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n&#227;o havia aprovado nenhum tratamento para AA&#44; quando ent&#227;o aprovou o baricitinibe para adultos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> At&#233; aquele momento&#44; as op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento eram <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">off&#8208;label</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> e os inibidores da JAK ainda permanecem medica&#231;&#245;es de dif&#237;cil acesso em virtude de seu alto custo&#46; Pacientes com doen&#231;a grave t&#234;m benef&#237;cios limitados com os tratamentos&#44; e a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia &#233; alta&#46; Por isso&#44; risco&#8208;benef&#237;cio e seguran&#231;a dos medicamentos usados devem ser considerados&#46; A AA afeta adultos e crian&#231;as&#44; e estima&#8208;se que at&#233;&#160;20&#37; dos casos ocorram na inf&#226;ncia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> quando tende a ser mais grave e com pior progn&#243;stico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Crian&#231;as com AA apresentam maiores &#237;ndices de ansiedade&#44; depress&#227;o e diminui&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este &#233; um estudo de&#160;18&#160;pacientes&#44; realizado em duas unidades de Dermatologia Pedi&#225;trica do Brasil &#8211; uma no Hospital Santo Ant&#244;nio&#44; em Porto Alegre&#44; e outra no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas&#44; em Curitiba&#46; O per&#237;odo do estudo&#44; desde a fase de sele&#231;&#227;o at&#233; a avalia&#231;&#227;o final&#44; deu&#8208;se de janeiro de&#160;2019 a julho de&#160;2020&#46; Dos&#160;18&#160;pacientes&#44; dois n&#227;o responderam &#224; mesalazina ap&#243;s seis meses de tratamento&#46; Outros dois n&#227;o puderam finalizar seu acompanhamento e tratamento por motivo de mudan&#231;a de cidade ou pela pandemia do coronav&#237;rus&#8208;19&#46; Assim&#44; 14 indiv&#237;duos foram analisados aos 6 e 12 meses ap&#243;s in&#237;cio do tratamento&#58; 10 apresentavam AA em placas com SALT&#160;&#62; 40&#44; alopecia universal &#40;AU&#41; ou alopecia total &#40;AT&#41;&#44; e quatro com AA difusa&#46; Desses quatro&#44; tr&#234;s tiveram o diagn&#243;stico confirmado por biopsia e um apresentou inicialmente placas&#44; mas evoluiu para difusa&#46; Foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de AA com SALT&#160;&#8805; 40 ou com AA difusa&#44; n&#227;o responsivos ao tratamento t&#243;pico e corticoterapia sist&#234;mica&#44; de qualquer sexo&#44; idade entre 2 e 18 anos&#46; O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os pacientes e&#47;ou de seus respons&#225;veis legais&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exames laboratoriais foram realizados antes do tratamento&#44; mensalmente nos primeiros seis meses e a cada dois meses at&#233; completar 12 meses&#46; Durante o tratamento com mesalazina&#44; os pacientes com teste de tra&#231;&#227;o positivo &#40;indicando doen&#231;a ativa&#41; utilizaram corticoterapia sist&#234;mica&#58; prednisolona 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;dia por cinco dias&#44; com retirada gradual a partir do sexto dia e ao longo de 22 a 30 dias&#44; e manuten&#231;&#227;o nos finais de semana de 0&#44;5 a 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;dia at&#233; que o teste de tra&#231;&#227;o fosse negativo&#46; Todos os pacientes do estudo haviam recebido terapia com corticosteroides sist&#234;micos isoladamente nas mesmas doses descritas por tr&#234;s meses antes de iniciar a mesalazina e n&#227;o apresentaram sinais de repila&#231;&#227;o&#46; A mesalazina foi administrada por via oral&#44; na dose inicial de 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;dia&#44; dividida em duas doses di&#225;rias&#44; aumentada at&#233; 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;dia&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A resposta ao tratamento foi avaliada por meio de fotografias aplicando a escala SALT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> A escala varia de zero &#40;aus&#234;ncia de alopecia&#41; a 100 &#40;aus&#234;ncia completa de pelos no couro cabeludo&#41;&#46; A resposta ao tratamento foi avaliada aos seis e 12 meses de terapia pela diferen&#231;a no escore SALT basal &#40;SALT B&#41; e os escores nesses dois tempos &#40;SALT 6 meses&#59; SALT 12 meses&#41;&#46; Os pacientes foram classificados em quatro grupos de acordo com o percentual de redu&#231;&#227;o do escore SALT&#58;&#160;5&#37; a 25&#37; &#40;resposta fraca&#41;&#44; 26&#37; a 50&#37; &#40;moderada&#41;&#44; 51&#37; a 75&#37; &#40;expressiva&#41; e 76&#37; a 100&#37; &#40;notavelmente expressiva&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para calcular a efic&#225;cia do tratamento&#44; foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es das medidas de SALT obtidas por meio do teste <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Student</span>&#46; Os pacientes com AA difusa n&#227;o puderam ser avaliados com a escala SALT porque essa refere&#8208;se &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o em placas&#46; Portanto&#44; o acompanhamento e a melhora foram observados por meio de fotografias &#40;no in&#237;cio&#44; aos seis e 12 meses&#41; e por dermatoscopia procurando pontos pretos&#44; cabelos em ponto de exclama&#231;&#227;o e pontos amarelos&#46; O grupo com alopecia difusa foi assim classificado&#58; excelente&#44; quando a repila&#231;&#227;o avaliada pelo exame cl&#237;nico e dermatoscopia