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in which histopathology demonstrated an association with subungual follicular inclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These patients sought dermatological care due to changes in nail color and were submitted to dermoscopy &#40;DermLite Photo Polarized Light Dermatoscope DL3&#44; 3Gen&#44; Dana Point&#44; USA&#41; and high-frequency ultrasound &#40;HFUS&#41;&#44; 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz &#40;My Lab Touch&#44; Esaote&#44; Genoa&#44; It&#225;tia&#41; showed hyperechogenic areas located in the nail bed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Subsequently&#44; the lesions were excised by shave and the material sent for histopathological examination&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Case 1&#58; Male&#44; 63 years&#44; phototype III&#44; presenting a longitudinal melanon&#237;quia measuring 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in width&#44; in the central portion of the left hallux&#44; with evolution of 8 months&#46; Irregular bands of bluish gray and light brown pigmentation were observed on dermoscopy of the nail plate&#44; affecting the entire length of the nail until its free edge&#46; In the histopathology subungual follicular inclusions were identified in association with melanonychia&#44; without concomitant melanocytic lesion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Case 2&#58; Male&#44; 43 years&#44; phototype III&#44; presenting a longitudinal melanon&#237;quia measuring 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in width&#44; in the central portion in the first left quirodactyl&#44; with a 3-month evolution&#46; The pigmented band did not affect the distal edge of the nail &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Shave was performed on the nail matrix &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41; and histopathology revealed melanocytic nevus in association with follicular inclusions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Case 3&#58; Male&#44; 53 years&#44; phototype III&#44; presenting a longitudinal melanonychia affecting the entire length of the right hallux&#44; with an evolution of 2 years&#46; Irregular bands of light brown and dark pigmentation were observed on dermoscopy of the nail plate&#44; affecting the entire length of the nail until its free border&#44; with pigment leakage at the proximal border &#40;Hutchinson&#39;s sign&#41;&#46; Histopathology revealed intraepithelial melanocytic dysplasia in association with follicular inclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subungual follicular inclusions were described by Samman in 1959&#44; involving the toes and&#44; in 1969&#44; the quirodactyls by Lewin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> Since then&#44; it has been described with different denominations&#44; such as subungual epidermoid cysts&#44; microcysts follicles of the nail bed&#44; subungual calcified inclusions&#44; among others&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the pathogenesis is unknown&#44; the hypothesis is that trauma is the main triggering factor&#44; although clinical signs of trauma are not always present&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6&#44;7</span></a> Some authors believe that there is proliferation of dermal fibroblasts in the nail bed&#44; consequently leading to sequestration of the bed epithelium in the dermis with consequent formation of the inclusions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Perrin claims for the use of the term follicular microcysts for these bulbous proliferations of the epithelial cones&#44; located in the subungual connective tissue&#44; usually without connection to the nail bed epithelium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">8</span></span></a> His argument is based on findings from the literature which indicate that the nail bed epithelium has vestigial follicular units&#44; which is justified by the embryological data that the nail bed epithelium is an invagination of the dorsal epidermis that covers the finger and contains rare sprouts&#44; unlike palms and plants&#46; We adopted the nomenclature subungual follicular inclusions&#44; since it includes the argument of the follicular origin proposed by Perrin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and maintains part of the original nomenclature proposed by Samman and Lewin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> because there is not always a microcystic formation in the epithelial inclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hallux is the most affected finger&#44; corroborating with the hypothesis that trauma is the triggering factor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> There is no specific clinical lesion of the follicular inclusions&#44; and it may associated itself as a nail clubbing&#44; striations&#44; onycholysis&#44; subungual hyperkeratosis&#44; anonychnia&#44; or no apparent clinical manifestation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;7</span></a> When clinical changes occur&#44; they are usually asymptomatic or&#44; depending on the size of the inclusions&#44; may cause nail bed edema&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another