Psoriasis in obesity: comparison of serum levels of leptin and adiponectin in obese subjects - cases and controls

Background: Psoriasis and obesity are somewhat related to a low-grade systemic inflammatory response.

Objectives: To determine leptin and adiponectin levels in psoriasis patients compared to control patients matched for weight.

Methods: A case-control study was performed, evaluating 113 psoriasis patients and 41 controls with other dermatologic diseases.

Results: The prevalence of obesity was 33% in cases and 21.9% in controls. All evaluated comorbidities were more prevalent among cases. When stratified by weight, the comorbidities were more frequent in overweight patients. We found no correlation between being overweight (p=0.25), leptin (p=0.18) or adiponectin (p=0.762) levels and psoriasis severity. When overweight cases and controls were compared, we found differences in the adiponectin values (p= 0.04). The overweight cases had lower adiponectin levels than the overweight controls. We found no differences in the leptin dosage between cases and controls. The overweight cases had higher leptin values than the normal weight cases (p<0.001).

Study Limitations: Several patients used systemic anti-inflammatory medication.

Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity among psoriasis cases (33%) was higher than in the general population (17.4%). We did not find any correlation between severity of psoriasis and inflammatory cytokines and the condition of being overweight. The overweight cases had lower values of adiponectin than the overweight controls. It seems, therefore, that there is a relationship between adiponectin and psoriasis, but this relationship depends on the presence of obesity.

Introduction

Psoriasis is a dermatological disease that affects 2–3% of the global population. It presents a genetic basis but is affected strongly by environmental factors. The cutaneous lesions show elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and a low-grade systemic inflammatory response is believed to occur.¹ The pro-inflammatory molecules released during chronic inflammation can favor the presence of one or more comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, acute myocardial infarction and obesity.^2-5

There is an increasing number of epidemiological studies on the association between psoriasis and obesity. The mechanism responsible for this association is not yet understood, though it is probably multifactorial, involving genetic and environmental factors and inflammatory mediators.⁶,⁷ It is believed that the cytokines leptin and adiponectin, known to be involved in obesity, are also related to psoriasis.^8-10

Leptin is a pro-inflammatory cytokine derived from adipocytes, and its circulating levels are correlated directly with body fat mass.¹¹ Leptin acts on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite, increase caloric expenditure and regulate body weight. It could be expected, therefore, that obese people have low leptin, since they present weight gain and increased appetite. However, obesity is associated with hyperleptinemia, but also with leptin resistance.⁸,^11-13

In addition to being a pituitary regulator of food intake, body weight and fat storage, leptin plays an important role in inflammatory processes through regulation of the expression of other cytokines that modulate the balance of Th1 and Th2 cells. It is postulated that the high leptin levels in obese patients may aggravate psoriasis through the release of inflammatory mediators that act directly on the cutaneous lesions. Furthermore, an increase in systemic inflammation can worsen the general condition of the patient who, typically, already has several other inflammatory comorbidities associated with psoriasis.²,¹⁴ This fact could contribute even further to increasing the cardiovascular risk observed in these patients.¹⁵,¹⁶ Recently, hyperleptinemia was proposed to be associated with psoriasis, independent of sex or of conventional cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity.¹⁷,¹⁸

Adiponectin, in turn, is a cytokine produced by adipose tissue at levels inversely proportional to one’s body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio. It induces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-10 and inhibits the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. Adiponectin is known for its anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and cardioprotective effects.¹⁹

Obesity, especially visceral adiposity, promote the state of hyperadiponectinemia, which results in greater cardiovascular risk.^20-23 Some studies found that patients with psoriasis have low levels of plasma adiponectin, which possibly contributes to the worsening of the skin lesions.²⁴ Apparently, adiponectin and TNF-α are negatively correlated.²⁵,²⁶

The existing literature so far supports the connection between psoriasis and obesity, with emphasis on the influence of the inflammatory cytokines. Apparently, the cytokines involved in obesity are also involved in the physiopathology of psoriasis. Whether this involvement is relevant, and how it manifests, is not yet known. Most published studies emphasize the levels of inflammatory substances such as TNF-α, PCR and IL-6.²⁷ Few works have analyzed the inflammatory cytokines involved in obesity, such as leptin and adiponectin. Studies that clarify whether a concrete relationship exists between psoriasis and obesity are important, since they provide health professionals with an approach to systemic inflammation that is unified and targeted rather than compartmentalized and, often, incomplete. The association between psoriasis and obesity, though already described, needs to be examined more thoroughly in an attempt to understand which physiopathological mechanisms are involved in this process.

