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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 34-year-old female was referred to our department&#44; complaining of multiple asymptomatic lesions that appeared two weeks previously&#46; Physical examination revealed multiple well-circumscribed rounds of flat brownish plaques with slightly elevated borders&#44; some of which were covered by scales &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; The number of lesions was nine in total&#58; six lesions on the right lower leg&#44; and a solitary lesion on the left lower leg&#44; left thigh and right upper extremity&#46; Skin biopsy specimens showed dyskeratotic cells in the thinned epidermis with cornoid lamella&#44; and the absence of a granular cell layer&#46; Super&#64257;cial perivascular lymphocytic in&#64257;ltrate in the dermis was also observed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The lupus band test was negative&#44; and immunostaining for human papillomavirus was also negative&#46; The patient was hospitalized to the Department of Nephrology and Hypertension in our university hospital for nephrotic syndrome and treated with oral prednisolone &#40;25&#8239;mg&#47;day&#41;&#44; cyclosporine &#40;50&#8239;mg&#47;day&#41;&#44; and mizoribine &#40;150&#8239;mg&#47;day&#41;&#46; The patient did not have steroid-induced diabetes&#46; Laboratory data showed abnormal levels of triglyceride &#40;701&#8239;mg&#47;dL&#41;&#44; total cholesterol &#40;607&#8239;mg&#47;dL&#41; and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol &#40;405&#8239;mg&#47;dL&#41;&#46; Serum immunoglobulin &#40;Ig&#41; G&#44; complements&#44; antinuclear antibodies&#44; anti-DNA antibodies&#44; anti-Sm antibodies&#44; and rheumatoid factor were all within normal ranges&#46; Although the kidney function was normal&#44; proteinuria with hyaline casts was observed&#44; and immunofluorescence examination of renal biopsy revealed granular deposition of IgM and IgG on the basement membrane&#46; Because deposition of complement component 1q was additionally detected&#44; she was initially suspected of lupus nephritis&#59; however&#44; she lacked other symptoms compatible with systemic lupus erythematosus&#46; Topical corticosteroid ointment was applied&#44; but she discontinued the topical therapy&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eruptive porokeratosis is characterized by rapid onset of porokeratosis&#44; which occasionally presents with more than 100 lesions involving multiple regions&#44; in association with paraneoplastic&#44; immunosuppressive&#44; inflammatory&#44; and other conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is known that porokeratosis develops in association with systemic immunosuppression or under immunosuppressant therapies&#59; however&#44; it is still unclear as to how immunosuppression is associated with the development of porokeratosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> One possible mechanism is that immunosuppression induces an epidermal keratinocyte population either directly or indirectly&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The abnormal clone of keratinocytes proliferates in a disorderly manner and disturbs the normal growth of the epidermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Patients with renal failure rarely develop multiple porokeratosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Since renal dysfunction can induce various immune regulatory alterations&#44; these cases are suggested to be a new subtype of porokeratosis related to immunosuppression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In the present case&#44; the patient was initially diagnosed with lupus nephritis&#46; She may develop systemic lupus erythematosus in the future&#59; however&#44; the criteria of lupus nephritis have not been fulfilled as of this moment&#46; In any case&#44; the patient had active nephritis with nephrotic syndrome and was treated with immunosuppressive therapies&#46; The development of porokeratosis was therefore considered to be related to immunosuppressive therapy or the activity of nephritis&#46; Although we are uncertain as to what was the direct trigger for rapid onset of multiple keratosis&#44; given that the patient still showed normal kidney function despite having proteinuria&#44; immunosuppressive therapies may have led to the development of multiple porokeratosis in the present case&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect1005">Financial support</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Masato Ishikawa&#58; Designed the study&#59; performed the research and contributed to analysis and interpretation of data&#59; wrote the initial draft of the manuscript&#59; read and approved the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Toshiyuki Yamamoto&#58; Designed the study&#59; assisted in the preparation of the manuscript&#59; read and approved the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case Letter
Eruptive superficial porokeratosis in a patient with nephrotic syndrome
Masato Ishikawa
Autor para correspondência
ishimasa@fmu.ac.jp

Corresponding author.
