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e o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo e modulando a microglia a n&#237;vel local&#46; As neurotrofinas&#44; como o fator neurotr&#243;fico derivado do c&#233;rebro &#40;BDNF&#44; do ingl&#234;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">brain&#8208;derived neurotrophic factor</span>&#41;&#44; neurotrofina&#8208;3 &#40;NT&#8208;3&#41;&#44; fator de crescimento do nervo &#40;NGF&#44; do ingl&#234;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">nerve growth factor</span>&#41; e fator neurotr&#243;fico derivado de linhagem de c&#233;lulas gliais &#40;GDNF&#44; do ingl&#234;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">glial cell line&#8208;derived neurotrophic factor</span>&#41;&#44; mostram efeitos neuroprotetores no SNC e desempenham um papel crucial no crescimento&#44; diferencia&#231;&#227;o&#44; manuten&#231;&#227;o e plasticidade sin&#225;ptica dos sistemas neuronais e imunol&#243;gicos&#46; Anormalidades nos n&#237;veis desses fatores neurotr&#243;ficos podem contribuir para a disfun&#231;&#227;o dos astr&#243;citos e da microglia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Isso pode&#44; por sua vez&#44; criar diretamente algumas altera&#231;&#245;es na pele ou induzir a libera&#231;&#227;o de mediadores imunol&#243;gicos ou hormonais que causam altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas na pele&#44; ao perturbar o equil&#237;brio dos mediadores do sistema nervoso&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> V&#225;rios estudos confirmaram a presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis elevados de NGF ou BDNF na dermatite at&#243;pica&#44; urtic&#225;ria espont&#226;nea cr&#244;nica&#44; dermografismo sintom&#225;tico&#44; pacientes com acne vulgar com sintomas depressivos e pacientes ur&#234;micos com prurido&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;14</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os objetivos de nosso estudo foram investigar os n&#237;veis de depress&#227;o&#44; ansiedade&#44; qualidade de vida e estresse percebidos e medir se os n&#237;veis de neurotrofina s&#233;rica em pacientes com LSC e determinar se h&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre esses par&#226;metros e a gravidade dos sintomas&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo transversal&#44; caso&#8208;controle&#44; foi realizado entre outubro de 2019 e novembro de 2020&#46; Trinta e seis pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de LSC e 36 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis pareados por idade e sexo foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo&#46; Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram indiv&#237;duos menores de 18 anos&#44; com qualquer outra doen&#231;a cut&#226;nea&#47;sist&#234;mica ou mental&#44; ou em uso de qualquer medicamento&#46; O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica &#40;n&#46;&#176; 1347&#41;&#46; Todos os indiv&#237;duos deram seu consentimento informado antes da participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo e foram examinados pelos mesmos dermatologistas&#46; Investiga&#231;&#245;es relevantes e&#47;ou bi&#243;psias de pele foram realizadas para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico de LSC&#44; quando indicado&#46; A gravidade da doen&#231;a &#40;leve&#44; moderada ou grave&#41; foi registrada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Os dados demogr&#225;ficos&#44; a gravidade da doen&#231;a e os resultados do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dermatology Life Quality Index</span> &#40;DLQI&#41;&#44; HADS&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> PSS&#8208;10 e VAS&#8208;Pruritus foram registrados para cada participante&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IgE foram determinados utilizando um ensaio de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia automatizado&#59; e os n&#237;veis de NGF&#44; NT&#8208;3&#44; GDNF e BDNF foram determinados utilizando <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">kits</span> de ELISA&#46; Detalhes completos dos question&#225;rios&#44; dos testes ELISA e das an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas est&#227;o inclu&#237;dos nos Materiais Suplementares&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e as caracter&#237;sticas da doen&#231;a do grupo de estudo s&#227;o apresentados na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#46; A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 37&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#44;9&#44; e a localiza&#231;&#227;o mais comum foi na regi&#227;o dorsal &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;44&#37;&#41;&#46; Os escores do PSS&#8208;10&#44; HADS&#8208;A e HADS&#8208;D foram estatisticamente maiores no grupo de LSC&#46; Os par&#226;metros laboratoriais de todas as neurotrofinas foram significantemente menores no grupo de LSC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46; Os valores m&#233;dios de IgE s&#233;rica e contagem de eosin&#243;filos no sangue perif&#233;rico n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos&#46; Uma an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o mostrou que a gravidade da doen&#231;a &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;366&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;028&#41; e o escore HADS&#8208;D &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;378&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;023&#41; correlacionaram&#8208;se com o escore VAS&#8208;Pruritus&#44; enquanto o escore HADS&#8208;A correlacionou&#8208;se com a gravidade da doen&#231;a &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;358&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;032&#41;&#46; A gravidade da doen&#231;a n&#227;o apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de todas as quatro neurotrofinas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 para todas&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabela 3</a>&#41;&#46; As an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear