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female&#44; who presented three years ago with acute myeloblastic leukemia&#44; achieving complete remission of her disease&#46; She presented her first hematological relapse three months ago&#44; then achieved a new complete remission&#44; and under these conditions an allogeneic bone marrow transplant &#40;BMT&#41; was planned&#46; Myelosuppressive conditioning was performed with busulfan and fludarabine&#44; administered together with an infectious prophylaxis with acyclovir&#44; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole&#44; and fluconazole&#46; After five days of the transplant&#44; administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was initiated &#40;Neupogen&#174; 300&#8239;&#181;g&#47;kg&#47;day&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After a week of BMT&#44; the patient began to experience headache and vomiting&#44; showing central facial paralysis and rapidly progressive deterioration of consciousness&#44; until reaching a score of 7 according to the Glasgow Scale&#59; this motivated her admission to the Intensive Care Unit&#46; The antibiotic treatment was adjusted to a broad spectrum scheme with meropenem 60&#8239;mg&#47;kg&#47;day and vancomycin 40&#8239;mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#46; At that time&#44; an interconsultation with a dermatologist was performed&#44; due to the sudden appearance of multiple disseminated skin lesions&#46; On physical examination&#44; she presented disseminated dermatosis on the trunk&#44; lower&#44; and upper limbs&#44; characterized by rounded erythematous-violaceous macules&#44; infiltrated on palpation&#44; and some blisters with hemorrhagic content inside &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Laboratory tests showed hemoglobin of 9&#46;4&#8239;mg&#47;dL&#59; 2&#44;800 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> leukocytes &#40;60&#37; neutrophils&#41;&#59; 53&#44;000&#8239;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> platelets&#44; with normal liver and kidney function&#46; Blood cultures were negative&#46; Also&#44; polymerase chain reaction was negative for cytomegalovirus&#44; varicella zoster virus&#44; and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The skin biopsy was processed for staining with hematoxylin-eosin&#44; PAS&#44; and Grocott-Gomori&#59; evidencing intraepidermal acantholysis&#44; vessels with fibrinoid necrosis of the wall&#44; and occlusive thrombosis&#46; The biopsy also found superficial perivascular inflammatory infiltrate composed of lymphocytes&#44; neutrophils&#44; and leukocytoclasia&#44; highlighting the presence of intravascular filamentous structures&#44; corresponding to septate hyphae and conidiospores &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2&#8211;4</a>&#41;&#46; A subsequent blood culture confirmed the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium oxysporum</span>&#44; and treatment was started with intravenous voriconazole 4&#8239;mg&#47;kg&#47;dose&#44; twice a day&#46; The patient evolved unfavorably and with skin lesions that adopted a central necrotic appearance with a scaling collarette &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46; Subsequently&#44; she began to suffer from severe diabetes insipidus &#40;hypernatremia crisis of up to 170 mEq&#47;L&#41;&#46; Magnetic resonance of the brain&#44; taken 20 days post-transplant&#44; evidenced the presence of extensive ischemic lesions and cerebral edema&#44; with tonsillar herniation and bulbo-spinal compression&#46; After three weeks of the transplant&#44; the patient died&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium</span> spp&#46; are fungi present in the soil in all parts of the world&#44; including tropical&#44; desert&#44; and even arctic regions&#59; this is due to their high adaptability&#46; Regarding their incidence&#44; they corresponds to the second most frequent cause of invasive mold infection in hemato-oncological patients&#44; behind Aspergillus spp&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The risk factors for invasive fusariosis are severe neutropenia&#44; poor cellular immunity&#44; recent induction chemotherapy for leukemia&#44; recent BMT&#44; and graft vs&#46; host disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a> Likewise&#44; the authors highlight that the current patient was a carrier of acute myeloid leukemia and had recently received a BMT&#46; It is expected that after a BMT&#44; severe neutropenia will occur&#44; in the context of the myelosuppressive conditioning required for this procedure&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Invasive forms of fusariosis show cutaneous involvement in 63&#37; of cases&#44; and this is characterized by the presence of subcutaneous nodules&#44; erythematous macules&#44; or vesicle-pustules that may become necrotic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;7</span></a> This pathogen is highly angio-invasive&#44; producing tissue infarctions such as those evidenced in the brain of the current patient&#44; which generate intravascular sporulation&#44; favoring a greater sensitivity of blood cultures in the final stages of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium</span> spp&#46; are