, Toshiyuki Yamamoto
Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Physical examination revealed multiple reddish keratotic lesions on the right lower extremity&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 34-year-old female was referred to our department&#44; complaining of multiple asymptomatic lesions that appeared two weeks previously&#46; Physical examination revealed multiple well-circumscribed rounds of flat brownish plaques with slightly elevated borders&#44; some of which were covered by scales &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; The number of lesions was nine in total&#58; six lesions on the right lower leg&#44; and a solitary lesion on the left lower leg&#44; left thigh and right upper extremity&#46; Skin biopsy specimens showed dyskeratotic cells in the thinned epidermis with cornoid lamella&#44; and the absence of a granular cell layer&#46; Super&#64257;cial perivascular lymphocytic in&#64257;ltrate in the dermis was also observed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The lupus band test was negative&#44; and immunostaining for human papillomavirus was also negative&#46; The patient was hospitalized to the Department of Nephrology and Hypertension in our university hospital for nephrotic syndrome and treated with oral prednisolone &#40;25&#8239;mg&#47;day&#41;&#44; cyclosporine &#40;50&#8239;mg&#47;day&#41;&#44; and mizoribine &#40;150&#8239;mg&#47;day&#41;&#46; The patient did not have steroid-induced diabetes&#46; Laboratory data showed abnormal levels of triglyceride &#40;701&#8239;mg&#47;dL&#41;&#44; total cholesterol &#40;607&#8239;mg&#47;dL&#41; and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol &#40;405&#8239;mg&#47;dL&#41;&#46; Serum immunoglobulin &#40;Ig&#41; G&#44; complements&#44; antinuclear antibodies&#44; anti-DNA antibodies&#44; anti-Sm antibodies&#44; and rheumatoid factor were all within normal ranges&#46; Although the kidney function was normal&#44; proteinuria with hyaline casts was observed&#44; and immunofluorescence examination of renal biopsy revealed granular deposition of IgM and IgG on the basement membrane&#46; Because deposition of complement component 1q was additionally detected&#44; she was initially suspected of lupus nephritis&#59; however&#44; she lacked other symptoms compatible with systemic lupus erythematosus&#46; Topical corticosteroid ointment was applied&#44; but she discontinued the topical therapy&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eruptive porokeratosis is characterized by rapid onset of porokeratosis&#44; which occasionally presents with more than 100 lesions involving multiple regions&#44; in association with paraneoplastic&#44; immunosuppressive&#44; inflammatory&#44; and other conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is known that porokeratosis develops in association with systemic immunosuppression or under immunosuppressant therapies&#59; however&#44; it is still unclear as to how immunosuppression is associated with the development of porokeratosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> One possible mechanism is that immunosuppression induces an epidermal keratinocyte population either directly or indirectly&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The abnormal clone of keratinocytes proliferates in a disorderly manner and disturbs the normal growth of the epidermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Patients with renal failure rarely develop multiple porokeratosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Since renal dysfunction can induce various immune regulatory alterations&#44; these cases are suggested to be a new subtype of porokeratosis related to immunosuppression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In the present case&#44; the patient was initially diagnosed with lupus nephritis&#46; She may develop systemic lupus erythematosus in the future&#59; however&#44; the criteria of lupus nephritis have not been fulfilled as of this moment&#46; In any case&#44; the patient had active nephritis with nephrotic syndrome and was treated with immunosuppressive therapies&#46; The development of porokeratosis was therefore considered to be related to immunosuppressive therapy or the activity of nephritis&#46; Although we are uncertain as to what was the direct trigger for rapid onset of multiple keratosis&#44; given that the patient still showed normal kidney function despite having proteinuria&#44; immunosuppressive therapies may have led to the development of multiple porokeratosis in the present case&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect1005">Financial support</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Masato Ishikawa&#58; Designed the study&#59; performed the research and contributed to analysis and interpretation of data&#59; wrote the initial draft of the manuscript&#59; read and approved the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Toshiyuki Yamamoto&#58; Designed the study&#59; assisted in the preparation of the manuscript&#59; read and approved the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A 34-year-old female was referred to our department&#44; complaining of multiple asymptomatic lesions that appeared two weeks previously&#46; The patient had active nephritis with nephrotic syndrome and was treated with immunosuppressive therapies&#46; Physical examination revealed multiple well-circumscribed rounds of flat brownish plaques with slightly elevated borders&#44; some of which were covered by scales&#46; The number of lesions was nine in total&#46; Skin biopsy specimens showed dyskeratotic cells in the thinned epidermis with cornoid lamella&#44; and the absence of a granular cell layer&#46; The development of porokeratosis was considered to be related to immunosuppressive therapy or the activity of nephritis&#46;</p></span>"
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