para avaliar a contribui&#231;&#227;o dos escores de todos os question&#225;rios aplicados &#40;HADS&#44; PSS&#8208;10&#44; DLQI&#41; e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de neurotrofinas&#44; bem como de IgE s&#233;rica e contagem de eosin&#243;filos para os escores de VAS&#8208;Pruritus e gravidade da doen&#231;a&#44; s&#227;o mostradas nas <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0020">tabelas 4 e 5</a>&#46; A gravidade da doen&#231;a foi estatisticamente associada ao escore VAS&#8208;Pruritus &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;043 e &#946;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;396&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nossos resultados mostraram aumento de estresse&#44; ansiedade e depress&#227;o no grupo LSC em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles&#46; O estresse percebido refere&#8208;se aos sentimentos ou pensamentos que um indiv&#237;duo tem sobre quanto estresse o mesmo est&#225; sofrendo em um determinado momento ou durante um determinado per&#237;odo&#46; As defini&#231;&#245;es te&#243;ricas de estresse destacam o papel da percep&#231;&#227;o como um fator crucial na sua experi&#234;ncia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> O PSS mede a percep&#231;&#227;o de estresse dos indiv&#237;duos no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s&#46; O fato de que os pacientes com LSC tinham escores de PSS mais altos do que os controles apoia a ideia de que os pacientes com LSC experimentam maior sofrimento mental &#8211; portanto&#44; que o estresse mental pode desempenhar um papel no LSC&#46; Os fatores estressantes cr&#244;nicos podem promover altera&#231;&#245;es psiconeuroimunol&#243;gicas atrav&#233;s do eixo HPA&#44; resultando em uma exacerba&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as cut&#226;neas atuais ou no desenvolvimento de novas doen&#231;as&#46; Essas condi&#231;&#245;es podem afetar negativamente a qualidade de vida de uma pessoa&#44; resultando em um decl&#237;nio no bem&#8208;estar psicol&#243;gico e uma exacerba&#231;&#227;o dos dist&#250;rbios psiqui&#225;tricos atuais ou no aparecimento de novos dist&#250;rbios&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; encontramos altos escores de VAS&#8208;Pruritus &#40;m&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44; m&#237;n&#46;&#8208;m&#225;x&#46; 6&#8208;9&#41; em pacientes com LSC que se correlacionou com a gravidade da doen&#231;a e com os escore de HADS&#8208;D&#46; Portanto&#44; a gravidade do prurido&#44; da doen&#231;a e da depress&#227;o desempenhou um papel no processo de LSC&#46; Dalgard et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> reportou que a presen&#231;a de prurido em pacientes dermatol&#243;gicos estava significantemente associada &#224; depress&#227;o cl&#237;nica&#44; ideias suicidas e estresse em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses&#46; Yamamato et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> investigaram a liga&#231;&#227;o entre sintomas de prurido e estresse psicol&#243;gico utilizando o PSS e mostrou&#8208;se que havia uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade do prurido e os sintomas psicol&#243;gicos na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral&#46; Yal&#231;&#305;n et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> descobriram que 62&#37; dos 50 pacientes com LSC tinham pelo menos uma comorbidade psiqui&#225;trica&#44; principalmente transtorno depressivo maior &#40;32&#37;&#41;&#44; distimia &#40;18&#37;&#41; e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; Halvorsen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> afirmaram que o prurido &#233; um fator de risco maior para problemas psicol&#243;gicos comparado com o eczema cr&#244;nico sem prurido&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todas esses achados questionam se o sistema psiconeuroimunol&#243;gico desempenha algum papel patogen&#233;tico na rela&#231;&#227;o entre o prurido e o estresse psicol&#243;gico e&#44; portanto&#44; entre LSC e estresse psicol&#243;gico&#46; Afinal&#44; os sistemas neurol&#243;gico&#44; end&#243;crino e imunol&#243;gico interagem entre si para desenvolver uma resposta de estresse suficiente para o corpo e a mente utilizando uma s&#233;rie de neurotrofinas&#44; neuropept&#237;deos&#44; neurotransmissores e neuro&#8208;horm&#244;nios&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As neurotrofinas pertencem a uma fam&#237;lia de fatores tr&#243;ficos que regulam a sobreviv&#234;ncia&#44; o crescimento e a morte celular programada dos neur&#244;nios&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Elas exercem fun&#231;&#245;es imunomoduladoras n&#227;o apenas nos nervos&#44; mas tamb&#233;m nas c&#233;lulas do sistema imunol&#243;gico&#44; o que foi comprovado anteriormente para o NGF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Algumas neurotrofinas foram estudadas em diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es dermatol&#243;gicas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10&#44;12&#8211;14</span></a> Em v&#225;rias inflama&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas da pele&#44; como dermatite at&#243;pica&#44; psor&#237;ase e prurigo&#44; a express&#227;o de NGF estava aumentada nas les&#245;es&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;27</span></a> De fato&#44; relatou&#8208;se que o n&#250;mero de fibras nervosas perif&#233;ricas e a concentra&#231;&#227;o de NGF em les&#245;es de LSC s&#227;o mais altas&#46; Em nosso estudo&#44; &#233; digno de nota o fato de que os n&#237;veis de todas as neurotrofinas&#44; incluindo NT&#8208;3&#44; NGF&#44; GDNF e BDNF&#44; eram significantemente menores em pacientes com LSC em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles saud&#225;veis&#46; Isso pode significar que essas quedas estavam longe de ser ocorr&#234;ncias casuais&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; neurotrofinas&#44; especialmente BDNF e NT&#8208;3&#44; foram investigadas em transtornos de humor&#44; e descobriu&#8208;se que as mesmas desempenham