resistant to multiple antifungals&#44; but are highly susceptible to amphotericin B and voriconazole&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;9&#44;10</span></a> However&#44; severe neutropenia is the most important prognostic factor&#44; determining lethality of up to 75&#37; of cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;10</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Final considerations</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Invasive fusariosis is extremely serious and is associated with high mortality in immunosuppressed patients&#46; It requires intensive antifungal treatment and administration of granulocyte colony stimulating factor&#44; since its prognosis is closely related to the recovery of neutropenia&#46; The role of the dermatologist as part of a multidisciplinary team must be emphasized&#44; having a high diagnostic suspicion of this pathology in the case of immunosuppressed patients with clinical manifestations similar to those previously elucidated&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Financial support</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors&#39; contributions</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nelson Turra&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; participation in study design&#59; participation in the therapeutic and&#47;or propaedeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Agustina Acosta&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; participation in study design&#59; participation in the therapeutic and&#47;or propaedeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Andrea Incoronato&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; participation in study design&#59; participation in the therapeutic and&#47;or propaedeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pilar Beltramo&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; participation in study design&#59; participation in the therapeutic and&#47;or propaedeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This report presents the case of a 13-year-old female patient with history of acute myeloid leukemia&#44; who&#44; after a bone marrow transplant&#44; began to vomit and experienced rapidly progressive deterioration of consciousness&#44; in addition to disseminated erythematous-violaceous macules&#44; and some blisters with hemorrhagic content inside&#46; Skin biopsy evidenced intravascular filamentous structures&#46; A blood culture confirmed the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium oxysporum</span>&#46; Intravenous treatment with voriconazole was initiated&#46; The patient evolved unfavorably with multiple necrotic skin lesions&#44; ischemic brain lesions&#44; and death&#46;</p></span>"
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Images in Dermatology
Multisystemic fusariosis with fulminant evolution
Nelson Turraa,
Autor para correspondência
nelsonturra85@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Agustina Acostab, Andrea Incoronatoc, Pilar Beltramod
a Department of Dermatology, Dr. Manuel Quintela Clinical Hospital, Montevideo, Uruguay
b Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Pereira Rossell Hospital, Montevideo, Uruguay
c Department of Hemato-oncology, Pereira Rossell Hospital, Montevideo, Uruguay
d Department of Pathology, Pereira Rossell Hospital, Montevideo, Uruguay
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this motivated her admission to the Intensive Care Unit&#46; The antibiotic treatment was adjusted to a broad spectrum scheme with meropenem 60&#8239;mg&#47;kg&#47;day and vancomycin 40&#8239;mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#46; At that time&#44; an interconsultation with a dermatologist was performed&#44; due to the sudden appearance of multiple disseminated skin lesions&#46; On physical examination&#44; she presented disseminated dermatosis on the trunk&#44; lower&#44; and upper limbs&#44; characterized by rounded erythematous-violaceous macules&#44; infiltrated on palpation&#44; and some blisters with hemorrhagic content inside &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Laboratory tests showed hemoglobin of 9&#46;4&#8239;mg&#47;dL&#59; 2&#44;800 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> leukocytes &#40;60&#37; neutrophils&#41;&#59; 53&#44;000&#8239;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> platelets&#44; with normal liver and kidney function&#46; Blood cultures were negative&#46; Also&#44; polymerase chain reaction was negative for cytomegalovirus&#44; varicella zoster virus&#44; and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The skin biopsy was processed for staining with hematoxylin-eosin&#44; PAS&#44; and Grocott-Gomori&#59; evidencing intraepidermal acantholysis&#44; vessels with fibrinoid necrosis of the wall&#44; and occlusive thrombosis&#46; The biopsy also found superficial perivascular inflammatory infiltrate composed of lymphocytes&#44; neutrophils&#44; and leukocytoclasia&#44; highlighting the presence of intravascular filamentous structures&#44; corresponding to septate hyphae and conidiospores &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2&#8211;4</a>&#41;&#46; A subsequent blood culture confirmed the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium oxysporum</span>&#44; and treatment was started with intravenous voriconazole 4&#8239;mg&#47;kg&#47;dose&#44; twice a day&#46; The patient evolved unfavorably and with skin lesions that adopted a central necrotic appearance with a scaling collarette &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46; Subsequently&#44; she began to suffer from severe diabetes insipidus &#40;hypernatremia crisis of up to 170 mEq&#47;L&#41;&#46; Magnetic resonance of the brain&#44; taken 20 days post-transplant&#44; evidenced the presence of extensive ischemic lesions and cerebral edema&#44; with tonsillar herniation and bulbo-spinal compression&#46; After three weeks of the transplant&#44; the patient died&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium</span> spp&#46; are fungi present in the soil in all parts of the world&#44; including tropical&#44; desert&#44; and even arctic regions&#59; this is due to their high adaptability&#46; Regarding their incidence&#44; they corresponds to the second most frequent cause of invasive mold infection in hemato-oncological patients&#44; behind Aspergillus spp&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The risk factors for invasive fusariosis are severe neutropenia&#44; poor cellular immunity&#44; recent induction chemotherapy for leukemia&#44; recent BMT&#44; and graft vs&#46; host disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a> Likewise&#44; the authors highlight that the current patient was a carrier of acute myeloid leukemia and had recently received a BMT&#46; It is expected that after a BMT&#44; severe neutropenia will occur&#44; in the context of the myelosuppressive conditioning required for this procedure&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Invasive forms of fusariosis show cutaneous involvement in 63&#37; of cases&#44; and this is characterized by the presence of subcutaneous nodules&#44; erythematous macules&#44; or vesicle-pustules that may become necrotic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;7</span></a> This pathogen is highly angio-invasive&#44; producing tissue infarctions such as those evidenced in the brain of the current patient&#44; which generate intravascular sporulation&#44; favoring a greater sensitivity of blood cultures in the final stages of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium</span> spp&#46; are resistant to multiple antifungals&#44; but are highly susceptible to amphotericin B and voriconazole&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;9&#44;10</span></a> However&#44; severe neutropenia is the most important prognostic factor&#44; determining lethality of up to 75&#37; of cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;10</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Final considerations</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Invasive fusariosis is extremely serious and is associated with high mortality in immunosuppressed patients&#46; It requires intensive antifungal treatment and administration of granulocyte colony stimulating factor&#44; since its prognosis is closely related to the recovery of neutropenia&#46; The role of the dermatologist as part of a multidisciplinary team must be emphasized&#44; having a high diagnostic suspicion of this pathology in the case of immunosuppressed patients with clinical manifestations similar to those previously elucidated&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Financial support</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors&#39; contributions</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nelson Turra&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; participation in study design&#59; participation in the therapeutic and&#47;or propaedeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Agustina Acosta&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; participation in study design&#59; participation in the therapeutic and&#47;or propaedeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Andrea Incoronato&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; participation in study design&#59; participation in the therapeutic and&#47;or propaedeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pilar Beltramo&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; participation in study design&#59; participation in the therapeutic and&#47;or propaedeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This report presents the case of a 13-year-old female patient with history of acute myeloid leukemia&#44; who&#44; after a bone marrow transplant&#44; began to vomit and experienced rapidly progressive deterioration of consciousness&#44; in addition to disseminated erythematous-violaceous macules&#44; and some blisters with hemorrhagic content inside&#46; Skin biopsy evidenced intravascular filamentous structures&#46; A blood culture confirmed the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fusarium oxysporum</span>&#46; Intravenous treatment with voriconazole was initiated&#46; The patient evolved unfavorably with multiple necrotic skin lesions&#44; ischemic brain lesions&#44; and death&#46;</p></span>"
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ISSN: 03650596
Idioma original: Inglês
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