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A biopsy specimen showed basophilic degeneration of collagen fibers mixed with numerous nuclear debris in the upper dermis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; There was also mild interface dermatitis&#46; Immunohistochemistry results revealed a number of CD68-positive palisaded histiocytes surrounding degenerated collagen fibers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Although the patient was treated with antibiotics for cellulitis initially&#44; these had little effect&#46; Since the patient did not show any other obvious symptoms&#44; several studies were performed in order to identify the source of fever&#46; Examination of cerebrospinal fluid revealed that she had aseptic meningitis&#44; which was considered as a part of the central nervous system involvement in autoimmune disease&#46; The patient&#8217;s fever and induration improved with 50&#8239;mg of prednisolone&#46; After recovery&#44; etanercept therapy was stopped&#46; Although the patient continued treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and methotrexate&#44; three months after stopping etanercept&#44; she was free from recurrence&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present case&#44; infiltrative erythema occurred in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and Sj&#246;gren&#8217;s syndrome two years after starting treatment with etanercept&#44; and the eruption has not occurred since the etanercept treatment was stopped&#46; Histopathological examination revealed characteristic findings of palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis &#40;PNGD&#41; and interface dermatitis&#46; Considering the clinical course and the histopathological features&#44; PNGD could be induced by etanercept in the present case&#46; PNGD is a pathological concept characterized by an inflammation pattern showing a palisading infiltration of histiocyte surrounding areas of necrobiosis&#44; which occasionally occurs in patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis&#44; Sj&#246;gren&#8217;s syndrome&#44; and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> To date&#44; there have only been few reported cases of PNGD occurring after treatment with etanercept&#44; including the present case&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> In contrast to other TNF-&#945; inhibitors&#44; etanercept&#44; a receptor fusion protein&#44; is considered not to strongly suppress TNF-&#945; activity and this may enable TNF-&#945; to form granuloma&#46; Otherwise&#44; etanercept may modulate cytokines other than TNF&#44; which cannot be done by other TNF inhibitors&#46; In addition&#44; etanercept can enhance T-cell production of interferon-gamma&#44; which is a key player in granuloma formation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> By contrast&#44; there are reports that adalimumab and infliximab also induce sarcoid or sarcoid-like granulomas&#44; and thus other mechanisms leading to granuloma induction may exist&#46; Further studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms of TNF inhibitors-induced granulomatous diseases&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Masato Ishikawa&#58; Design and planning of the study&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; critical review of the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Toshiyuki Yamamoto&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; design and planning of the study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case Letter
Etanercept-induced palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis
Masato Ishikawa
Autor para correspondência
ishimasa@fmu.ac.jp

Corresponding author.
, Toshiyuki Yamamoto
Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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A biopsy specimen showed basophilic degeneration of collagen fibers mixed with numerous nuclear debris in the upper dermis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; There was also mild interface dermatitis&#46; Immunohistochemistry results revealed a number of CD68-positive palisaded histiocytes surrounding degenerated collagen fibers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Although the patient was treated with antibiotics for cellulitis initially&#44; these had little effect&#46; Since the patient did not show any other obvious symptoms&#44; several studies were performed in order to identify the source of fever&#46; Examination of cerebrospinal fluid revealed that she had aseptic meningitis&#44; which was considered as a part of the central nervous system involvement in autoimmune disease&#46; The patient&#8217;s fever and induration improved with 50&#8239;mg of prednisolone&#46; After recovery&#44; etanercept therapy was stopped&#46; Although the patient continued treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and methotrexate&#44; three months after stopping etanercept&#44; she was free from recurrence&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present case&#44; infiltrative erythema occurred in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and Sj&#246;gren&#8217;s syndrome two years after starting treatment with etanercept&#44; and the eruption has not occurred since the etanercept treatment was stopped&#46; Histopathological examination revealed characteristic findings of palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis &#40;PNGD&#41; and interface dermatitis&#46; Considering the clinical course and the histopathological features&#44; PNGD could be induced by etanercept in the present case&#46; PNGD is a pathological concept characterized by an inflammation pattern showing a palisading infiltration of histiocyte surrounding areas of necrobiosis&#44; which occasionally occurs in patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis&#44; Sj&#246;gren&#8217;s syndrome&#44; and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> To date&#44; there have only been few reported cases of PNGD occurring after treatment with etanercept&#44; including the present case&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> In contrast to other TNF-&#945; inhibitors&#44; etanercept&#44; a receptor fusion protein&#44; is considered not to strongly suppress TNF-&#945; activity and this may enable TNF-&#945; to form granuloma&#46; Otherwise&#44; etanercept may modulate cytokines other than TNF&#44; which cannot be done by other TNF inhibitors&#46; In addition&#44; etanercept can enhance T-cell production of interferon-gamma&#44; which is a key player in granuloma formation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> By contrast&#44; there are reports that adalimumab and infliximab also induce sarcoid or sarcoid-like granulomas&#44; and thus other mechanisms leading to granuloma induction may exist&#46; Further studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms of TNF inhibitors-induced granulomatous diseases&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Masato Ishikawa&#58; Design and planning of the study&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; critical review of the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Toshiyuki Yamamoto&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; design and planning of the study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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