foi maior que&#160;40&#37;&#59; boa&#44; quando foi de&#160;20&#37;&#8208;40&#37;&#59; ruim&#44; quando menor que&#160;10&#37;&#59; e nenhuma resposta&#44; quando sem mudan&#231;a&#46; Ao comparar resultados dos exames laboratoriais apresentados antes e ap&#243;s o uso da mesalazina&#44; n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es&#46; O SALT basal variou de 40&#44;6 a 100&#44; com m&#233;dia de 86&#44;5 &#40;DP &#61; 22&#44;2&#41;&#46; Analisando os resultados&#44; observou&#8208;se efic&#225;cia significativa do tratamento com mesalazina tanto aos seis quanto aos 12 meses &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; A redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia relativa aos seis meses foi de 29&#44;9&#37;&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;003&#59; &#40;intervalo&#58;&#160;&#8722;67&#59; 0&#59; n &#61; 12&#41;&#44; e aos 12 meses foi&#160;de 66&#44;8&#37;&#44; p &#60; 0&#44;001 &#40;intervalo&#58;&#160;&#8722;92&#44;2&#59; &#8722;12&#44;0&#59; n &#61; 10&#41;&#46; Ap&#243;s 12 meses de terapia com mesalazina&#44; 40&#37; dos pacientes apresentaram resposta altamente expressiva &#40;redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 76&#37;&#41; &#8211; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a>&#44; 30&#37;&#160;tiveram resposta expressiva&#44; 20&#37;&#160;resposta moderada e um &#40;10&#37;&#160;da amostra&#41; teve baixa resposta &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46; Os quatro pacientes com AA difusa mostraram melhora significativa e obtiveram excelente resposta aos 12 meses de tratamento &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em&#160;2007&#44; um estudo mostrou que um medicamento semelhante &#224; mesalazina&#44; chamado sulfassalazina&#44; manteve a repila&#231;&#227;o induzida por corticosteroide&#44; sugerindo potencial benef&#237;cio dessa medica&#231;&#227;o&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> A sulfassalazina &#233; um pr&#243;&#8208;f&#225;rmaco composto por &#225;cido&#160;5&#8208;aminossalic&#237;lico ligado &#224; sulfapiridina por um anel azol&#46; Enquanto o&#160;5&#8208;ASA tem efeitos ben&#233;ficos em doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria intestinal&#44; a sulfapiridina &#233; respons&#225;vel pela maioria dos efeitos colaterais &#40;cefaleia&#44; anorexia&#44; n&#225;useas e v&#244;mitos&#41;&#46; A mesalazina &#40;libera&#231;&#227;o lenta de&#160;5&#8208;ASA&#41; n&#227;o cont&#233;m sulfapiridina&#44; e &#233; mais bem tolerada&#46; &#201; usada em crian&#231;as para tratamento de doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria intestinal e tem efeito imunomodulador e de imunossupress&#227;o&#44; incluindo inibi&#231;&#227;o de interleucinas &#40;IL&#41;&#8208;1 e IL&#8208;2 e do fator de necrose tumoral alfa&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em&#160;2018&#44; nosso grupo publicou o primeiro estudo com mesalazina e demonstrou benef&#237;cio em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com AA grave&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Em&#160;2021&#44; Mahgoob et al&#46; compararam mesalazina com azatioprina em&#160;30&#160;pacientes adultos e crian&#231;as com AA grave e mostraram que ambas s&#227;o eficientes para AA&#44; com a mesalazina apresentando menos efeitos colaterais&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Nosso estudo observou redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia relativa de SALT de 66&#44;8&#37; ap&#243;s 12 meses de tratamento com mesalazina&#44; resultado semelhante a um estudo que evidenciou redu&#231;&#227;o de 67&#44;7&#37; em adolescentes com AA usando tofacitinibe&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> por&#233;m com custo de tratamento bem inferior no caso da mesalazina&#46; O presente estudo destaca os potenciais benef&#237;cios da mesalazina para gerenciar pacientes com AA&#46; Parece ser uma possibilidade segura&#44; principalmente na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica&#44; na qual &#233; imperativo o uso de medicamentos com menor probabilidade de efeitos colaterais&#46; A limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o pequeno tamanho da amostra e o uso concomitante de corticoterapia quando a doen&#231;a estava ativa&#46; Mais estudos&#44; especialmente ensaios cl&#237;nicos controlados&#44; devem ser feitos&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Suporte financeiro</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anal&#250; Vivian&#58; Elabora&#231;&#227;o e reda&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vania Oliveira de Carvalho&#58; Revis&#227;o da literatura e reda&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ana Elisa Kiszewski&#58; Concep&#231;&#227;o e planejamento do estudo&#59; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito e aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflito de interesses</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Como citar este artigo&#58; Vivian A&#44; Carvalho VO&#44; Kiszewski AE&#46; Efficacy of mesalazine in children with moderate to severe alopecia areata&#58; case series of 18 patients&#46; An Bras Dermatol&#46; 2023&#59;98&#58;837&#8211;40&#46;</p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Resposta cl&#237;nica &#224; mesalazina em pacientes com alopecia areata universal&#46; &#40;A&#41;&#160;Paciente de 3 anos e 6 meses de idade&#44; antes e ap&#243;s 12 meses de tratamento&#46; &#40;B&#41;&#160;Paciente de 7 anos&#44; antes e ap&#243;s 12 meses de tratamento</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">12 