um papel na depress&#227;o e na ansiedade&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> He et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> demonstraram que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de BDNF eram mais baixos e associados negativamente a sintomas depressivos em jovens adultos chineses com acne vulgar&#46; Eles tamb&#233;m descobriram que a gravidade da doen&#231;a n&#227;o estava relacionada aos escores de depress&#227;o em seus pacientes com acne&#44; como no presente estudo em LSC&#46; Em nosso estudo&#44; todas as neurotrofinas se correlacionaram negativamente com a gravidade da doen&#231;a&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finalmente&#44; os pacientes com LSC tinham n&#237;veis percebidos aumentados de estresse&#44; ansiedade e depress&#227;o&#44; e tamb&#233;m n&#237;veis diminu&#237;dos de neurotrofinas&#44; que desempenham um papel significativo na qu&#237;mica do c&#233;rebro e dos nervos&#46; No entanto&#44; ainda n&#227;o respondemos &#224; pergunta de quem veio primeiro&#58; o LSC ou essas quest&#245;es psiconeuroimunol&#243;gicas&#46; Diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de neurotrofinas pode levar &#224; depress&#227;o ou ansiedade e pode desencadear o LSC &#8211; ou&#44; inversamente&#44; o LSC pode causar depress&#227;o ou ansiedade ao reduzir a qualidade de vida&#44; o que&#44; por sua vez&#44; pode diminuir as neurotrofinas&#46; Isso pode at&#233; mesmo ser uma rela&#231;&#227;o de m&#227;o dupla&#46; Esses resultados podem ser utilizados para ajudar a compreender melhor a doen&#231;a&#44; esclarecer sua patog&#234;nese ou descobrir novas op&#231;&#245;es de terapia para LSC no futuro&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O presente estudo mostrou que pacientes com LSC apresentam aumento dos n&#237;veis de estresse&#44; ansiedade e depress&#227;o e diminui&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida e dos n&#237;veis de neurotrofinas&#46; A redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de neurotrofinas pode estar diretamente relacionada &#224; etiologia do LSC ou estar associada ao alto percentual de transtornos psiqui&#225;tricos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes&#46; Estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para abordar as bases psiconeuroimunol&#243;gicas do LSC e para desenvolver novas terapias&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Suporte financeiro</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">University of Health Sciences&#44; coordena&#231;&#227;o de projetos de pesquisa cient&#237;fica&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#304;lknur K&#305;van&#231; Altunay&#58; Aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#59; concep&#231;&#227;o e planejamento do estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ezgi &#214;zkur&#58; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica da literatura&#59; elabora&#231;&#227;o e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito&#59; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ece U&#287;urer&#58; Obten&#231;&#227;o&#44; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ecem Baltan&#58; Obten&#231;&#227;o&#44; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#199;i&#287;dem Ayd&#305;n&#58; Participa&#231;&#227;o efetiva na orienta&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Erdin&#231; Serin&#58; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Fundamentos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O l&#237;quen simples cr&#244;nico &#233; causado pelo ato de co&#231;ar em excesso&#44; com poucos estudos na psiconeuroimunologia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nosso objetivo foi estimar os n&#237;veis de estresse&#44; depress&#227;o e ansiedade&#44; e medir os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de neurotrofinas em pacientes com l&#237;quen simples cr&#244;nico e correlacionar estes par&#226;metros com a gravidade da doen&#231;a e prurido&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram inclu&#237;dos 36 pacientes com l&#237;quen simples cr&#244;nico e 36 controles saud&#225;veis pareados por idade e sexo&#46; Cada participante recebeu os question&#225;rios <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Perceived Stress Scale</span>&#44; juntamente com uma escala visual anal&#243;gica para prurido&#46; Os n&#237;veis de neurotrofinas &#40;fator neurotr&#243;fico derivado do c&#233;rebro&#44; neurotrofina&#8208;3&#44; fator de crescimento neural&#44; fator neurotr&#243;fico derivado de linhagem de c&#233;lulas gliais&#41; foram determinados por ensaios ELISA&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os escores das escalas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Perceived Stress Scale&#8208;10</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale</span> foram estatisticamente maiores nos pacientes &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 para todos&#41;&#46; Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de todas as neurotrofinas foram significantemente menores nos pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles saud&#225;veis &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 para todos&#41;&#46; A gravidade da doen&#231;a mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significante com as neurotrofinas&#46; Nos modelos de regress&#227;o linear aplicados para aumento dos escores da escala visual anal&#243;gica &#8211; escores de prurido e gravidade da doen&#231;a &#8211; essas duas vari&#225;veis foram preditores estatisticamente significantes &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;043&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nosso estudo n&#227;o abordou uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal direta&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes com l&#237;quen simples cr&#244;nico est&#227;o sob n&#237;veis elevados de estresse&#44; ansiedade e depress&#227;o&#44; e apresentam n&#237;veis reduzidos de neurotrofinas&#44; o que pode sugerir participa&#231;&#227;o na fisiopatologia desse dist&#250;rbio&#46;</p></span>"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
