisher. Enquanto isso, o estágio cronológico (estágios: 1–4) e a imunorreatividade (escore H: 0–300) foram avaliados usando o software R, o teste de soma de postos de Wilcoxon, porque suas categorias ordenadas exibiram tendência linear significante. Resultados com valor de p <0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.

ResultadosAchados clínicos

O pilomatrixoma bolhoso não apresentou preferência por gênero, e o pilomatrixoma comum teve predileção pelo gênero feminino (relação M:F=1:1,79). O pilomatrixoma bolhoso ocorreu predominantemente em pacientes com idade entre 10 e 19 anos (58,3%), seguido daqueles com idade entre 50 e 59 anos (25,0%). Por outro lado, o pilomatrixoma comum ocorreu predominantemente em pacientes com idade de 0 a 9 anos (44,7%), seguido por pacientes de 10 a 19 anos (31,4%). As idades médias de início foram 31,2 e 15,5 anos para o pilomatrixoma bolhoso e o pilomatrixoma comum, respectivamente (tabela 1).

Tabela 1.

Dados demográficos de pacientes com pilomatrixoma

  Pilomatrixoma bolhosoPilomatrixomacomump‐valor 
Número de pacientes  12    150     
Número de casos  12    159  b   
Gênero          0,362 
Masculino  6/12  (50,0%)  57/159  (35,8%)   
Feminino  6/12  (50,0%)  102/159  (64,2%)   
Proporção entre os gêneros (M:F)  1:1    1:1,79     
Idade (anos)          0,001a 
0–9  0/12  (0%)  71/159  (44,7%)   
10–19  7/12  (58,3%)  50/159  (31,4%)   
20–29  1/12  (8,3%)  12/159  (7,5%)   
30–39  0/12  (0%)  11/159  (6,9%)   
40–49  0/12  (0%)  7/159  (4,4%)   
50–59  3/12  (25,0%)  6/159  (3,8%)   
60–69  0/12  (0%)  1/159  (0,6%)   
70–79  0/12  (0%)  0/159  (0%)   
80–89  1/12  (8,3%)  1/159  (0,6%)   
Média de idade  31,2  anos  15,5  anos   
a

Valores de p <0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.

b

Entre 150 pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum, cinco pacientes apresentaram duas lesões, um paciente apresentou três lesões de pilomatrixoma e dois pacientes apresentaram recorrência.

Apenas cinco (41,7%) casos de pilomatrixoma bolhoso foram clinicamente diagnosticados como pilomatrixoma, enquanto 66% dos casos de pilomatrixoma comum foram clinicamente diagnosticados como pilomatrixoma. O pilomatrixoma bolhoso foi encontrado com maior frequência nas extremidades superiores (41,7%), seguido pelo tronco (25,0%), enquanto a forma comum foi encontrada com maior frequência na face (54,1%), seguida pelas extremidades superiores (22,6%).

Pilomatrixoma bolhoso foi detectado em 10/11 (90,9%) pacientes em três meses, e pilomatrixoma comum foi detectado em apenas 43/134 (32,1%) pacientes no mesmo período. O tamanho do pilomatrixoma bolhoso foi maior que 1,0cm em todos os 12 pacientes (100%), enquanto o do pilomatrixoma comum foi menor que 1,0cm em 73/159 (52,2%) pacientes. O tamanho médio do tumor foi de 1,68cm para o pilomatrixoma bolhoso e 0,99cm para o pilomatrixoma comum. Todos os pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso (8/8, 100%) queixaram‐se de aumento no tamanho do tumor. Quatro pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso tinham histórico de trauma no tumor, enquanto isso ocorreu em 18 pacientes com a forma comum (tabela 2, fig. 1).

Tabela 2.

