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axillary&#44; inguinal&#44; dorsal&#44; and cubital and popliteal fossa regions&#46; Mucous membranes were unaffected&#46; She reported a family history of mother&#44; siblings&#44; and maternal aunts with similar lesions&#44; and previous medical history of systemic hypertension&#44; coronary artery disease&#44; congestive heart failure&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; and hypothyroidism&#46; Histopathological examination revealed acantholysis with intra-epidermal cleavage involving the entire epidermal thickness&#44; demonstrating absence of dermal villi and eosinophils &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The patient was diagnosed with Hailey&#8211;Hailey disease based on clinical&#44; familial&#44; and histopathological data&#46; Given the multiple comorbidities of the patient&#44; treatment was limited to tetracycline&#44; prednisone&#44; dapsone&#44; sulfamethoxazole<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>trimethoprim&#44; cephalexin&#44; and methotrexate&#44; with little or no response&#46; After one year of follow-up&#44; the patient developed erythroderma &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2 and 3</a>&#41; and systemic symptoms&#44; and was hospitalized&#46; She died due to venous catheter-related infectious complications one month after hospitalization&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hailey&#8211;Hailey disease was first described in 1939 by the Hailey brothers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Its prevalence remains unknown and its autosomal dominant inheritance pattern shows complete penetrance and variable expressivity&#46; Its pathogenesis involves ATP2C1 gene mutation&#44; leading to changes in calcium transport into the Golgi apparatus that result in desmosomal dysfunction and keratinocyte acantholysis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Disease progression is characterized by chronicity and periods of exacerbation&#44; with onset usually occurring in the second and third decades of life&#46; Clinically&#44; flaccid vesicles and erosions are present&#44; with erythematous&#44; occasionally macerated plaques that symmetrically involve the flexural&#44; axillary&#44; inframammary&#44; inguinal&#44; and cervical regions&#46; The segmental form is usually unilateral and linear &#40;along the lines of Blaschko&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The generalized form&#44; as in the case reported here&#44; is rare&#44; and a common complication is secondary infection by fungi and bacteria&#46; Other factors associated with worsening of symptoms include heat&#44; sweating&#44; friction&#44; and ultraviolet radiation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The main differential diagnoses are pemphigus vulgaris&#44; Darier&#39;s disease&#44; inverse psoriasis&#44; seborrheic dermatitis&#44; intertrigo&#44; and erythrasma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The diagnosis is confirmed by histopathology&#44; which shows extensive suprabasal acantholysis with &#8220;dilapidated brick wall&#8221; appearance and&#44; possibly&#44; dyskeratotic keratinocytes&#46; Immunofluorescence is classically negative in Hailey&#8211;Hailey disease&#44; being unnecessary in the presence of typical clinical and histopathological features&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Treatment options are limited and depend on clinical severity&#46; They include oral and topical antibiotics&#44; topical calcineurin inhibitors&#44; oral and topical corticosteroids&#44; dapsone&#44; acitretin&#44; methotrexate&#44; and cyclosporine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Treatment alternatives for recalcitrant cases are botulinum toxin&#44; surgical resection&#44; laser therapy&#44; and photodynamic therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> In most cases&#44; clinical symptoms are limited to flexural and intertriginous areas&#46; Generalized manifestations are uncommon&#44; and erythroderma with fatal outcome is extremely rare&#46; The few cases reported in the literature describe bacterial infection&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> cutaneous adverse drug reaction&#44; and herpes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> as triggering factors for an acute dissemination of the disease&#46; However&#44; these factors differ from those of the case reported here&#44; since the patient presented with chronic generalized involvement&#44; regardless of the diagnosis of secondary infections and antibiotic therapies&#44; and no triggers for erythroderma were identified&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was&#44; therefore&#44; an extremely severe case of Hailey&#8211;Hailey disease that was highly resistant to treatment&#44; in a patient with multiple comorbidities&#44; resulting in the death of the patient&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Financial support</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Authors&#8217; contribution</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paula Baldissera Tansini&#58; Composition of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ana Let&#237;cia Boff&#58; Intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Magda Blessmann Weber&#58; Intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Renan Rangel Bonamigo&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case Report
Familial “benign” pemphigus? Erythroderma and fatal outcome
Paula Baldissera Tansinia,b,
Autor para correspondência
drapaulatansini@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Ana Letícia Boffc,d, Magda Blessmann Weberd, Renan Rangel Bonamigod,e
a Public Health Dermatology Service, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
b Instituto de Dermatologia Prof. Rubem David Azulay, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
c Dermatology Service, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
d Dermatology Service, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