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          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo"
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          5 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Conclus&#227;o"
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    "NotaPie" => array:2 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Como citar este artigo&#58; Altunay &#304;K&#44; &#214;zkur E&#44; U&#287;urer E&#44; Baltan E&#44; Ayd&#305;n &#199;&#44; Serin E&#46; More than a skin disease&#58; stress&#44; depression&#44; anxiety levels&#44; and serum neurotrophins in lichen simplex chronicus&#46; An Bras Dermatol&#46; 2021&#59;96&#58;700&#8211;5&#46;</p>"
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      1 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Trabalho realizado no &#350;i&#351;li Hamidiye Etfal Research and Training Hospital&#44; Istambul&#44; Turquia&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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            "titulo" => "Material suplementario"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Leve&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;27&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Moderada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;38&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Grave&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;33&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Localiza&#231;&#227;o&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cabe&#231;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;11&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T&#243;rax&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;11&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dorso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;44&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extremidades superiores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;13&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extremidades inferiores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;36&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gl&#250;teos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;22&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab2750890.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dados demogr&#225;ficos e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com l&#237;quen simples cr&#244;nico &#40;LSC&#41; e controles</p>"
        ]
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      1 => array:8 [
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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            "detalle" => "Tabela "
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            0 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DP &#40;m&#237;n&#8211;m&#225;x&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DP &#40;m&#237;n&#8211;m&#225;x&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PSS&#8208;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;4 &#40;0&#8211;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;1 &#40;2&#8211;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HADS&#8208;A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#44;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;65 &#40;1&#8211;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;94 &#40;0&#8211;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HADS&#8208;D&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;93 &#40;0&#8211;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;48 &#40;0&#8211;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab2750889.png"
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mediana &#40;IIQ&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mediana &#40;IIQ&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Compara&#231;&#227;o dos escores dos question&#225;rios e par&#226;metros laboratoriais entre l&#237;quen simples cr&#244;nico &#40;LSC&#41; e controles</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">IgE &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Modelo de regress&#227;o linear para vari&#225;veis identificadas como significantes para aumento do escore do VAS&#8208;Pruritus</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Coeficientes &#946; n&#227;o padronizados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Coeficientes &#946; padronizados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Vol. 96. Núm. 6.
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Vol. 96. Núm. 6.
Páginas 700-705 (1 novembro 2021)
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Mais do que uma doença de pele: níveis de estresse, depressão, ansiedade e neurotrofinas séricas em pacientes com líquen simples crônico
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İlknur Kıvanç Altunaya, Ezgi Özkura, Ece Uğurera,
Autor para correspondência
ece_ugurer@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Ecem Baltanb, Çiğdem Aydınc, Erdinç Serinb
a Departamento de Dermatologia, Şişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Istambul, Turquia
b Departamento de Bioquímica, Şişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Istambul, Turquia
c Departamento de Psicodermatologia, Şişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Istambul, Turquia
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Estatísticas
Tabelas (5)
Tabela 1. Dados demográficos e características clínicas dos pacientes com líquen simples crônico (LSC) e controles
Tabela 2. Comparação dos escores dos questionários e parâmetros laboratoriais entre líquen simples crônico (LSC) e controles
Tabela 3. Correlação de Spearman entre VAS‐Pruritus, gravidade da doença e parâmetros do estudo
Tabela 4. Modelo de regressão linear para variáveis identificadas como significantes para aumento do escore do VAS‐Pruritus
Tabela 5. Modelo de regressão linear para variáveis identificadas como significantes para a gravidade da doença
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Resumo
Fundamentos

