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with basophilic clumps in the reticular dermis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#59; on high power the basophilic structures had an irregular outline and were fragmented &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; Verhoeff&#39;s staining for elastic fibers showed a decrease in basophilic areas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C and D&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transmission electron microscopy of the reticular dermis showed findings that were similar to those observed on high power in optical microscopy&#44; with the presence of elongated&#44; curved&#44; and fragmented structures &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A&#41;&#46; Observing the interior of the elongated and fragmented structures&#44; the presence of lumps of dense electron material inside them was reduced and irregular &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#44; C and D&#41;&#44; similar to modified elastic fibers&#44; whose matrix under normal conditions shows a uniform distribution of these lumps &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#41;&#46; The collagen fibers showed no alterations&#44; maintaining the typical fiber periodicity in ultrastructure &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>C and D&#41;&#44; while deposition of amorphous material was observed in some areas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>C&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Scanning electron microscopy of the dermis surface showed deposits between the collagen bundles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>A and B&#41; and on high power the deposits appeared rounded resembling pebbles or stones and irregular contour structures &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>C and D&#41;&#46; In some areas&#44; deposition of granular material was observed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>C&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CRN is a frequent finding in physical examinations and a marker of chronic photo exposure&#44; being correlated with the prevalence of malignant and premalignant lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our optical microscopy findings showed a basophilic deposition in the upper dermis&#44; called solar elastosis&#44; and basophilic degeneration of collagen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In these areas&#44; after elastic fiber staining&#44; it was possible to see a decrease in these fibers&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transmission electron microscopy&#44; where tissue sections are examined&#44; allowed us to observe that the collagen fibers were normal in appearance&#44; unlike the elastic fibers&#44; which showed an irregular contour and were fragmented&#44; demonstrating that at least during one phase of the disease&#44; the collagen remains normal&#44; in agreement with previous publications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> The observed deposition of amorphous material could be glycosaminoglycans&#44; described in biochemical studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The three-dimensional findings with scanning electron microscopy also showed fragmented tissue in the dermis together with collagen bundles&#46; These findings of deposits resembling small stones or pebbles have already been described in other dermal conditions&#44; demonstrating the superiority of TEM in the analysis of elastic fibers&#44; with a better demonstration of the internal changes in fibers in tissue sections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> These findings are in agreement with a previous publication&#44; which showed that initial lesions have deposits in more affected areas&#44; large amorphous masses&#44; and that the elastotic material is comprised of elastic fibers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The deposition of amorphous material associated with elastic fiber degeneration has been reported&#44; as well as preserved collagen fibers and bundle disorganization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering these results&#44; the histological expression basophilic degeneration of collagen should be replaced by basophilic dermal degeneration&#44; while the expression&#44; solar elastosis&#44; should be utilized as a clinical term and not as a histological one&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Financial support</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#194;ngela Faistauer Torre&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hiram de Almeida Jr&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Valeria Magalh&#227;es Jorge&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ant&#244;nia Larangeira de Almeida&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutis rhomboidalis</span> nuchae was assessed in a 65-year-old patient&#46; Optical microscopy showed basophilic agglomerations in the reticular dermis with decreased elastic fibers&#46; Transmission electron microscopy showed elongated&#44; curved and fragmented structures&#44; and in their interior the presence of electron-dense lumps was reduced and irregular&#44; similar to modified elastic fibers&#44; whereas the collagen fibers had a normal aspect&#46; Scanning electron microscopy showed deposits between the bundles of collagen&#44; resembling pebbles or stones&#46; These findings demonstrate that&#44; at one stage of the disease&#44; the collagen remains normal and the alterations are seen in the elastic tissue&#46;</p></span>"
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Dermatopathology
Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of cutis rhomboidalis
Ângela Faistauer Torrea, Hiram Larangeira de Almeida Juniora,b,
Autor para correspondência
hiramalmeidajr@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Valeria Magalhães Jorgeb, Antônia Larangeira de Almeidaa,b
a Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
b Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutis rhomboidalis nuchae</span> &#40;CRN&#41; is a type of solar elastosis identified especially in patients with a history of chronic sun exposure while working&#46; The skin of the posterolateral cervical region acquires the typical appearance of &#8220;leather&#8221;&#44; with a yellowish and ridged surface&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Skin alterations related to the aging process involve complex biological processes that basically consist of two mechanisms&#58; chronology and sun exposure&#44; the result of which are structural alterations in the dermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Additionally&#44; solar elastosis&#44; including CRN&#44; as markers of chronic exposure to sunlight&#44; are a risk factor for premalignant and malignant skin lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A small fragment of CRN skin was obtained from a 65-year-old patient with a history of chronic exposure to sunlight &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Part of the fragment was processed for optical microscopy and another part was prepared for Transmission Electron Microscopy &#40;TEM&#41; analysis&#44; with the ultrathin sections directed to the high reticular dermis&#59; a third part of the skin was dehydrated and metalized&#44; to examine the surface of the dermis with Scanning Electron Microscopy &#40;SEM&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Optical microscopy with hematoxylin and eosin staining showed flattening of the epidermis&#44; with basophilic clumps in the reticular dermis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#59; on high power the basophilic structures had an irregular outline and were fragmented &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; Verhoeff&#39;s staining for elastic fibers showed a decrease in basophilic areas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C and D&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transmission electron microscopy of the reticular dermis showed findings that were similar to those observed on high power in optical microscopy&#44; with the presence of elongated&#44; curved&#44; and fragmented structures &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A&#41;&#46; Observing the interior of the elongated and fragmented structures&#44; the presence of lumps of dense electron material inside them was reduced and irregular &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#44; C and D&#41;&#44; similar to modified elastic fibers&#44; whose matrix under normal conditions shows a uniform distribution of these lumps &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#41;&#46; The collagen fibers showed no alterations&#44; maintaining the typical fiber periodicity in ultrastructure &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>C and D&#41;&#44; while deposition of amorphous material was observed in some areas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>C&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Scanning electron microscopy of the dermis surface showed deposits between the collagen bundles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>A and B&#41; and on high power the deposits appeared rounded resembling pebbles or stones and irregular contour structures &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>C and D&#41;&#46; In some areas&#44; deposition of granular material was observed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>C&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CRN is a frequent finding in physical examinations and a marker of chronic photo exposure&#44; being correlated with the prevalence of malignant and premalignant lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our optical microscopy findings showed a basophilic deposition in the upper dermis&#44; called solar elastosis&#44; and basophilic degeneration of collagen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In these areas&#44; after elastic fiber staining&#44; it was possible to see a decrease in these fibers&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transmission electron microscopy&#44; where tissue sections are examined&#44; allowed us to observe that the collagen fibers were normal in appearance&#44; unlike the elastic fibers&#44; which showed an irregular contour and were fragmented&#44; demonstrating that at least during one phase of the disease&#44; the collagen remains normal&#44; in agreement with previous publications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> The observed deposition of amorphous material could be glycosaminoglycans&#44; described in biochemical studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The three-dimensional findings with scanning electron microscopy also showed fragmented tissue in the dermis together with collagen bundles&#46; These findings of deposits resembling small stones or pebbles have already been described in other dermal conditions&#44; demonstrating the superiority of TEM in the analysis of elastic fibers&#44; with a better demonstration of the internal changes in fibers in tissue sections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> These findings are in agreement with a previous publication&#44; which showed that initial lesions have deposits in more affected areas&#44; large amorphous masses&#44; and that the elastotic material is comprised of elastic fibers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The deposition of amorphous material associated with elastic fiber degeneration has been reported&#44; as well as preserved collagen fibers and bundle disorganization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering these results&#44; the histological expression basophilic degeneration of collagen should be replaced by basophilic dermal degeneration&#44; while the expression&#44; solar elastosis&#44; should be utilized as a clinical term and not as a histological one&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Financial support</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#194;ngela Faistauer Torre&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hiram de Almeida Jr&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Valeria Magalh&#227;es Jorge&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ant&#244;nia Larangeira de Almeida&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutis rhomboidalis</span> nuchae was assessed in a 65-year-old patient&#46; Optical microscopy showed basophilic agglomerations in the reticular dermis with decreased elastic fibers&#46; Transmission electron microscopy showed elongated&#44; curved and fragmented structures&#44; and in their interior the presence of electron-dense lumps was reduced and irregular&#44; similar to modified elastic fibers&#44; whereas the collagen fibers had a normal aspect&#46; Scanning electron microscopy showed deposits between the bundles of collagen&#44; resembling pebbles or stones&#46; These findings demonstrate that&#44; at one stage of the disease&#44; the collagen remains normal and the alterations are seen in the elastic tissue&#46;</p></span>"
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