Diferenças clínicas entre pilomatrixoma bolhoso e comum

  Pilomatricoma bolhosoPilomatricoma comump‐valor 
Impressão clínicaa
Pilomatrixoma  5/12  (41,7%)  105/159  (66,0%)  <0,001a 
Hemangioma  3/12  (25,0%)  0/159  (0,0%)   
Cisto epidérmico  0/12  (0,0%)  37/159  (23,3%)   
Cisto triquilemal  1/12  (8,3%)  2/159  (1,3%)   
Cisto dermoide  0/12  (8,3%)  2/159  (1,3%)   
Lipoma  1/12  (0,0%)  2/159  (1,3%)   
Outros  2/12  (16,7%)  11/159  (6,9%)   
Total  12/12  (100,0%)  159/159  (100,0%)   
Localizaçãoa
Couro cabeludo  2/12  (16,7%)  5/159  (3,1%)  0,002a 
Face  1/12  (8,3%)  86/159  (54,1%)   
Pescoço  1/12  (8,3%)  18/159  (11,3%)   
Extremidade superior  5/12  (41,7%)  36/159  (22,6%)   
Extremidade inferior  0/12  (0%)  4/159  (2,5%)   
Tronco  3/12  (25,0%)  10/159  (6,3%)   
Total  12/12  (100,0%)  159/159  (100,0%)   
Duraçãoa
0 <D ≤ 3 meses  10/11  (90,9%)  43/134  (32,1%)  0,001a 
3 <D ≤ 12 meses  1/11  (9,1%)  65/134  (48,5%)   
D >12 meses  (0,0%)  26/134  (19,4%)   
Total  11/11  (100,0%)  134/134  (100,0%)   
ND  1/12    25/159     
Tamanhoa
0 <T <0,5 cm  0/12  (0%)  14/159  (8,8%)  <0,001a 
0,5cm ≤ T <1,0 cm  0/12  (0%)  69/159  (43,4%)   
1,0cm ≤ T <1,5 cm  5/12  (41,7%)  53/159  (33,3%)   
1,5cm ≤ T <2,0 cm  3/12  (25,0%)  16/159  (10,1%)   
2,0cm ≤ T <2,5 cm  2/12  (16,7%)  4/159  (2,5%)   
2,5cm ≤ T <3,0 cm  1/12  (8,3%)  1/159  (0,6%)   
T ≥ 3,0 cm  1/12  (8,3%)  2/159  (1,3%)   
Total  12/12  (100,0%)  159/159  (100%)   
Mudança de tamanho
Sem mudança  0/8  (0,0%)  23/90  (25,6%)  0,192 
Aumento  8/8  (100,0%)  64/90  (71,1%)   
Diminuição de tamanho  0/8  (0,0%)  3/90  (3,3%)   
Total  8/8  (100,0%)  90/90  (100,0%)   
ND  4/12    69/159     
Histórico de trauma
Histórico (+)  4/6  (66,7%)  18/47  (38,3%)  0,219 
Histórico (–)  2/6  (33,3%)  29/47  (61,7%)   
ND  6/12    112/159     
a

p‐valores <0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.

ND, não disponível (informações completas não estavam disponíveis nos prontuários dos pacientes); M, sexo masculino; F, sexo feminino; D, duração; T, tamanho.

Figura 1.

Pilomatrixoma bolhoso. Aparência clínica (A) e características histopatológicas (B) estágio cronológico 2 (Hematoxilina & eosina, 100x; panorâmica).

(0.63MB).
Achados histopatológicos

Em relação aos dados histopatológicos do tumor, a diferença no estágio cronológico, calcificação e figuras de mitose entre pacientes com ambos os tipos de pilomatrixoma foi estatisticamente significante. Dos 12 pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso, sete (58,3%) e cinco (41,7%) foram diagnosticados nos estágios cronológicos 3 e 2, respectivamente. Dos 16 pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum, 12 (75,0%), três (18,8%) e um (6,3%) foram diagnosticados nos estágios 3, 4 e 2, respectivamente. Calcificação e figuras de mitose foram observadas em cinco (41,7%) e oito (66,7%) pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso, respectivamente. Enquanto isso, 14 (87,5%) e três (18,8%) pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum apresentaram calcificação e figuras de mitose, respectivamente.