clinical manifestation is melanonychia&#44; the longitudinal one being the most commonly found presentation&#46; Albeit there are no reports to confirm the hypothesis&#44; it is suggested that it is due to the activation of the melanocytes of the nail bed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In case 2 an associated junctional nevus was observed and in case 3 there was a melanocytic dysplasia which is opposed to the theory of simple melanocytic activation&#46; However&#44; in case 1 histopathology did not reveal melanocytic lesion concomitant with subungual follicular inclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some tumors located in the nail bed represent a clinical differential diagnosis&#44; such as keratoacanthoma&#44; squamous cell carcinoma&#44; subungual myxoid cyst and glomus tumor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The association of subungual melanoma with follicular inclusions has been reported&#44; but the relation between them has not yet been established&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The histopathological analysis of the nail bed is vital for the diagnosis&#46; Obtaining the tissue for examination is performed after avulsion of the nail plate and biopsy&#46; The histopathological diagnosis is based on the finding of islets of epithelium located in connective tissue&#44; in variable number and size&#44; with partial or complete keratinization of its central portion&#46; These islets are not related to the nail bed epithelium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermoscopy revealed an &#8220;eclipse sign&#8221;&#44; a well-demarcated ring-shaped image that may represent the epithelial islets with central keratinization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> This finding is useful to differentiate from other nail tumors&#44; but was not found in any of reported cases&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The subungual follicular inclusions can be observed in HFUS as hypo or hyperechogenic areas with irregular shape&#44; located in the nail bed&#44; hypoechoic&#46; In Doppler mapping&#44; the structure is avascular&#44; which differentiates itself from tumors of the nail unit&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subungual follicular inclusions are proliferative&#44; epithelial&#44; benign lesions&#44; and often incisional biopsy is both diagnostic and therapeutic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the subungual follicular inclusions are histopathological findings poorly described in the literature&#44; with nine published articles&#44; it is important to know more about this condition&#44; since it can cause different clinical manifestations in the nails&#46;</p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Financial support</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marina C&#226;mara de Oliveira&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carlos Baptista Barcaui&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elisa de Oliveira Barcaui&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Juan Pi&#241;eiro-Maceira&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Melanonychia is the change in the coloration of the nail plate resulting from the deposition of melanin&#46; Among its causes are melanocytic hyperplasia&#44; melanocytic activation and nail melanoma&#46; Subungual follicular inclusions are histological findings of unknown etiology&#44; possibly related to trauma&#46; We present three cases of melanonychia of different etiologies with subungual follicular inclusions&#44; an association that has not been well described and with an indefinite pathogenesis&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">How to cite this article&#58; C&#226;mara de Oliveira M&#44; Barcaui CB&#44; Barcaui EO&#44; Pi&#241;eiro-Maceira J&#46; Melanonychia associated with subungual follicular inclusions&#58; report of three cases&#46; An Bras Dermatol&#46; 2020&#59;95&#58;217&#8211;20&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Study conducted at the Dermatology Service&#44; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto&#44; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro&#44; Rio de Janeiro&#44; RJ&#44; Brazil&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">HFUS&#44; 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz&#44; longitudinal view &#40;Case 3&#41;&#46; Hyperechogenic&#44; heterogeneous area with irregular shape &#40;arrow&#41;&#44; avascular&#44; located in the nail bed with Doppler mapping&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology &#40;Case 1&#41;&#46; Epithelial islets with keratinization of their central portion in variable degree&#44; located in the connective tissue of the nail bed &#40;Hematoxylin &#38; eosin&#44; &#215;400&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinic and dermoscopy &#40;Case 2&#41;&#46; Dermoscopy of the nail plate shows irregular bands of triangular-shaped pigmentation with a bluish-gray color and wider in the proximal and dark brown and finer portions in the distal portion&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Material obtained by shaving&#44; and dermoscopy of the nail matrix &#40;Case 2&#41;&#46; After shaving&#44; the material is supported on paper before being placed in the formalin&#46; In the nail matrix there is a small area with irregular bands of dark brown pigmentation and globules in the proximal portion&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology &#40;Case 2&#41;&#46; Junctional nest of pigmented melanocytic cells in relation to epithelial islets located in the superficial connective tissue of the nail bed &#40;Hematoxylin &#38; eosin&#44; &#215;400&#41;&#46;</p>"
