Letter - Clinical
Acquired dermal melanocytosis restricted to the hand
Lucas Braga Leite
, Flávia Regina Ferreira, Márcia Lanzoni de Alvarenga Lira
Autor para correspondência
Service of Dermatology, Hospital Municipal Universitário de Taubaté, Taubaté, SP, Brazil
Lido
2018
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Clinical</span>" "titulo" => "Acquired dermal melanocytosis restricted to the hand" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "Dear Editor," "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "740" "paginaFinal" => "742" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Lucas Braga Leite, Flávia Regina Ferreira, Márcia Lanzoni de Alvarenga Lira" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Lucas Braga" "apellidos" => "Leite" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "lucasbrale@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Flávia Regina" "apellidos" => "Ferreira" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Márcia Lanzoni de Alvarenga" "apellidos" => "Lira" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Service of Dermatology, Hospital Municipal Universitário de Taubaté, Taubaté, SP, Brazil" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 851 "Ancho" => 905 "Tamanyo" => 65097 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Palmar lines at the base of the 3rd, 4th and 5th fingers: greyish-brown spots with a lacy appearance.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 48-year-old white female patient presented with greyish-brown macules with a lacy appearance on the palm of her right hand, of 20 years evolution. On physical examination they predominated on the palmar folds at the base of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th fingers (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). More recently (2‒3 years) a similar, more discreet lesion appeared on the dorsum of the same hand (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). The patient was asymptomatic and there were no triggering factors nor similar lesions on the contralateral side or in any other location. The patient was not menopausal and denied the use of oral contraceptives. There were no comorbidities or family history. An incisional biopsy was performed on the palm, and histopathology revealed a sparse and poorly defined proliferation of spindle cells containing a large amount of melanin, in perivascular and interstitial distribution in the reticular dermis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs. 3 and 4</a>). The cells were immunohistochemically reactive with anti-S-100, HMB-45 and MELAN-A antibodies, consistent with a melanocytic proliferation.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermal melanocytosis is characterized on histopathology by intradermal melanocytes corresponding to the brownish, grayish and/or bluish spots seen clinically.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> Dermal melanocytosis can be congenital, such as the Mongolian spot, or can appear after birth or subsequently, such as nevus of Ota, nevus of Ito, and blue nevus. The appearance of lesions in adulthood is extremely rare and scarcely reported. When it does occur, it usually develops in patients with other pre-existing dermal melanocytosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Acquired dermal melanocytosis (ADM) was the nomenclature originally proposed by Hori et al. for lesions identified on the face, more commonly in young and middle-aged Japanese women.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Subsequently, lesions with similar characteristics were described in extra-facial topographies, including the trunk and extremities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3,5</span></a> In the present case, the patient showed classic clinical and histopathological features of ADM, restricted to the right hand, of late-onset and without identified triggering factors, in line with the findings of Fukuda et al. and Nakauchi et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,5</span></a> In the literature, ADM of the hands presents relatively smaller lesions when compared to lesions on the face and trunk, and tends to be located on the palmar and juxta-articular lines,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> findings that were also detected in this patient.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The etiology of ADM remains unknown but some hypotheses have already been raised; (i) decrease of epidermal melanocytes; (ii) migration of melanocytes from the hair bulb; or (iii) reactivation of pre-existing latent dermal melanocytes due to dermal inflammation, atrophy or degeneration of the epidermis and/or dermis with aging, or other causes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Estrogens and progestins also seem to play a relevant role in the development of ADM, especially when on the face, corroborated by greater occurrence in young and middle-aged premenopausal women.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In any case, the etiology seems to be multifactorial and its precise determination is likely to be difficult.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On histopathology, melanocytes are cells located in the basal layer of the epidermis, and the diagnosis of dermal melanocytosis is based on the presence of dendritic melanocytes in the dermis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Melan-A, S-100, and HMB-45 show good specificity for melanocytic lesions and can be used to evaluate melanocyte maturation and are useful in the diagnosis of ADM.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The relationship between ADM and melanoma is rarely discussed in the literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Knowledge of ADM, and the possibility of its extra-facial occurrence, contributes to clinical suspicion and subsequent diagnosis of this condition, proving to be extremely important given the possible differential diagnoses that may be established at the time of consultation, including acral lentiginous melanoma, plaque-type blue nevus, ectopic Mongolian spot, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors encourage new reports of ADM restricted to the hand, consolidating its knowledge by dermatologists, and further studies to elucidate the etiology of this rare condition.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors’ contributions</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lucas Braga Leite: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; drafting and editing of the manuscript; collection, analysis and interpretation of data; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Flávia Regina Ferreira: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; drafting and editing of the manuscript; collection, analysis and interpretation of data; effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Márcia Lanzoni de Alvarenga Lira: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; drafting and editing of the manuscript; collection, analysis and interpretation of data; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Financial support" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Authors’ contributions" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 3 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2023-03-27" "fechaAceptado" => "2023-05-08" "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "⋆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Study conducted at the Hospital Municipal Universitário de Taubaté, Taubaté, SP, Brazil.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 851 "Ancho" => 905 "Tamanyo" => 65097 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Palmar lines at the base of the 3rd, 4th and 5th fingers: greyish-brown spots with a lacy appearance.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 917 "Ancho" => 905 "Tamanyo" => 96359 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dorsum of the hand ‒ between the bases of the 3rd, 4th and 5th fingers: grayish-brown spots.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1293 "Ancho" => 1005 "Tamanyo" => 432633 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Acral skin ‒ pigmented dendritic cells scattered in the upper reticular dermis. (Hematoxylin & eosin, ×100).</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1301 "Ancho" => 1005 "Tamanyo" => 352090 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Proliferation of scarce pigmented dendritic cells amidst preserved collagen fibers in the upper reticular dermis (Hematoxylin & eosin, ×400).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical, pathological, and etiologic aspects of acquired dermal melanocytosis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. 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