Ao contrário do pilomatrixoma comum, quase todos os pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso apresentaram alterações dérmicas, incluindo vasos linfáticos dilatados (66,7%) ou aumentados (100%), vasos sanguíneos dilatados (83,3%) ou aumentados (100%), edema dérmico (100%), aumento do espaço intersticial (100%), fibras elásticas esparsas (100%), diminuição (100%) e ruptura (66,7%) das fibras colágenas (tabela 3, fig. 1.

Tabela 3.

Diferenças histopatológicas entre pilomatrixoma bolhoso e comum

  Pilomatrixoma bolhosoPilomatricoma comump‐valor 
Tumor
Estágio cronológico          0,013a 
1. Inicial  0/12  (0,0%)  0/16  (0,0%)   
2. Totalmente desenvolvido  5/12  (41,7%)  1/16  (6,3%)   
3. Regressivo precoce  7/12  (58,3%)  12/16  (75,0%)   
4. Regressivo tardio  0/12  (0,0%)  3/16  (18,8%)   
Epitélio escamoso  5/12  (41,7%)  7/16  (43,8%)  0,912 
Epitélio basaloide  12/12  (100,0%)  13/16  (81,3%)  0,238 
Células transicionais  12/12  (100,0%)  11/16  (68,8%)  0,053 
Células sombra  12/12  (100,0%)  16/16  (100,0%)   
Infiltrado inflamatóri  12/12  (100,0%)  15/16  (93,8%) 
Células gigantes  12/12  (100,0%)  14/16  (87,5%)  0,492 
Calcificaçãoa  5/12  (41,7%)  14/16  (87,5%)  0,017a 
Mitosesa  8/12  (66,7%)  3/16  (18,8%)  0,019a 
Alterações dérmicas
Vasos linfáticos dilatadosa  8/12  (66,7%)  2/16  (12,5%)  0,005a 
Vasos linfáticos aumentadosa  12/12  (100,0%)  1/16  (6,3%)  0,000a 
Vasos sanguíneos dilatadosa  10/12  (83,3%)  4/16  (25,0%)  0,006a 
Aumento dos vasos sanguíneosa  12/12  (100,0%)  6/16  (37,5%)  0,001a 
Edemaa  12/12  (100,0%)  0/16  (0,0%)  <0,001a 
Aumento do espaço intersticiala  12/12  (100,0%)  0/16  (0,0%)  <0,001a 
Fibras elásticas esparsasa  12/12  (100,0%)  0/16  (0,0%)  <0,001a 
Fibras de colágeno esparsasa  12/12  (100,0%)  0/16  (0,0%)  <0,001a 
Ruptura das fibras de colágenoa  8/12  (66,7%)  0/16  (0,0%)  <0,001a 
a

Os valores de p <0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.

Achados imuno‐histoquímicos

MMP‐2, MMP‐9, VEGFR‐3 e VEGF‐C foram expressos em células inflamatórias dérmicas e células endoteliais (fig. 2). Em pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso, as células positivas para MMP‐2 e MMP‐9 apresentaram escores H mais elevados do que aquelas em pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum. Além disso, os níveis de expressão de VEGFR‐3 e VEGF‐C em pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso foram maiores do que em pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum. As diferenças na imunorreatividade de MMP‐2, MMP‐9, VEGFR‐3 e VEGF‐C nos grupos bolhoso e comum foram estatisticamente significantes (fig. 3).

Figura 2.

Imunomarcação para MMP‐2, MMP‐9, VEGFR‐3 e VEGF‐C em pilomatrixoma bolhoso (A–D) e pilomatrixoma comum (E–H) (aumento: 400×).

(0.89MB).
Figura 3.

Box plot mostrando o resultado da análise imuno‐histoquímica usando escore H em pilomatricoma bolhoso e comum para MMP‐2, MMP‐9, VEGFR‐3, VEGF‐C pelo teste de Wilcoxon.