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">12 meses &#8211; mudan&#231;a basal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&#233;dia &#177; DP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">83&#44;8 &#177; 23&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#44;8 &#177; 25&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;56&#44;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> &#177; 28&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Varia&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#44;6&#59; 100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#59; 88&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;92&#44;9&#59; &#8722;12&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Redu&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dia &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;66&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Escala de resposta em paciente com AA em placas&#44; AU&#160;ou&#160;AT&#58; &#8722;5&#37;&#160;a&#160;&#8722;25&#37; &#40;baixa&#41;&#59; &#8722;26&#37;&#160;a&#160;&#8722;50&#37;&#58; moderada&#59; &#8722;51&#37;&#160;a&#160;&#8722;75&#37;&#58; expressiva&#59; &#8722;76&#37;&#160;a&#160;&#8722;100&#37;&#58; altamente expressiva&#46;</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Escala de resposta em pacientes com AA difusa&#58; repila&#231;&#227;o maior que&#160;40&#37; &#40;excelente&#41;&#59; 20&#37;&#8208;40&#37; &#40;boa&#41;&#59; &#60; 10&#37; &#40;baixa&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#250;mero do paciente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sexo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Idade de in&#237;cio da AA &#40;meses&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Idade de in&#237;cio da mesalazina &#40;anos&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dose da mesalazina &#40;mg&#47;kg&#47;dia&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Subtipo de AA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SALT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">B</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SALT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6M</span> &#40;&#37; de redu&#231;&#227;o&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resposta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SALT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12M</span> &#40;&#37; de redu&#231;&#227;o&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resposta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">132&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Placas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Expressiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Altamente expressiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Placas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Moderada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Moderada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Placas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Moderada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Expressiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Placas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">91&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Baixa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Moderada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AU&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">97&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Baixa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Altamente expressiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">61&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Expressiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Altamente expressiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AU&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Expressiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Expressiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Baixa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Expressiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AU&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Expressiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Altamente expressiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Baixa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Baixa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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Journal Information
Vol. 98. Issue 6.
Pages 837-840 (1 November 2023)
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4479
Vol. 98. Issue 6.
Pages 837-840 (1 November 2023)
Carta ‐ Investigação
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Eficácia da mesalazina em crianças com moderada a grave alopecia areata: série de casos com 18 pacientes
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Analú Viviana, Vania Oliveira de Carvalhob, Ana Elisa Kiszewskia,c,d,
Corresponding author
kiszewski@gmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
a Serviço de Dermatologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
b Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
c Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
d Unidade de Dermatologia Pediátrica, Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Tables (2)
Tabela 1. Resultados dos pacientes aos 6 e 12 meses de tratamento com mesalazina e amplitude no escore
Tabela 2. Pacientes com AA e sua resposta à terapia com mesalazina em seis e 12 meses
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Prezado Editor,