O líquen simples crônico é causado pelo ato de coçar em excesso, com poucos estudos na psiconeuroimunologia.

Objetivo

Nosso objetivo foi estimar os níveis de estresse, depressão e ansiedade, e medir os níveis séricos de neurotrofinas em pacientes com líquen simples crônico e correlacionar estes parâmetros com a gravidade da doença e prurido.

Métodos

Foram incluídos 36 pacientes com líquen simples crônico e 36 controles saudáveis pareados por idade e sexo. Cada participante recebeu os questionários Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale e Perceived Stress Scale, juntamente com uma escala visual analógica para prurido. Os níveis de neurotrofinas (fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro, neurotrofina‐3, fator de crescimento neural, fator neurotrófico derivado de linhagem de células gliais) foram determinados por ensaios ELISA.

Resultados

Os escores das escalas Perceived Stress Scale‐10 e Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale foram estatisticamente maiores nos pacientes (p<0,05 para todos). Os níveis séricos de todas as neurotrofinas foram significantemente menores nos pacientes em comparação com os controles saudáveis (p<0,05 para todos). A gravidade da doença mostrou correlação não significante com as neurotrofinas. Nos modelos de regressão linear aplicados para aumento dos escores da escala visual analógica – escores de prurido e gravidade da doença – essas duas variáveis foram preditores estatisticamente significantes (p=0,043).

Limitações do estudo

Nosso estudo não abordou uma relação causal direta.

Conclusão

Pacientes com líquen simples crônico estão sob níveis elevados de estresse, ansiedade e depressão, e apresentam níveis reduzidos de neurotrofinas, o que pode sugerir participação na fisiopatologia desse distúrbio.

Palavras‐chave:
Ansiedade
Depressão
Neurodermatite
Psicodermatologia
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Introdução

O líquen simples crônico (LSC), ou neurodermatite circunscrita, é uma condição dermatológica comum, caracterizada pela liquenificação da pele decorrente do ato de coçar e/ou friccionar excessivamente a pele, causada pelo ciclo prurido‐coçar‐prurido, que é difícil de quebrar. Estima‐se que o LSC afete até 12% da população total.1 Embora alguns autores acreditem que seja uma forma crônica e localizada de dermatite atópica, sua patogênese ainda não está esclarecida. Relatos anteriores indicam que fatores psicológicos podem desempenhar um papel no início da doença e em sua persistência. Pacientes com LSC têm incidência proporcionalmente maior de transtornos depressivos, dissociativos e de ansiedade, traços de transtorno de personalidade obsessiva‐compulsiva, distúrbios do sono e disfunção sexual.2–5 Reportou‐se que pacientes com LSC tinham um aumento de probabilidade de transtornos comórbidos de saúde mental, incluindo transtornos do desenvolvimento, psicóticos e do humor, abuso de substâncias e transtornos cognitivos.6

A pele é o maior e mais inervado órgão do corpo, e o cérebro compartilha uma origem embriológica comum com o ectoderma. O sistema nervoso central (SNC) responde ao estresse psicológico ativando o eixo hipotálamo‐pituitária‐adrenal (HPA) e o sistema nervoso autônomo e modulando a microglia a nível local. As neurotrofinas, como o fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF, do inglês brain‐derived neurotrophic factor), neurotrofina‐3 (NT‐3), fator de crescimento do nervo (NGF, do inglês nerve growth factor) e fator neurotrófico derivado de linhagem de células gliais (GDNF, do inglês glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor), mostram efeitos neuroprotetores no SNC e desempenham um papel crucial no crescimento, diferenciação, manutenção e plasticidade sináptica dos sistemas neuronais e imunológicos. Anormalidades nos níveis desses fatores neurotróficos podem contribuir para a disfunção dos astrócitos e da microglia.7 Isso pode, por sua vez, criar diretamente algumas alterações na pele ou induzir a liberação de mediadores imunológicos ou hormonais que causam alterações patológicas na pele, ao perturbar o equilíbrio dos mediadores do sistema nervoso.8 Vários estudos confirmaram a presença de níveis elevados de NGF ou BDNF na dermatite atópica, urticária espontânea crônica, dermografismo sintomático, pacientes com acne vulgar com sintomas depressivos e pacientes urêmicos com prurido.9–14

Os objetivos de nosso estudo foram investigar os níveis de depressão, ansiedade, qualidade de vida e estresse percebidos e medir se os níveis de neurotrofina sérica em pacientes com LSC e determinar se há uma relação entre esses parâmetros e a gravidade dos sintomas.