(0.17MB).
Discussão

O pilomatrixoma bolhoso é variante rara do pilomatrixoma que geralmente se apresenta como bolha semitransparente com pregueamento, com nódulo firme subjacente.9 No presente estudo, 3/5 dos casos de pilomatrixoma bolhoso foram clinicamente diagnosticados erroneamente como outras doenças antes da confirmação histopatológica, destacando que a morfologia peculiar do pilomatrixoma bolhoso dificulta o diagnóstico. Além disso, os resultados do presente estudo revelaram que o pilomatrixoma bolhoso tem características demográficas e clínicas distintas em termos de idade de início, locais de predileção, tamanho do tumor e taxa de crescimento, o que poderia facilitar um diagnóstico adequado. Aproximadamente 60% dos pilomatrixomas se desenvolvem nas primeiras duas décadas de vida, principalmente na primeira década,1,4,23 e o grupo que tinha a forma comum neste estudo apresentava distribuição etária semelhante. O pilomatrixoma bolhoso neste estudo não afetou indivíduos com menos de 10 anos, e a idade média dos pacientes suscetíveis ao pilomatrixoma bolhoso foi maior do que a dos pacientes suscetíveis ao pilomatricoma comum (31,2 vs. 15,5 anos). Os locais comuns das lesões de pilomatrixoma são tipicamente cabeça, membros superiores, pescoço, tronco e membros inferiores, em ordem decrescente de frequência,1,2,24 como mostrado em pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum neste estudo. O pilomatrixoma bolhoso apareceu com maior frequência nas extremidades superiores (n=5; 41,7%) e no tronco, especialmente no ombro (n=3; 25,5%). Esses resultados são consistentes com a revisão de Chen et al., na qual 11/16 casos relatados de pilomatrixoma bolhoso foram encontrados no ombro ou na parte superior do braço.9 Neste estudo, o pilomatrixoma bolhoso apresentou clinicamente menor tempo de evolução do tumor, maior tamanho do tumor e aumento no tamanho do tumor em comparação com o pilomatrixoma comum. A forma bolhosa revelou histopatologicamente estágio cronológico mais precoce, menos calcificação e mais figuras de mitose que a forma comum. Esses resultados sugerem que o pilomatrixoma bolhoso atinge mais de 1cm de tamanho em período relativamente curto. Assim, o diagnóstico precoce e as decisões cirúrgicas são cruciais para o manejo da forma bolhosa.

O pilomatrixoma bolhoso foi chamado de pilomatrixoma pseudobolhoso em alguns estudos na literatura porque os espaços semelhantes a bolhas são preenchidos por líquido linfático.6 Neste estudo, o pilomatrixoma bolhoso apresentou degradação do tecido conjuntivo e desenvolvimento da vascularização na derme, enquanto a forma comum apresentou apenas alterações histopatológicas mínimas na vascularização dérmica. Essas características histopatológicas dérmicas distintas foram consistentes com sua morfologia bolhosa que constituem, mais precisamente, alterações pseudobolhosas. As proteínas da família MMP podem degradar proteoliticamente a matriz extracelular e facilitar a migração celular.25 Diversos estudos demonstraram que as MMPs estão envolvidas no desenvolvimento da elastólise da derme média e da neoangiogênese.26–28 Um estudo recente demonstrou associação entre a expressão de MMP‐9 e 12 e três casos de pilomatrixoma tipo bolhoso/anetodérmico.19 Assim, foi avaliada a expressão de MMP‐2 e MMP‐9, da família das gelatinases, que foram altamente expressas nas células inflamatórias dérmicas do pilomatrixoma bolhoso. Supõe‐se que essas proteínas facilitem a degradação das fibras de colágeno e elastina e, consequentemente, o crescimento tumoral do pilomatrixoma bolhoso.