e School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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axillary&#44; inguinal&#44; dorsal&#44; and cubital and popliteal fossa regions&#46; Mucous membranes were unaffected&#46; She reported a family history of mother&#44; siblings&#44; and maternal aunts with similar lesions&#44; and previous medical history of systemic hypertension&#44; coronary artery disease&#44; congestive heart failure&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; and hypothyroidism&#46; Histopathological examination revealed acantholysis with intra-epidermal cleavage involving the entire epidermal thickness&#44; demonstrating absence of dermal villi and eosinophils &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The patient was diagnosed with Hailey&#8211;Hailey disease based on clinical&#44; familial&#44; and histopathological data&#46; Given the multiple comorbidities of the patient&#44; treatment was limited to tetracycline&#44; prednisone&#44; dapsone&#44; sulfamethoxazole<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>trimethoprim&#44; cephalexin&#44; and methotrexate&#44; with little or no response&#46; After one year of follow-up&#44; the patient developed erythroderma &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2 and 3</a>&#41; and systemic symptoms&#44; and was hospitalized&#46; She died due to venous catheter-related infectious complications one month after hospitalization&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hailey&#8211;Hailey disease was first described in 1939 by the Hailey brothers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Its prevalence remains unknown and its autosomal dominant inheritance pattern shows complete penetrance and variable expressivity&#46; Its pathogenesis involves ATP2C1 gene mutation&#44; leading to changes in calcium transport into the Golgi apparatus that result in desmosomal dysfunction and keratinocyte acantholysis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Disease progression is characterized by chronicity and periods of exacerbation&#44; with onset usually occurring in the second and third decades of life&#46; Clinically&#44; flaccid vesicles and erosions are present&#44; with erythematous&#44; occasionally macerated plaques that symmetrically involve the flexural&#44; axillary&#44; inframammary&#44; inguinal&#44; and cervical regions&#46; The segmental form is usually unilateral and linear &#40;along the lines of Blaschko&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The generalized form&#44; as in the case reported here&#44; is rare&#44; and a common complication is secondary infection by fungi and bacteria&#46; Other factors associated with worsening of symptoms include heat&#44; sweating&#44; friction&#44; and ultraviolet radiation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The main differential diagnoses are pemphigus vulgaris&#44; Darier&#39;s disease&#44; inverse psoriasis&#44; seborrheic dermatitis&#44; intertrigo&#44; and erythrasma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The diagnosis is confirmed by histopathology&#44; which shows extensive suprabasal acantholysis with &#8220;dilapidated brick wall&#8221; appearance and&#44; possibly&#44; dyskeratotic keratinocytes&#46; Immunofluorescence is classically negative in Hailey&#8211;Hailey disease&#44; being unnecessary in the presence of typical clinical and histopathological features&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Treatment options are limited and depend on clinical severity&#46; They include oral and topical antibiotics&#44; topical calcineurin inhibitors&#44; oral and topical corticosteroids&#44; dapsone&#44; acitretin&#44; methotrexate&#44; and cyclosporine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Treatment alternatives for recalcitrant cases are botulinum toxin&#44; surgical resection&#44; laser therapy&#44; and photodynamic therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> In most cases&#44; clinical symptoms are limited to flexural and intertriginous areas&#46; Generalized manifestations are uncommon&#44; and erythroderma with fatal outcome is extremely rare&#46; The few cases reported in the literature describe bacterial infection&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> cutaneous adverse drug reaction&#44; and herpes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> as triggering factors for an acute dissemination of the disease&#46; However&#44; these factors differ from those of the case reported here&#44; since the patient presented with chronic generalized involvement&#44; regardless of the diagnosis of secondary infections and antibiotic therapies&#44; and no triggers for erythroderma were identified&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was&#44; therefore&#44; an extremely severe case of Hailey&#8211;Hailey disease that was highly resistant to treatment&#44; in a patient with multiple comorbidities&#44; resulting in the death of the patient&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Financial support</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Authors&#8217; contribution</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paula Baldissera Tansini&#58; Composition of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ana Let&#237;cia Boff&#58; Intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Magda Blessmann Weber&#58; Intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Renan Rangel Bonamigo&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hailey&#8211;Hailey disease&#44; or familial benign pemphigus&#44; is a rare bullous genodermatosis that usually presents with flaccid blisters&#44; erosions&#44; and maceration limited to flexural areas&#44; resulting in increased morbidity and reduced quality of life for affected patients&#46; The authors report an unusual case of generalized Hailey&#8211;Hailey disease with erythroderma and fatal outcome&#46;</p></span>"
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