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increase in sun exposure during leisure time&#44; use of immunosuppressants&#44; greater population awareness&#44; greater access to the health system&#44; and even greater diagnostic accuracy by dermatologists and pathologists&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the population-specific mortality did not show any signs of decrease&#44; further alluding to the possibility of overdiagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Shorter survival in men with melanoma have also been identified in other countries&#59; however&#44; the tumor biological behavior considering the hormonal differences&#44; as defended by the authors&#44; may not fully justify this fact&#44; especially since the greatest divergence of mortality between the sexes occurs in old age&#44; when sex hormones are less active&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is considered relevant to mention that all diseases have biological&#44; environmental and sociocultural dimensions&#46; In Brazil&#44; women have a life expectancy that is 9&#46;6&#37; higher than men &#40;2019&#58; 80&#46;1 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 73&#46;1 years&#41;&#44; undergo fewer hospital admissions &#40;except for obstetric ones&#41;&#44; and have a greater perception of their own health care&#44; such as adherence to vaccination&#44; regular examinations and routine outpatient consultations&#46; In the meantime&#44; behavioral aspects related to masculinity should be considered as possible determinants of delay in the diagnosis of melanoma&#44; contributing to its worse prognosis&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To corroborate this hypothesis&#44; the data from Castro e Souza et al&#46; was reanalyzed regarding the Clark and Breslow levels &#8211; considering such variables as ordinals&#46; When analyzing them using the Chi-Square test of tendency&#44; which considers the influence of the effect by the variable order&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> it was shown that women have better histopathological indices &#40;p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;017&#41; at the moment of diagnosis of invasive cases &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the results of Castro e Souza et al&#46; should be seen from the perspective of primary and secondary prevention&#44; aiming to substantiate policies that promote early diagnosis&#44; especially in groups at higher risk and mortality&#44; such as men and the elderly&#44; since the worse melanoma survival in men may also reflect the socio-cultural determinant associated to gender&#44; leading to late diagnoses in groups less aware of the importance of the disease&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors&#8217; 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Interpretations about gender in the epidemiology of cutaneous melanoma
Anna Carolina Miola, Juliano Vilaverde Schmitt, Hélio Amante Miot
Autor para correspondência
heliomiot@gmail.com

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Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percentage of cutaneous melanoma cases according to gender &#40;M&#44; Male&#59; F&#44; Female&#41; and level of histopathological invasion&#46; &#40;A&#41;&#44; Clark&#8217;s anatomical level &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;267&#41;&#59; &#40;B&#41;&#44; Breslow index in mm &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;265&#41;&#46; Data extracted from Castro e Souza et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the relevance of cutaneous melanoma to the health system and the scarcity of large series of cases with longitudinal follow-up in samples from the Brazilian population&#44; we read with great interest the article by Castro e Souza et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> which showed different survival rates in males and females&#44; in a five-year follow-up of 221 patients&#46; In addition to congratulating the authors&#44; we would like to propose some reflections regarding the interpretation of the results&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is consistent evidence of an increase in melanoma diagnoses worldwide in recent decades&#59; in parallel&#44; there is an intense discussion about factors associated with this phenomenon&#44; such as population aging&#44; increase in sun exposure during leisure time&#44; use of immunosuppressants&#44; greater population awareness&#44; greater access to the health system&#44; and even greater diagnostic accuracy by dermatologists and pathologists&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the population-specific mortality did not show any signs of decrease&#44; further alluding to the possibility of overdiagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Shorter survival in men with melanoma have also been identified in other countries&#59; however&#44; the tumor biological behavior considering the hormonal differences&#44; as defended by the authors&#44; may not fully justify this fact&#44; especially since the greatest divergence of mortality between the sexes occurs in old age&#44; when sex hormones are less active&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is considered relevant to mention that all diseases have biological&#44; environmental and sociocultural dimensions&#46; In Brazil&#44; women have a life expectancy that is 9&#46;6&#37; higher than men &#40;2019&#58; 80&#46;1 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 73&#46;1 years&#41;&#44; undergo fewer hospital admissions &#40;except for obstetric ones&#41;&#44; and have a greater perception of their own health care&#44; such as adherence to vaccination&#44; regular examinations and routine outpatient consultations&#46; In the meantime&#44; behavioral aspects related to masculinity should be considered as possible determinants of delay in the diagnosis of melanoma&#44; contributing to its worse prognosis&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To corroborate this hypothesis&#44; the data from Castro e Souza et al&#46; was reanalyzed regarding the Clark and Breslow levels &#8211; considering such variables as ordinals&#46; When analyzing them using the Chi-Square test of tendency&#44; which considers the influence of the effect by the variable order&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> it was shown that women have better histopathological indices &#40;p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;017&#41; at the moment of diagnosis of invasive cases &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the results of Castro e Souza et al&#46; should be seen from the perspective of primary and secondary prevention&#44; aiming to substantiate policies that promote early diagnosis&#44; especially in groups at higher risk and mortality&#44; such as men and the elderly&#44; since the worse melanoma survival in men may also reflect the socio-cultural determinant associated to gender&#44; leading to late diagnoses in groups less aware of the importance of the disease&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anna Carolina Miola&#58; Design and planning of the study&#59; statistical analysis&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Juliano Vilaverde Schmitt&#58; Design and planning of the study&#59; statistical analysis&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">H&#233;lio Amante Miot&#58; Design and planning of the study&#59; statistical analysis&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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