The objective of this work is to evaluate the prevalence of obesity among the patients with psoriasis at the outpatient Dermatology Clinic of Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte. It is believed that this prevalence is higher than among the general population, as the scientific literature suggests an association between these two comorbidities. Other aims of this study are to compare the serum levels of leptin and adiponectin in patients with psoriasis and controls paired by weight, in addition to determining the prevalence of obesity and overweight in patients with psoriasis. We also intended to evaluate whether hyperleptinemia and hypoadiponectinemia are associated with psoriasis, independent of concomitant obesity or not, and to evaluate whether the levels of leptin and adiponectin and the degree of obesity are correlated with the severity of psoriasis.

Methods

We conducted a case-control study that evaluated 113 patients with psoriasis and 41 controls with other dermatological complaints, paired by weight. The cases were submitted to clinical assessment of psoriasis severity using the instrument Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), and the case and control patients’ anthropometric measurements of height, weight and abdominal circumference were taken. All of the patients responded to questionnaires about quality of life and were instructed to complete a clinical history form. Comorbidities were assessed based on patients’ self-reporting or on their use of specific medication, such as antihypertensives, metformin, insulin, statins or fibrates. We tested for the presence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus (DM) and dyslipidemia. We examined the cases of patients using systemic medications to treat psoriasis. Blood was collected from all patients, and the level of cytokines in the plasma was measures using the ELISA method (R&D Systems). The work was approved by the institution’s research ethics committee, under the number 094/2011. In the univariate analysis, Pearson’s chi-squared test or Fisher ’s exact test were used to compare the categorical variables, and the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test was used to analyze the numerical variables. In the multivariate analysis, the binary logistic regression model was used. After fitting the final model, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) estimate was evaluated, with a respective confidence interval of 95% (IC95%). All the analyses were stratified between the cases and controls and were performed in the software SPSS version 15.0.

Results

The average age among the cases was 55.3, ranging from 18 to 87 years. The average age among the controls was 39.9, ranging from 19 to 65 years. The controls were younger than the cases (p<0.001).

In terms of sex, the case group presented more women than men, and the control group had more men. Among the cases, 56.6% were female and 43.4% were male. Among the controls, 46.3% were women and 53.7% were men.

Of the 113 patients assessed as cases, 61.6% presented were overweight (defined as 25 kg/m² ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m²) and 33% were obese (defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²). The highest BMI recorded was 45 kg/m², and the minimum was 17.1 kg/m². The average BMI of the cases was 28.2 kg/m² (± 5.7).

Of the 41 controls evaluated, 73.2% were overweight and 21.9% were obese; maximum BMI was 44.2 kg/m² and the minimum was 17.8 kg/m². The average BMI of the controls was 27.2 kg/m² (± 4.3).

Therefore, we observed that the cases presented more obesity than the controls.

The cases present greater prevalence of all evaluated comorbidities when compared to the controls. SAH was found in 48.7% of the cases and in 26.8% of the controls (p = 0.015). DM was found in 19.5% of the cases and in 2.4% of the controls (p = 0.009). Dyslipidemia was found in 24.8% of the cases and in 2.4% of the controls (p = 0.002) (Table 1).

Table 1.

Comparison of sociodemographic and clinical variables between cases and controls

	Cases (n = 113)	Controls (n = 41)	P value
Sex
Male	49 (43.4%)	22 (53.7%)	0.257*
Female	64 (56.6%)	19 (46.3%)
Excess weight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m^2)
No	43 (38.4%)	11 (26.8%)	0.185*
Yes	69 (61.6%)	30 (73.2%)
Comorbidities
SAH
No	58 (51.3%)	30 (73.2%)	0.015*
Yes	55 (48.7%)	11 (26.8%)
DM
No	91 (80.5%)	40 (97.6%)	0.009*
Yes	22 (19.5%)	1 (2.4%)
Dyslipidemia
No	85 (75.2%)	40 (97.6%)	0.002*
Yes	28 (24.8%)	1 (2.4%)

*Chi-squared test

In the case group, we found no relationship between BMI and the severity of psoriasis (Table 2).