Métodos

Este estudo transversal, caso‐controle, foi realizado entre outubro de 2019 e novembro de 2020. Trinta e seis pacientes com diagnóstico de LSC e 36 indivíduos saudáveis pareados por idade e sexo foram incluídos no estudo. Os critérios de exclusão foram indivíduos menores de 18 anos, com qualquer outra doença cutânea/sistêmica ou mental, ou em uso de qualquer medicamento. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética (n.° 1347). Todos os indivíduos deram seu consentimento informado antes da participação no estudo e foram examinados pelos mesmos dermatologistas. Investigações relevantes e/ou biópsias de pele foram realizadas para confirmar o diagnóstico de LSC, quando indicado. A gravidade da doença (leve, moderada ou grave) foi registrada15. Os dados demográficos, a gravidade da doença e os resultados do Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), HADS,16 PSS‐10 e VAS‐Pruritus foram registrados para cada participante.16,17 Os níveis séricos de IgE foram determinados utilizando um ensaio de quimioluminescência automatizado; e os níveis de NGF, NT‐3, GDNF e BDNF foram determinados utilizando kits de ELISA. Detalhes completos dos questionários, dos testes ELISA e das análises estatísticas estão incluídos nos Materiais Suplementares.

Resultados

Os dados demográficos e as características da doença do grupo de estudo são apresentados na tabela 1. A média de idade foi de 37,8±11,9, e a localização mais comum foi na região dorsal (n=16.44%). Os escores do PSS‐10, HADS‐A e HADS‐D foram estatisticamente maiores no grupo de LSC. Os parâmetros laboratoriais de todas as neurotrofinas foram significantemente menores no grupo de LSC (tabela 2). Os valores médios de IgE sérica e contagem de eosinófilos no sangue periférico não diferiram entre os grupos. Uma análise de correlação mostrou que a gravidade da doença (r=0,366, p=0,028) e o escore HADS‐D (r=0,378, p=0,023) correlacionaram‐se com o escore VAS‐Pruritus, enquanto o escore HADS‐A correlacionou‐se com a gravidade da doença (r=0,358, p=0,032). A gravidade da doença não apresentou correlação com os níveis séricos de todas as quatro neurotrofinas (p>0,05 para todas; tabela 3). As análises de regressão linear para avaliar a contribuição dos escores de todos os questionários aplicados (HADS, PSS‐10, DLQI) e os níveis séricos de neurotrofinas, bem como de IgE sérica e contagem de eosinófilos para os escores de VAS‐Pruritus e gravidade da doença, são mostradas nas tabelas 4 e 5. A gravidade da doença foi estatisticamente associada ao escore VAS‐Pruritus (p=0,043 e β=0,396).

Tabela 1.

Dados demográficos e características clínicas dos pacientes com líquen simples crônico (LSC) e controles

  LSC (n=36)  Controles(n=36) 
Sexo, n (%)
Masculino  7 (19,4)  7 (19,4)  1,000 
Feminino  29 (80,6)  29 (80,6)   
Idade (anos) média±DP (mín–máx)  37,8±11,9 (19–59)  37,8±11,9 (19–59)  1,000 
Estado civil, n (%)
Solteiro(a)  15 (41,7)  13 (36,1)  ,635 
Casado(a)/união estável  20 (55,6)  23 (63,9)   
Divorciado(a)/viúvo(a)/separado(a)  1 (2,8)  0 (0,0)   
Mediana (IIQ) da duração da doença (anos)  3 (1–7)     
Mediana do VAS‐Pruritus (IIQ)  7 (6–9)     
Mediana (IIQ) do DLQI  4,5 (3–13)     
Gravidade da doença, n (%)       
Leve  10 (27,7)     
Moderada  14 (38,8)     
Grave  12 (33,3)     
Localização, n (%)
Cabeça  4 (11,1)     
Tórax  4 (11,1)     
Dorso  16 (44,4)     
Extremidades superiores  5 (13,9)     
Extremidades inferiores  13 (36,1)     
Glúteos  8 (22,2)     
Tabela 2.

Comparação dos escores dos questionários e parâmetros laboratoriais entre líquen simples crônico (LSC) e controles

  LSC  Controles 
  Média±DP (mín–máx)  Média±DP (mín–máx)   
PSS‐10  18,3±6,4 (0–28)  12,6±5,1 (2–23)  <0,001 
HADS‐A  8,28±4,65 (1–19)  5,28±2,94 (0–10)  0,002 
HADS‐D  7,39±4,93 (0–20)  4,17±2,48 (0–13)  0,001 
  Mediana (IIQ)  Mediana (IIQ)   
IgE (mg/dL)  36,7 (8,3–121)  58,1 (21,2–100)  0,374 
Eosinófilos (× 106/mL)  0,13 (0,06–0,27)  0,12 (0,08–0,18)  0,969 
NGF (ng/mL)  141,7 (80,3–689,9)  437 (148,4–1,142,0)  0,010 
GDNF (ng/mL)  1,61 (0,88–11,63)  5,24 (1,80–20,26)  0,019 
NT (pmoL/L)  49 (27,1–143,1)  98,2 (47,2–242)  0,012 
BDNF (ng/mL)  0,88 (0,71–1,87)  1,34 (0,92–2,43)  0,004 
Tabela 3.

