Letter - Clinical
Confocal reflectance microscopy in basal cell carcinoma associated with nevus sebaceous: case report
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Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Hospital A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1520 "Ancho" => 3008 "Tamanyo" => 422484 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A) Macroscopy of a pearly-yellow plaque with unclear borders on an erythematous base (*) with telangiectasias on the periphery (1) and yellowish papules (2) on the upper region. (B) Dermoscopy (×10 magnification) showing round whitish-yellow structures in a cobblestone pattern (3), telangiectasias (4), arboriform vessels (5) and rounded whitish-yellow papules with central umbilication and crown vessels (6).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevus sebaceous is a congenital benign hamartoma of the skin. Its most common complication is transformation into other tumors, usually benign.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> However, due to the potential for malignancy, early diagnosis and treatment are essential.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While dermoscopy allows the analysis of the epidermis to the mid-dermis, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) uses an 830-nm diode laser as a monochromatic and coherent light source which penetrates, between 200 and 300 μm, providing images at the cellular level that resemble histopathology, offering detailed morphological analysis of the different skin layers up to the papillary dermis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are few reports in the literature regarding typical findings of nevus sebaceous in RCM.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6–8</span></a> Articles describing lesions associated with basal cell carcinoma are even less frequent.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a> The authors present a scenario of common dermoscopic characteristics in nevus sebaceous associated with basal cell carcinoma, highlighting changes in confocal reflectance microscopy of the nevus sebaceous, scarcely described in the literature to date.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 41-year-old male patient with no personal or family history of skin cancer, was treated for a lesion present since childhood on the right forehead with changes in texture and slow growth over the years.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically there was a pearly-yellow plaque, with unclear borders, on an erythematous base and telangiectasias on the periphery, and yellowish papules in its upper region. Palpation showed a slightly verrucous texture (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermoscopy showed, in the lower region, round and oval, whitish and whitish-yellow uniformly aggregated structures in a cobblestones pattern, with telangiectasias on the periphery. There were arboriform vessels in the central region, which are typically associated with basal cell carcinoma. The upper region showed a group of rounded whitish-yellow papules with central umbilication and crown vessels (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B).</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RCM, carried out with VivaScope® 1500 (Lucid Inc. Rochester, NY, USA) showed, in the dermis, typical findings of basal cell carcinoma: tumor islands with peritumoral clefting, dark silhouettes and, on the periphery, palisaded cells and dilated tortuous vessels (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). At the dermal-epidermal junction and papillary dermis, central tube-shaped structures stood out, with sebaceous gland lobes in the surrounding area, filled with aggregates similar to fish ova, typical of nevus sebaceous (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two incisional biopsies were performed with a 4 mm punch. Histopathology revealed in the lower region, superficial basal cell carcinoma and, in the central region, superficial and nodular basal cell carcinoma, both associated with nevus sebaceous (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient underwent surgery with margin control and primary closure. He has been followed in the Cutaneous Oncology service for six months, with no signs of recurrence.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevus sebaceous is a congenital benign hamartoma of the skin consisting of numerous malformed sebaceous glands, degenerated hair follicles and ectopic apocrine glands, most often located on the face and scalp.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Two-thirds of the lesions are present from birth and one-third develop in early childhood.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Its most common complication is transformation into other tumors, more frequently benign ones, firstly trichoblastoma, followed by papillary syringocystadenoma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Among malignant tumors, the most common is basal cell carcinoma, which develops in less than 1% of cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Due to the potential for malignant transformation, early diagnosis and treatment are essential.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While dermoscopy allows the analysis of the epidermis up to the superficial reticular dermis, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) uses an 830-nm diode laser as a monochromatic and coherent light source. The penetration depth, between 200 and 300 μm, provides images at the cellular level that resemble histopathology, offering a detailed morphological analysis of the different skin layers up to the papillary dermis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are few reports in the literature to date regarding the typical findings of nevus sebaceous in RCM. Descriptions approximate those of sebaceous hyperplasia in RCM.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6–8</span></a> A single study identified changes in nevus sebaceus on confocal imaging in different age groups.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The article showed that, under the age of ten, hypoplastic sebaceous glands and juvenile hair follicles can be seen in these lesions. From ten to 59 years, the sebaceous glands at the dermal-epidermal junction resemble bunches of grapes and, in the superficial dermis, structures similar to tubes or loops can be seen in the center, which correspond to the dilation of the sebaceous duct,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> with sebaceous gland lobes resembling fish ova in the surrounding area and verrucous or papillomatous hyperplasia in the dermis. Above the age of 60, papillomatous hyperplasia predominates on RCM examination.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RCM reports describing the characteristics of nevus sebaceous associated with those of basal cell carcinoma, are even less frequent at present, with a single case report of papillary syringocystadenoma and basal cell carcinoma arising from a previous nevus sebaceous.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore, new studies are necessary so that more typical structures of nevus sebaceous associated with basal cell carcinoma are described on RCM.</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Financial support</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Authors’ contributions</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ingrid Priscila Ribeiro Paes Ferraz: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; drafting and editing of the manuscript; review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gustavo Carvalho: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; drafting and editing of the manuscript; review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Juliana Casagrande Tavoloni Braga: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; drafting and editing of the manuscript; review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rafaela Brito de Paula: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; drafting and editing of the manuscript; review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">André Molina: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; drafting and editing of the manuscript; review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Financial support" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Authors’ contributions" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 3 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2023-04-23" "fechaAceptado" => "2023-09-25" "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Study conducted at the Hospital A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1520 "Ancho" => 3008 "Tamanyo" => 422484 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A) Macroscopy of a pearly-yellow plaque with unclear borders on an erythematous base (*) with telangiectasias on the periphery (1) and yellowish papules (2) on the upper region. (B) Dermoscopy (×10 magnification) showing round whitish-yellow structures in a cobblestone pattern (3), telangiectasias (4), arboriform vessels (5) and rounded whitish-yellow papules with central umbilication and crown vessels (6).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1539 "Ancho" => 3008 "Tamanyo" => 566047 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Confocal reflectance microscopy of the papillary dermis showing basal cell carcinoma with individual images measuring 0.5×0.5 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and a mosaic measuring 8×8 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>. (A and B) Tumor island (*) with peritumoral clefting (1) and dark silhouettes (2).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1577 "Ancho" => 3008 "Tamanyo" => 763019 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Confocal reflectance microscopy of the papillary dermis of the nevus sebaceous with individual images measuring 0.5×0.5 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and mosaics measuring 8×8 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>. (A and B) Central tube-shaped structures (*), with sebaceous gland lobes in the surrounding area (1), filled with aggregates similar to fish ova (2).</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1557 "Ancho" => 3008 "Tamanyo" => 734705 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology. (A) Nodular basal cell carcinoma with an adenoid pattern, in association with a nevus sebaceous. 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