Table 2.

Univariate analysis evaluating psoriasis characteristics in relation to excess weight (cases)

Cases		Diagnosis time	PASI	BSA	DLQI
Without excess weight (BMI < 25 kg/m^2)	n	43	43	43	53
	Mean	13.3	5.1	11.4	3.8
	Standard deviation	10.5	9.0	20.5	4.6
	50^th Percentile	10.0	2.4	4.0	2.0
With excess weight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m^2)	n	69	69	69	98
	Mean	10.7	4.8	10.6	4.1
	Standard deviation	8.7	6.0	14.8	4.9
	50^th Percentile	10.0	3.1	5.0	3.0
	P-value***	0.287	0.250	0.500	0.434

***Mann-Whitney test

We found no relationship between the PASI and the evaluated cytokines in the case group, with and without current systemic treatment. No correlation was observed between excess weight (p = 0.25), leptin (p = 0.18) or adiponectin (p = 0.762) and psoriasis severity in the case group. The only correlation found was between leptin and adiponectin (Spearman -0.1987; p = 0.0151) when we assessed all patients collectively (Table 3).

Table 3.

Correlation coefficient between PASI and cytokines of patients with and without current systemic treatment

Without current treatment
	PASI	Adiponectin	Leptin
PASI	1
Adiponectin	500.0235*0.8715	1
Leptin	50-0.2241*0.1176	50-0.2075*0.1482	1
With current treatment
	PASI	Adiponectin	Leptin
PASI	1
Adiponectin	610.0534*0.6826	1
Leptin	61-0.0556*0.6706	61-0.1874*0.1482	1
Combined
	PASI	Adiponectin	Leptin
PASI	1
Adiponectin	1110.0290*0.7623	1
Leptin	111-0.1282*0.1800	149-0.1987*0.0151	1

*Spearman’s correlation

When comparing the excess-weight cases and controls, we found a difference in the values of adiponectin (p = 0.04). The excess-weight cases had lower values than the excess-weight controls. We found no difference in the leptin levels between these cases and controls (p = 0.11) (Table 4).

Table 4.

Comparison between excess-weight cases and controls in relation to cytokine levels

Cases x controls		Adiponectin (pg/mL)	Leptin (pg/mL)
Excess-weight controls(BMI ≥ 25 kg/m^2)	n	29	29
	Mean	45034.7	1693.78
	Standard deviation	4708.4	469.56
	50^th Percentile	43963.2	1896.8
Excess-weight cases(BMI ≥ 25 kg/m^2)	n	68	68
	Mean	43041.5	1863.5
	Standard deviation	5027.6	362
	50^th Percentile	42992.0	1930.5
P-value		0.04	0.11

***Mann-Whitney test

Among the cases, the excess-weight patients had higher leptin levels than the normal-weight patients (p < 0.001) (Table 5).

TABLE 5.

Univariate analysis of cytokine levels in relation to excess weight (cases)

Cases		Adiponectin (pg/mL)	Leptin (pg/mL)
Without excess weight(BMI < 25 kg/m^2)	n	42	42
	Mean	44089.0	1466.6
	Standard deviation	6837.9	625.9
	50^th Percentile	43891.7	1745.6
With excess weight(BMI ≥ 25 kg/m^2)	n	68	68
	Mean	43041.5	1863.5
	Standard deviation	5027.6	362.0
	50^th Percentile	42992.0	1930.5
P-value***		0.433	<0.001

***Mann-Whitney test

In the multivariate analyses, we found no correlation between cytokines and the other variables.

