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The light microscopy showed epidermal hyperplasia&#44; dermal abscess&#44; and infiltration of neutrophils&#44; lymphocytes&#44; epithelioid cells&#44; and scattered multinucleated giant cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; Intracellular hyphae were observed in multinucleated cells in the granuloma &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; The skin sample was also sent for Next Generation Sequencing &#40;NGS&#41; to identify the pathogen&#46; The NGS reported <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton rubrum</span> nucleotide sequences &#40;Cover rate&#58; 0&#46;0199&#37;&#41; in DNA extracted from the skin specimen&#46; Considering the patient&#8217;s clinical and histological manifestations&#44; and the notable high sequencing reads compared to a negative control&#44; we established the diagnosis of generalized nodular tinea profunda caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton rubrum</span>&#46; Oral therapy with 250&#8239;mg terbinafine per day was initiated and the nodules regressed completely after 3 months&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton rubrum</span> often causes superficial dermatomycosis&#44; such as tinea manus&#44; tinea pedis and tinea corporis&#46; But in very few cases&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; rubrum</span> penetrate into the dermis and subcutaneous tissue&#44; causing tinea profunda&#44; also called deep dermatophytosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Tinea profunda is characterized by the extension of dermatophyte infection beyond the perifollicular area&#44; sometimes spreading to lymph nodes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Most tinea profunda patients have innate or acquired immunodeficiency&#44; including malnutrition&#44; diabetes&#44; leukemia&#44; lymphoma&#44; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome&#44; solid organ transplantation&#44; and chronic kidney disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present case&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; chronic kidney disease and systemic glucocorticoid treatment for Bullous Pemphigoid &#40;BP&#41; inhibited the patient&#8217;s innate and acquired immune system&#46; Although the patient&#8217;s blood test was positive to fungal glucan&#44; suggesting a deep fungal infection&#44; the blood fungal culture was negative&#44; and no lymphadenopathy was found by ultrasonography&#46; The patient had onychomycosis for many years and did not received any treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46; As BP causes pruritus&#44; the superficial dermatophyte may have been inoculated through the patient&#8217;s scratching&#44; leading to generalized nodular tinea profunda&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial Support</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was funded by a grant from the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">National Natural Science Foundation of China</span> &#40;NFSC&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0005">81874248</span>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wei Li&#58; Critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kun-E Lu&#58; Drafting and editing of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sui-Qing Cai&#58; Design and planning of the study&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Li-Min Lao&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Letter - Clinical
Generalized nodular tinea profunda in an immunosuppressed patient caused by Trichophyton rubrum
Wei Li1, Kun-E Lu1, Sui-Qing Cai, Li-Min Lao
Autor para correspondência
laolimin163@163.com

Corresponding author.
Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the case of a 65-year-old man with generalized subcutaneous nodules with intense pruritus for 1 year &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; He had a history of diabetes mellitus for 7 years&#44; hypertension and chronic kidney disease for 5 years&#44; and Bullous Pemphigoid &#40;BP&#41; for 2 years&#46; Systemic glucocorticoid &#40;oral prednisone 25&#8239;mg twice a day&#41; was prescribed to treat his BP for more than 1 year&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After admission&#44; blood test for fungal glucan was 213&#8239;pg&#47;mL &#40;the normal is lower than 60&#8239;pg&#47;mL&#41;&#44; which indicated a deep fungal infection&#46; Blood culture for fungi was negative&#44; and no lymphadenopathy was detected by ultrasonography&#46; The light microscopy showed epidermal hyperplasia&#44; dermal abscess&#44; and infiltration of neutrophils&#44; lymphocytes&#44; epithelioid cells&#44; and scattered multinucleated giant cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; Intracellular hyphae were observed in multinucleated cells in the granuloma &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; The skin sample was also sent for Next Generation Sequencing &#40;NGS&#41; to identify the pathogen&#46; The NGS reported <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton rubrum</span> nucleotide sequences &#40;Cover rate&#58; 0&#46;0199&#37;&#41; in DNA extracted from the skin specimen&#46; Considering the patient&#8217;s clinical and histological manifestations&#44; and the notable high sequencing reads compared to a negative control&#44; we established the diagnosis of generalized nodular tinea profunda caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton rubrum</span>&#46; Oral therapy with 250&#8239;mg terbinafine per day was initiated and the nodules regressed completely after 3 months&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton rubrum</span> often causes superficial dermatomycosis&#44; such as tinea manus&#44; tinea pedis and tinea corporis&#46; But in very few cases&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; rubrum</span> penetrate into the dermis and subcutaneous tissue&#44; causing tinea profunda&#44; also called deep dermatophytosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Tinea profunda is characterized by the extension of dermatophyte infection beyond the perifollicular area&#44; sometimes spreading to lymph nodes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Most tinea profunda patients have innate or acquired immunodeficiency&#44; including malnutrition&#44; diabetes&#44; leukemia&#44; lymphoma&#44; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome&#44; solid organ transplantation&#44; and chronic kidney disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present case&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; chronic kidney disease and systemic glucocorticoid treatment for Bullous Pemphigoid &#40;BP&#41; inhibited the patient&#8217;s innate and acquired immune system&#46; Although the patient&#8217;s blood test was positive to fungal glucan&#44; suggesting a deep fungal infection&#44; the blood fungal culture was negative&#44; and no lymphadenopathy was found by ultrasonography&#46; The patient had onychomycosis for many years and did not received any treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46; As BP causes pruritus&#44; the superficial dermatophyte may have been inoculated through the patient&#8217;s scratching&#44; leading to generalized nodular tinea profunda&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial Support</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was funded by a grant from the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">National Natural Science Foundation of China</span> &#40;NFSC&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0005">81874248</span>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wei Li&#58; Critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kun-E Lu&#58; Drafting and editing of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sui-Qing Cai&#58; Design and planning of the study&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Li-Min Lao&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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