A alopecia areata (AA) afeta principalmente o couro cabeludo, mas pode afetar cílios e pelos corporais. Seu tratamento pode ser tópico (corticoides, minoxidil, antralina, difenciprona) e sistêmico (corticosteroides, azatioprina, metotrexato, ciclosporina e sulfassalazina).1 Há estudos demonstrando benefício da mesalazina2 e, mais recentemente, dos inibidores da Janus Kinase (JAK).3

Até junho de 2022, o Food and Drug Adminstration (FDA) não havia aprovado nenhum tratamento para AA, quando então aprovou o baricitinibe para adultos.4 Até aquele momento, as opções de tratamento eram off‐label,2 e os inibidores da JAK ainda permanecem medicações de difícil acesso em virtude de seu alto custo. Pacientes com doença grave têm benefícios limitados com os tratamentos, e a taxa de recorrência é alta. Por isso, risco‐benefício e segurança dos medicamentos usados devem ser considerados. A AA afeta adultos e crianças, e estima‐se que até 20% dos casos ocorram na infância,5,6 quando tende a ser mais grave e com pior prognóstico.3 Crianças com AA apresentam maiores índices de ansiedade, depressão e diminuição da qualidade de vida.7

Este é um estudo de 18 pacientes, realizado em duas unidades de Dermatologia Pediátrica do Brasil – uma no Hospital Santo Antônio, em Porto Alegre, e outra no Hospital das Clínicas, em Curitiba. O período do estudo, desde a fase de seleção até a avaliação final, deu‐se de janeiro de 2019 a julho de 2020. Dos 18 pacientes, dois não responderam à mesalazina após seis meses de tratamento. Outros dois não puderam finalizar seu acompanhamento e tratamento por motivo de mudança de cidade ou pela pandemia do coronavírus‐19. Assim, 14 indivíduos foram analisados aos 6 e 12 meses após início do tratamento: 10 apresentavam AA em placas com SALT > 40, alopecia universal (AU) ou alopecia total (AT), e quatro com AA difusa. Desses quatro, três tiveram o diagnóstico confirmado por biopsia e um apresentou inicialmente placas, mas evoluiu para difusa. Foram incluídos indivíduos com diagnóstico de AA com SALT ≥ 40 ou com AA difusa, não responsivos ao tratamento tópico e corticoterapia sistêmica, de qualquer sexo, idade entre 2 e 18 anos. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os pacientes e/ou de seus responsáveis legais.