Discussion

We found that the prevalence of obesity in two groups (33% of cases and 21.9% of controls) is considerably higher than the prevalence among the general Brazilian population, which is 18.9% according to the epidemiological data of the VIGITEL (Surveillance of Risk Factors and Protection for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Inquiry) for 2016. Several well-conducted studies have reported an increase in the prevalence of obesity among patients with psoriasis. Of these studies, we highlight the works of Kaye et al. (2008) and Neimann et al. (2006), conducted in the United Kingdom, which assessed 44,164 and 131,560 individuals, respectively.^28-31

When we examined only the cases, we found that the leptin levels were higher in excess-weight patients compared to normal-weight patients. This finding supports the data in the literature, as hyperleptinemia has been associated with obesity and psoriasis in several cases.³²-³⁴

We did not find hypoadiponectinemia in the excess-weight cases compared to normal-weight cases, contrary to the current findings in the literature.³⁵,³⁶

We were unable to confirm the association between BMI and psoriasis severity found by Murray et al., who conducted a study with 88 cases in outpatient treatment for psoriasis and with same-sex siblings as controls. The study correlated BMI with psoriasis severity and found a positive association.³¹,³⁷,³⁸

In a comparison of excess-weight cases and controls, we found lower values of adiponectin in patients with psoriasis that in the controls; however, these case patients did not present higher levels of leptin than the controls. In 2008, Takahashi et al. conducted a study in Japan involving 122 patients with psoriasis and 78 healthy controls. Serum TNF- a, leptin and adiponectin were measured in these patients, and the data were correlated with the severity of psoriasis, measured with the PASI instrument. The leptin levels were higher, and the adiponectin levels lower, in patients with psoriasis than in the healthy controls. Furthermore, the adiponectin levels negatively correlated with the PASI, while the leptin levels tended to correlate positively.³⁹

Unlike Chen et al., when we compared normal-weight cases and controls, we found no differences in leptin and adiponectin values. In 2008, Chen et al. conducted a study of 77 patients with psoriasis diagnoses and 81 controls paired by sex and age. Obesity and hypertension were significantly prevalent in the psoriasis patients. In the multivariate analysis, hyperleptinemia was found in psoriasis patients independent of concomitance with obesity.⁴⁰

In 2013, Zhu et al. conducted a meta-analysis that failed to find a clear association between adiponectin levels and BMI and found no evidence of a relationship between adiponectin levels and psoriasis severity.³⁶ These same authors conducted a meta-analysis, also in 2013, to examine the relationship between leptin and psoriasis. Eleven studies were included, with a total of 773 psoriasis patients and 570 controls. In the stratified analysis, significant differences in the leptin levels between patients and controls were found only in serum samples and not in plasma samples. The leptin levels in psoriasis patients were higher than in control patients.⁴¹

Our study was conducted at a state dermatology referral center. Referral services usually bring together the most serious cases of a disease and, though difficult, can be reliably used to represent or generalize the population of that particular disease.

Although the groups were not comparable with respect to some variables in the univariate analysis, mainly in relation to age and comorbidities, this limitation was overcome with the multivariate analysis.

Our study did not evaluate patients under 18 years of age, which, considering that psoriasis has a bimodal incidence peak, resulted in a failure to evaluate a good portion of the affected population. Another important point to consider is the use of systemic anti-inflammatory medications by most of our patients. Recent studies show that patients taking systemic medications present significant alterations in their levels of inflammatory cytokines.³³,⁴²,⁴³ These studies show that the use of systemic anti-inflammatory drugs to treat psoriasis lowers leptin levels and elevates serum adiponectin levels. In our study, we found patients taking methotrexate (38 patients), acitretin (12 patients), prednisone (two patients), PUVA (two patients), adalimumab (three patients) and etanercept (four patients).

We should add that, as a considerable proportion of our psoriasis patients were using systemic medications (54.9%), the PASI of these patients was found to be lower than would be expected if they were not using systemic medications. As we found no relationship between cytokine levels and psoriasis severity, we attributed this fact to the use of systemic anti-inflammatory medications.

Cytokine levels were measured only once, because the high number of patients involved in this study made a second measurement financially difficult. The large number of individuals did enable us, however, to compare the samples more reliably. In addition, the ELISA method has high sensitivity and strict quality control.

Conclusions

The prevalence of obesity among patients with psoriasis (33%) was higher than among the general Brazilian population (18.9%). We found no correlation between disease severity and inflammatory cytokines or excess weight. Hyperleptinemia is associated with obesity, but we could not prove an independent association with psoriasis.

Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with psoriasis, but this relationship is dependent on the presence of excess weight.

The levels of leptin and adiponectin did not correlate with the severity of psoriasis. We found no relationship between BMI and psoriasis severity. ❑

Acknowledgement

We thank FAPEMIG for the financial support.

Financial Support: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG).

Conflict of Interests: None.