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the patient had skin-colored and erythematous subcutaneous nodules&#44; and ulcers covered with thick&#44; blackened crusts on the face&#44; trunk and limbs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to compatible epidemiological history and the evolution pattern of the lesions&#44; the main diagnostic hypothesis was sporotrichosis&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A culture of the aspirated fluid of one of the nodules was performed&#44; which revealed growth of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sporotrix</span> sp&#46; after 5 days &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs&#46; 3 and 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The laboratory tests &#40;hemogram&#44; kidney function&#44; liver function and thyroid function&#41; did not show any abnormal results&#44; and the serology test results &#40;hepatitis B&#44; hepatitis C&#44; VDRL&#44; HTLV and HIV&#41; were negative&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">High-resolution chest CT revealed atelectasis&#44; ground-glass infiltrate&#44; hilar lymphadenopathy and pleural effusion in both lungs&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The disease was classified as systemic sporotrichosis&#44; according to the classification recommended by Orofino-Costa et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> illustrating an exuberant presentation in a patient immunosuppressed by alcoholism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient was treated with amphotericin B lipid complex for 28 days&#44; followed by itraconazole&#44; during 11 months and had a good response&#44; with healing of ulcers and without relapses in a 6-month follow-up&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The feline zoonotic transmission of sporotrichosis was observed in the 1990s in the State of Rio de Janeiro&#44; Brazil&#44; which is currently considered to be a hyperendemic area&#46; In the South and Southeast Brazilian regions&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; brasiliensis</span> is the main &#40;88&#37;&#41; etiological agent of human and animal sporotrichosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Systemic forms are rare and usually affect immunocompromised individuals&#44; mostly those with HIV &#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic alcohol abuse results in lymphopenia and chronic activation of the T-cell pool&#44; which may alter the T-cell ability to expand and respond to pathogenic agents&#44; inducing to an anergy state and&#44; changing Th1 and Th2 response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Th1 response is considered as the main control factor of fungal infection&#46; In addition to patient immunosuppression&#44; we should emphasize that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; brasiliensis</span> is the most virulent species of this genus&#44; due to its ability to invade tissues and lead one to death&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The high prevalence of alcohol abuse in the Brazilian population&#44; estimated at 13&#46;7&#37;&#44; and the increasing zoonotic transmission of sporotrichosis may lead to an increase in the prevalence of disseminated forms of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our report corroborates the association previously reported by others between alcoholism and the spread of sporotrichosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;10</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Financial support</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Norami de Moura Barros&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Allen de Souza Pessoa&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Arles Martins Brotas&#58; 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Tropical/Infectoparasitary Dermatology
Systemic sporotrichosis in an alcoholic patient
Norami de Moura Barros
Autor para correspondência
norami.barros@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Allen de Souza Pessoa, Arles Martins Brotas
Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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the patient had skin-colored and erythematous subcutaneous nodules&#44; and ulcers covered with thick&#44; blackened crusts on the face&#44; trunk and limbs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to compatible epidemiological history and the evolution pattern of the lesions&#44; the main diagnostic hypothesis was sporotrichosis&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A culture of the aspirated fluid of one of the nodules was performed&#44; which revealed growth of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sporotrix</span> sp&#46; after 5 days &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs&#46; 3 and 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The laboratory tests &#40;hemogram&#44; kidney function&#44; liver function and thyroid function&#41; did not show any abnormal results&#44; and the serology test results &#40;hepatitis B&#44; hepatitis C&#44; VDRL&#44; HTLV and HIV&#41; were negative&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">High-resolution chest CT revealed atelectasis&#44; ground-glass infiltrate&#44; hilar lymphadenopathy and pleural effusion in both lungs&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The disease was classified as systemic sporotrichosis&#44; according to the classification recommended by Orofino-Costa et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> illustrating an exuberant presentation in a patient immunosuppressed by alcoholism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient was treated with amphotericin B lipid complex for 28 days&#44; followed by itraconazole&#44; during 11 months and had a good response&#44; with healing of ulcers and without relapses in a 6-month follow-up&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The feline zoonotic transmission of sporotrichosis was observed in the 1990s in the State of Rio de Janeiro&#44; Brazil&#44; which is currently considered to be a hyperendemic area&#46; In the South and Southeast Brazilian regions&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; brasiliensis</span> is the main &#40;88&#37;&#41; etiological agent of human and animal sporotrichosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Systemic forms are rare and usually affect immunocompromised individuals&#44; mostly those with HIV &#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic alcohol abuse results in lymphopenia and chronic activation of the T-cell pool&#44; which may alter the T-cell ability to expand and respond to pathogenic agents&#44; inducing to an anergy state and&#44; changing Th1 and Th2 response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Th1 response is considered as the main control factor of fungal infection&#46; In addition to patient immunosuppression&#44; we should emphasize that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; brasiliensis</span> is the most virulent species of this genus&#44; due to its ability to invade tissues and lead one to death&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The high prevalence of alcohol abuse in the Brazilian population&#44; estimated at 13&#46;7&#37;&#44; and the increasing zoonotic transmission of sporotrichosis may lead to an increase in the prevalence of disseminated forms of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our report corroborates the association previously reported by others between alcoholism and the spread of sporotrichosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;10</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Financial support</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Norami de Moura Barros&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Allen de Souza Pessoa&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Arles Martins Brotas&#58; 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