Correlação de Spearman entre VAS‐Pruritus, gravidade da doença e parâmetros do estudo

  VAS‐PruritusGravidade da Doença
 
Gravidade da Doença  0,366  0,028     
Idade (anos)  0,088  0,610  0,031  0,857 
Duração da Doença (anos)  0,019  0,912  0,266  0,116 
DLQI  0,319  0,058  0,359  0,031 
PSS‐10  0,231  0,175  0,218  0,201 
HADS‐A  0,309  0,067  0,358  0,032 
HADS‐D  0,378  0,023  0,107  0,536 
IgE (mg/dL)  0,203  0,234  0,118  0,494 
Eosinófilos (×106/mL)  0,132  0,442  0,069  0,689 
NGF (ng/mL)  0,055  0,748  0,103  0,548 
GDNF (ng/mL)  0,055  0,750  0,135  0,433 
NT (pmoL/L)  0,020  0,906  0,073  0,673 
BDNF (ng/mL)  0,016  0,925  0,030  0,863 
Tabela 4.

Modelo de regressão linear para variáveis identificadas como significantes para aumento do escore do VAS‐Pruritus

Modelo  Coeficientes β não padronizados  Coeficientes β padronizados 
Constante  2,978     
Gravidade da doença  0,376  0,396  0,043 
Sexo  1,154  0,206  0,290 
Idade  0,027  0,144  0,481 
DLQI  0,061  0,151  0,395 
PSS‐10  0,019  0,055  0,841 
HADS‐A  0,088  0,182  0,444 
HADS‐D  0,168  0,369  0,133 
IgE  0,001  0,246  0,146 
Eosinófilos  1,596  0,110  0,550 
NGF  0,000  0,131  0,769 
GDNF  0,032  0,310  0,340 
NT  0,002  0,356  0,319 
BDNF  1,634  0,688  0,393 
Tabela 5.

Modelo de regressão linear para variáveis identificadas como significantes para a gravidade da doença

Modelo 1  Coeficientes β não padronizados  Coeficientes β padronizados 
Constante  0,970     
VAS  0,480  0,455  0,043 
Sexo  0,820  0,139  0,509 
Idade  0,007  0,036  0,870 
DLQI  0,059  0,138  0,470 
PSS‐10  0,044  0,118  0,685 
HADS‐A  0,094  0,184  0,471 
HADS‐D  0,205  0,427  0,103 
IgE  0,002  0,302  0,093 
Eosinófilos  1,151  0,076  0,703 
NGF  0,002  0,420  0,377 
GDNF  0,027  0,251  0,472 
NT  0,000  0,053  0,891 
BDNF  1,144  0,457  0,599 
Discussão

Nossos resultados mostraram aumento de estresse, ansiedade e depressão no grupo LSC em comparação com os controles. O estresse percebido refere‐se aos sentimentos ou pensamentos que um indivíduo tem sobre quanto estresse o mesmo está sofrendo em um determinado momento ou durante um determinado período. As definições teóricas de estresse destacam o papel da percepção como um fator crucial na sua experiência.18 O PSS mede a percepção de estresse dos indivíduos no último mês. O fato de que os pacientes com LSC tinham escores de PSS mais altos do que os controles apoia a ideia de que os pacientes com LSC experimentam maior sofrimento mental – portanto, que o estresse mental pode desempenhar um papel no LSC. Os fatores estressantes crônicos podem promover alterações psiconeuroimunológicas através do eixo HPA, resultando em uma exacerbação das doenças cutâneas atuais ou no desenvolvimento de novas doenças. Essas condições podem afetar negativamente a qualidade de vida de uma pessoa, resultando em um declínio no bem‐estar psicológico e uma exacerbação dos distúrbios psiquiátricos atuais ou no aparecimento de novos distúrbios. Além disso, encontramos altos escores de VAS‐Pruritus (média=7, mín.‐máx. 6‐9) em pacientes com LSC que se correlacionou com a gravidade da doença e com os escore de HADS‐D. Portanto, a gravidade do prurido, da doença e da depressão desempenhou um papel no processo de LSC. Dalgard et al.19 reportou que a presença de prurido em pacientes dermatológicos estava significantemente associada à depressão clínica, ideias suicidas e estresse em vários países. Yamamato et al.20 investigaram a ligação entre sintomas de prurido e estresse psicológico utilizando o PSS e mostrou‐se que havia uma relação entre a gravidade do prurido e os sintomas psicológicos na população em geral. Yalçın et al.21 descobriram que 62% dos 50 pacientes com LSC tinham pelo menos uma comorbidade psiquiátrica, principalmente transtorno depressivo maior (32%), distimia (18%) e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (12%). Halvorsen et al.22 afirmaram que o prurido é um fator de risco maior para problemas psicológicos comparado com o eczema crônico sem prurido.