Exames laboratoriais foram realizados antes do tratamento, mensalmente nos primeiros seis meses e a cada dois meses até completar 12 meses. Durante o tratamento com mesalazina, os pacientes com teste de tração positivo (indicando doença ativa) utilizaram corticoterapia sistêmica: prednisolona 1mg/kg/dia por cinco dias, com retirada gradual a partir do sexto dia e ao longo de 22 a 30 dias, e manutenção nos finais de semana de 0,5 a 1mg/kg/dia até que o teste de tração fosse negativo. Todos os pacientes do estudo haviam recebido terapia com corticosteroides sistêmicos isoladamente nas mesmas doses descritas por três meses antes de iniciar a mesalazina e não apresentaram sinais de repilação. A mesalazina foi administrada por via oral, na dose inicial de 30mg/kg/dia, dividida em duas doses diárias, aumentada até 50mg/kg/dia.

A resposta ao tratamento foi avaliada por meio de fotografias aplicando a escala SALT.6 A escala varia de zero (ausência de alopecia) a 100 (ausência completa de pelos no couro cabeludo). A resposta ao tratamento foi avaliada aos seis e 12 meses de terapia pela diferença no escore SALT basal (SALT B) e os escores nesses dois tempos (SALT 6 meses; SALT 12 meses). Os pacientes foram classificados em quatro grupos de acordo com o percentual de redução do escore SALT: 5% a 25% (resposta fraca), 26% a 50% (moderada), 51% a 75% (expressiva) e 76% a 100% (notavelmente expressiva).

Para calcular a eficácia do tratamento, foram realizadas comparações das medidas de SALT obtidas por meio do teste t de Student. Os pacientes com AA difusa não puderam ser avaliados com a escala SALT porque essa refere‐se à avaliação em placas. Portanto, o acompanhamento e a melhora foram observados por meio de fotografias (no início, aos seis e 12 meses) e por dermatoscopia procurando pontos pretos, cabelos em ponto de exclamação e pontos amarelos. O grupo com alopecia difusa foi assim classificado: excelente, quando a repilação avaliada pelo exame clínico e dermatoscopia foi maior que 40%; boa, quando foi de 20%‐40%; ruim, quando menor que 10%; e nenhuma resposta, quando sem mudança. Ao comparar resultados dos exames laboratoriais apresentados antes e após o uso da mesalazina, não houve alterações. O SALT basal variou de 40,6 a 100, com média de 86,5 (DP = 22,2). Analisando os resultados, observou‐se eficácia significativa do tratamento com mesalazina tanto aos seis quanto aos 12 meses (tabela 1). A redução média relativa aos seis meses foi de 29,9%, p = 0,003; (intervalo: −67; 0; n = 12), e aos 12 meses foi de 66,8%, p < 0,001 (intervalo: −92,2; −12,0; n = 10). Após 12 meses de terapia com mesalazina, 40% dos pacientes apresentaram resposta altamente expressiva (redução ≥ 76%) – figura 1, 30% tiveram resposta expressiva, 20% resposta moderada e um (10% da amostra) teve baixa resposta à medicação (tabela 2). Os quatro pacientes com AA difusa mostraram melhora significativa e obtiveram excelente resposta aos 12 meses de tratamento (tabela 2).

Tabela 1.

Resultados dos pacientes aos 6 e 12 meses de tratamento com mesalazina e amplitude no escore

6 meses – mudança basal (n = 12)  Basal  6 meses  6 meses – mudança basal 
Média ± DP  86,5 ± 22,2  60,6 ± 29,8  −25,8a ± 23,4 
Variação  40,6–100  15,2; 100  −67,2; 0 
Redução média (%)      −29,9 
12 meses – mudança basal (n = 10)  Basal  12 meses  12 meses – mudança basal 
Média ± DP  83,8 ± 23,6  27,8 ± 25,7  −56,0b ± 28,4 
Variação  40,6; 100  0; 88,0  −92,9; −12,0 
Redução Média (%)      −66,8 

Nota: SALT 100 indica completa ausência de pêlos e SALT 0 indica ausência de perda de pelos no couro cabeludo.