O papel principal do sistema linfático é manter a homeostase dos fluidos teciduais, cuja disfunção pode resultar em linfedema e linfangiogênese patológica, causando inflamação e metástase tumoral.29,30 O VEGFR‐3 e seu ligante, VEGF‐C, são potentes indutores do desenvolvimento vascular linfático.29 Este estudo mostrou que a expressão de VEGFR‐3 e VEGF‐C foi significantemente maior nas células inflamatórias dérmicas e no endotélio vascular no pilomatrixoma bolhoso do que na forma comum. Este é o primeiro estudo sobre a expressão de VEGF‐C e VEGFR‐3 em pilomatrixoma bolhoso. É importante investigar melhor se a linfangiogênese induzida por VEGF‐C e VEGFR‐3 em pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso está associada a resposta inflamatória dérmica e/ou progressão tumoral.

Diversas teorias foram propostas para explicar a origem do pilomatrixoma bolhoso. Inui et al. sugeriram que irritação mecânica pode resultar na formação do pilomatrixoma bolhoso;7 entretanto, neste estudo, apenas quatro pacientes com pilomatrixoma bolhoso apresentavam histórico de trauma, e nenhum dos 18 pacientes com a forma comum que sofreram acidente traumático desenvolveu tumores bolhosos. De acordo com Chen et al., uma história de coçadura mecânica local foi relatada em apenas dois de 16 casos de pilomatrixoma bolhoso.9 Enquanto isso, a prevalência da forma bolhosa nas extremidades superiores e nos braços implica alta probabilidade de exposição a traumas, e os pacientes podem ter esquecido os eventos traumáticos com intensidade fraca, como o atrito. Portanto, a teoria que propõe uma transformação bolhosa do pilomatrixoma comum induzida por irritação mecânica requer validação adicional.

Além disso, foi sugerido que pressão adicional na parte central do pilomatrixoma ou na área de crescimento do nódulo tumoral pode bloquear os vasos linfáticos e causar vazamento de fluido linfático.7,8 Foi ainda sugerido que o tumor e/ou células inflamatórias secretam enzimas elastolíticas que degradam a matriz extracelular.7,9 Neste estudo, alterações bolhosas não foram observadas em 26 pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum com duração maior do que um ano e em 76 pacientes com pilomatrixoma comum de tamanho maior que 1cm. No geral, o pilomatrixoma bolhoso pode ocorrer a partir da liberação dérmica de MMPs, VEGFR‐3 e VEGF‐C, e não por alteração degenerativa induzida por estímulo traumático ou pela pressão crescente ou duradoura do nódulo tumoral, embora sejam necessários estudos adicionais.

Conclusão

Este estudo revelou que o pilomatrixoma bolhoso é clinicamente caracterizado por tumor de crescimento rápido atingindo tamanho maior que 1cm, com predileção pela extremidade superior e ombro em pacientes idosos e histopatologicamente sendo constituído por tecido conjuntivo dérmico frouxo com aumento da vascularização, em comparação com o pilomatrixoma comum. É provável que essas características clinicopatológicas distintas estejam associadas à liberação dérmica de MMPs, VEGFR‐3 e VEGFR‐C. Embora sejam necessárias investigações adicionais com uma coorte maior, o presente estudo pode melhorar a compreensão da patogênese e auxiliar no diagnóstico e tratamento do pilomatrixoma bolhoso.

Suporte financeiro

Nenhum

Status de aprovação do CEP

Revisado e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do JBNUH (IRB n° 2019‐04‐061‐001).

Conflito de interesses

Nenhum.

Referências
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Tumors of the hair follicle.
pp. 60-63
[2]
F.W. Moehlenbeck.
Pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma). A statistical study.
Arch Dermatol., 108 (1973), pp. 532-534
[3]
K. Hashimoto, R.G. Nelson, W.F. Lever.
Calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe: histochemical and electron microscopic studies.
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Como citar este artigo: Nam KH, Lee SK, Lee IJ, Park J, Yun SK. Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of bullous pilomatricoma: a retrospective, single‐center study, and comparison with ordinary pilomatricoma. An Bras Dermatol. 2024;99:362–9.

Trabalho realizado no Departamento de Dermatologia, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk‐do, República da Coreia.

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