Todas esses achados questionam se o sistema psiconeuroimunológico desempenha algum papel patogenético na relação entre o prurido e o estresse psicológico e, portanto, entre LSC e estresse psicológico. Afinal, os sistemas neurológico, endócrino e imunológico interagem entre si para desenvolver uma resposta de estresse suficiente para o corpo e a mente utilizando uma série de neurotrofinas, neuropeptídeos, neurotransmissores e neuro‐hormônios.

As neurotrofinas pertencem a uma família de fatores tróficos que regulam a sobrevivência, o crescimento e a morte celular programada dos neurônios.23 Elas exercem funções imunomoduladoras não apenas nos nervos, mas também nas células do sistema imunológico, o que foi comprovado anteriormente para o NGF.24 Algumas neurotrofinas foram estudadas em diferentes condições dermatológicas.9,10,12–14 Em várias inflamações crônicas da pele, como dermatite atópica, psoríase e prurigo, a expressão de NGF estava aumentada nas lesões.25–27 De fato, relatou‐se que o número de fibras nervosas periféricas e a concentração de NGF em lesões de LSC são mais altas. Em nosso estudo, é digno de nota o fato de que os níveis de todas as neurotrofinas, incluindo NT‐3, NGF, GDNF e BDNF, eram significantemente menores em pacientes com LSC em comparação com os controles saudáveis. Isso pode significar que essas quedas estavam longe de ser ocorrências casuais. Além disso, neurotrofinas, especialmente BDNF e NT‐3, foram investigadas em transtornos de humor, e descobriu‐se que as mesmas desempenham um papel na depressão e na ansiedade.28 He et al.13 demonstraram que os níveis séricos de BDNF eram mais baixos e associados negativamente a sintomas depressivos em jovens adultos chineses com acne vulgar. Eles também descobriram que a gravidade da doença não estava relacionada aos escores de depressão em seus pacientes com acne, como no presente estudo em LSC. Em nosso estudo, todas as neurotrofinas se correlacionaram negativamente com a gravidade da doença.

Finalmente, os pacientes com LSC tinham níveis percebidos aumentados de estresse, ansiedade e depressão, e também níveis diminuídos de neurotrofinas, que desempenham um papel significativo na química do cérebro e dos nervos. No entanto, ainda não respondemos à pergunta de quem veio primeiro: o LSC ou essas questões psiconeuroimunológicas. Diminuição nos níveis de neurotrofinas pode levar à depressão ou ansiedade e pode desencadear o LSC – ou, inversamente, o LSC pode causar depressão ou ansiedade ao reduzir a qualidade de vida, o que, por sua vez, pode diminuir as neurotrofinas. Isso pode até mesmo ser uma relação de mão dupla. Esses resultados podem ser utilizados para ajudar a compreender melhor a doença, esclarecer sua patogênese ou descobrir novas opções de terapia para LSC no futuro.

Conclusão

O presente estudo mostrou que pacientes com LSC apresentam aumento dos níveis de estresse, ansiedade e depressão e diminuição da qualidade de vida e dos níveis de neurotrofinas. A redução dos níveis séricos de neurotrofinas pode estar diretamente relacionada à etiologia do LSC ou estar associada ao alto percentual de transtornos psiquiátricos nessa população de pacientes. Estudos futuros são necessários para abordar as bases psiconeuroimunológicas do LSC e para desenvolver novas terapias.

Suporte financeiro

University of Health Sciences, coordenação de projetos de pesquisa científica.

Contribuição dos autores

İlknur Kıvanç Altunay: Aprovação da versão final do manuscrito; revisão crítica do manuscrito; concepção e planejamento do estudo.

Ezgi Özkur: Revisão crítica da literatura; elaboração e redação do manuscrito; análise estatística.

Ece Uğurer: Obtenção, análise e interpretação dos dados.

Ecem Baltan: Obtenção, análise e interpretação dos dados.

Çiğdem Aydın: Participação efetiva na orientação da pesquisa.

Erdinç Serin: Revisão crítica do manuscrito.

Conflito de interesses

Nenhum.

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Como citar este artigo: Altunay İK, Özkur E, Uğurer E, Baltan E, Aydın Ç, Serin E. More than a skin disease: stress, depression, anxiety levels, and serum neurotrophins in lichen simplex chronicus. An Bras Dermatol. 2021;96:700–5.

Trabalho realizado no Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Research and Training Hospital, Istambul, Turquia.

Copyright © 2021. Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia
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