Teste t:

a

p = 0,003

b

p < 0,001.

Figura 1.

Resposta clínica à mesalazina em pacientes com alopecia areata universal. (A) Paciente de 3 anos e 6 meses de idade, antes e após 12 meses de tratamento. (B) Paciente de 7 anos, antes e após 12 meses de tratamento

(0.26MB).
Tabela 2.

Pacientes com AA e sua resposta à terapia com mesalazina em seis e 12 meses

Número do paciente  Sexo  Idade de início da AA (meses)  Idade de início da mesalazina (anos)  Dose da mesalazina (mg/kg/dia)  Subtipo de AA  SALTB  SALT6M (% de redução)  Resposta1  SALT12M (% de redução)  Resposta1 
132  12  30  Placas  40,6  62,6  Expressiva  100,0  Altamente expressiva 
60  35  Placas  43,4  31,8  Moderada  48,6  Moderada 
72  12  4.,8  Placas  71,6  27,9  Moderada  60,6  Expressiva 
48  40  Placas  91,0  24,3  Baixa  45,9  Moderada 
84  39  AU  97,0  7,1  Baixa  95,8  Altamente expressiva 
36  14  30  AT  98,0  61,6  Expressiva  82,4  Altamente expressiva 
31  43  AU  98,0  59,2  Expressiva  73,5  Expressiva 
60  30  AT  98,0  25,1  Baixa  65,9  Expressiva 
72  47  AU  100,0  67,2  Expressiva  90,7  Altamente expressiva 
10  30  AT  100,0  11,8  Baixa  12,0  Baixa 
11  36  14  40  AU  100,0  Sem resposta  –  – 
12  60  35  AU  100,0  Sem resposta  –  – 
13  72  14  30  AT  100,0  #  #  #  # 
14  60  15  30  AU  100,0  #  #  #  # 
15  21  30  Difusa  *  *  Boa  *  Excelente 
16  36  37.5  Difusa  *  *  Excelente  *  Excelente 
17  72  14  40  Difusa  *  *  Boa  *  Excelente 
18  12  30  Difusa  *  *  Excelente  *  Excelente 

Escala de resposta em paciente com AA em placas, AU ou AT: −5% a −25% (baixa); −26% a −50%: moderada; −51% a −75%: expressiva; −76% a −100%: altamente expressiva.

Escala de resposta em pacientes com AA difusa: repilação maior que 40% (excelente); 20%‐40% (boa); < 10% (baixa).

*

Pacientes com AA subtipo difuso o SALT não pode ser aplicado.

#

Pacientes que não seguiram tratamento por mudança de cidade ou em virtude da pandemia por COVID‐19 e não puderam ser avaliados.

Em 2007, um estudo mostrou que um medicamento semelhante à mesalazina, chamado sulfassalazina, manteve a repilação induzida por corticosteroide, sugerindo potencial benefício dessa medicação.8 A sulfassalazina é um pró‐fármaco composto por ácido 5‐aminossalicílico ligado à sulfapiridina por um anel azol. Enquanto o 5‐ASA tem efeitos benéficos em doença inflamatória intestinal, a sulfapiridina é responsável pela maioria dos efeitos colaterais (cefaleia, anorexia, náuseas e vômitos). A mesalazina (liberação lenta de 5‐ASA) não contém sulfapiridina, e é mais bem tolerada. É usada em crianças para tratamento de doença inflamatória intestinal e tem efeito imunomodulador e de imunossupressão, incluindo inibição de interleucinas (IL)‐1 e IL‐2 e do fator de necrose tumoral alfa.2

Em 2018, nosso grupo publicou o primeiro estudo com mesalazina e demonstrou benefício em pacientes pediátricos com AA grave.2 Em 2021, Mahgoob et al. compararam mesalazina com azatioprina em 30 pacientes adultos e crianças com AA grave e mostraram que ambas são eficientes para AA, com a mesalazina apresentando menos efeitos colaterais.9 Nosso estudo observou redução média relativa de SALT de 66,8% após 12 meses de tratamento com mesalazina, resultado semelhante a um estudo que evidenciou redução de 67,7% em adolescentes com AA usando tofacitinibe,10 porém com custo de tratamento bem inferior no caso da mesalazina. O presente estudo destaca os potenciais benefícios da mesalazina para gerenciar pacientes com AA. Parece ser uma possibilidade segura, principalmente na população pediátrica, na qual é imperativo o uso de medicamentos com menor probabilidade de efeitos colaterais. A limitação é o pequeno tamanho da amostra e o uso concomitante de corticoterapia quando a doença estava ativa. Mais estudos, especialmente ensaios clínicos controlados, devem ser feitos.

Suporte financeiro

Nenhum.

Contribuição dos autores

Analú Vivian: Elaboração e redação.

Vania Oliveira de Carvalho: Revisão da literatura e redação.

Ana Elisa Kiszewski: Concepção e planejamento do estudo; Revisão crítica do manuscrito e aprovação da versão final.

Conflito de interesses

Nenhum.

Referências
[1]
P.M. Ramos, A. Anzai, B. Duque-Estrada, D.F. Melo, F. Sternberg, L.D.N. Santos, et al.
Consensus on the treatment of alopecia areata – Brazilian Society of Dermatology.
An Bras Dermatol., 95 (2020), pp. 39-52
[2]
A.E. Kiszewski, M. Bevilaqua, L.B.D. Abreu.
Mesalazine in the treatment of extensive alopecia areata: a new therapeutic option?.
Int J Trichology., 10 (2018), pp. 99-102
[3]
C.E. Hamilton, B.G. Craiglow.
JAK Inhibitors for the treatment of pediatric alopecia areata.
J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc., 20 (2020), pp. S31-S36
[4]
I. Wohlmuth-Wieser, J.S. Osei, D. Norris, V. Price, M.K. Hordinsky, A. Christiano, et al.
Childhood alopecia areata – data from the National Alopecia Areata Registry.
Pediatr Dermatol., 35 (2018), pp. 164-169
[5]
A. Nanda, F. Al-Hasawi, Q.A. Alsaleh.
A prospective survey of pediatric dermatology clinic patients in Kuwait: an analysis of 10,000 cases.
Pediatr Dermatol., 16 (1999), pp. 6-11
[6]
E.A. Olsen, M.K. Hordinsky, V.H. Price, J.L. Roberts, J. Shapiro, D. Canfield, et al.
Alopecia areata investigational assessment guidelines ‐ Part II National Alopecia Areata Foundation.
J Am Acad Dermatol., 51 (2004), pp. 440-447
[7]
Ö. Bilgiç, A. Bilgiç, K. Bahalı, A.G. Bahali, A. Gürkan, S. Yılmaz.
Psychiatric symptomatology and health‐related quality of life in children and adolescents with alopecia areata.
J Euro Acad Dermatol Venereol., 28 (2014), pp. 1463-1468
[8]
O. Bakar, O. Gurbuz.
Is there a role for sulfasalazine in the treatment of alopecia areata?.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 57 (2007), pp. 703-706
[9]
R.A.S. Mahgoob, E.E. Elgamal, O.M. Elshahat, S.A. Almetwaly.
Comparative study between the efficacies of azathioprine and mesalazine in the treatment of severe alopecia areata.
J Cosmet Dermatol., 21 (2022), pp. 3444-3450
[10]
R. Jerjen, N. Meah, L.T. de Carvalho, D. Wall, S. Eisman, R. Sinclair.
Treatment of alopecia areata in pre‐adolescent children with oral tofacitinib: a retrospective study.
Pediatr Dermatol., 38 (2021), pp. 103-108

Como citar este artigo: Vivian A, Carvalho VO, Kiszewski AE. Efficacy of mesalazine in children with moderate to severe alopecia areata: case series of 18 patients. An Bras Dermatol. 2023;98:837–40.

Trabalho realizado na Unidade de Dermatologia Pediátrica, Serviço de Dermatologia, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

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