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Dermatopathology
Melanonychia associated with subungual follicular inclusions: report of three cases
Marina Câmara de Oliveiraa,
Autor para correspondência
marina__co@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Carlos Baptista Barcauia, Elisa de Oliveira Barcauib, Juan Piñeiro-Maceiraa
a Dermatology Service, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
b Department of Radiology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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in which histopathology demonstrated an association with subungual follicular inclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These patients sought dermatological care due to changes in nail color and were submitted to dermoscopy &#40;DermLite Photo Polarized Light Dermatoscope DL3&#44; 3Gen&#44; Dana Point&#44; USA&#41; and high-frequency ultrasound &#40;HFUS&#41;&#44; 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz &#40;My Lab Touch&#44; Esaote&#44; Genoa&#44; It&#225;tia&#41; showed hyperechogenic areas located in the nail bed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Subsequently&#44; the lesions were excised by shave and the material sent for histopathological examination&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Case 1&#58; Male&#44; 63 years&#44; phototype III&#44; presenting a longitudinal melanon&#237;quia measuring 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in width&#44; in the central portion of the left hallux&#44; with evolution of 8 months&#46; Irregular bands of bluish gray and light brown pigmentation were observed on dermoscopy of the nail plate&#44; affecting the entire length of the nail until its free edge&#46; In the histopathology subungual follicular inclusions were identified in association with melanonychia&#44; without concomitant melanocytic lesion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Case 2&#58; Male&#44; 43 years&#44; phototype III&#44; presenting a longitudinal melanon&#237;quia measuring 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in width&#44; in the central portion in the first left quirodactyl&#44; with a 3-month evolution&#46; The pigmented band did not affect the distal edge of the nail &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Shave was performed on the nail matrix &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41; and histopathology revealed melanocytic nevus in association with follicular inclusions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Case 3&#58; Male&#44; 53 years&#44; phototype III&#44; presenting a longitudinal melanonychia affecting the entire length of the right hallux&#44; with an evolution of 2 years&#46; Irregular bands of light brown and dark pigmentation were observed on dermoscopy of the nail plate&#44; affecting the entire length of the nail until its free border&#44; with pigment leakage at the proximal border &#40;Hutchinson&#39;s sign&#41;&#46; Histopathology revealed intraepithelial melanocytic dysplasia in association with follicular inclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subungual follicular inclusions were described by Samman in 1959&#44; involving the toes and&#44; in 1969&#44; the quirodactyls by Lewin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> Since then&#44; it has been described with different denominations&#44; such as subungual epidermoid cysts&#44; microcysts follicles of the nail bed&#44; subungual calcified inclusions&#44; among others&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the pathogenesis is unknown&#44; the hypothesis is that trauma is the main triggering factor&#44; although clinical signs of trauma are not always present&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6&#44;7</span></a> Some authors believe that there is proliferation of dermal fibroblasts in the nail bed&#44; consequently leading to sequestration of the bed epithelium in the dermis with consequent formation of the inclusions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Perrin claims for the use of the term follicular microcysts for these bulbous proliferations of the epithelial cones&#44; located in the subungual connective tissue&#44; usually without connection to the nail bed epithelium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">8</span></span></a> His argument is based on findings from the literature which indicate that the nail bed epithelium has vestigial follicular units&#44; which is justified by the embryological data that the nail bed epithelium is an invagination of the dorsal epidermis that covers the finger and contains rare sprouts&#44; unlike palms and plants&#46; We adopted the nomenclature subungual follicular inclusions&#44; since it includes the argument of the follicular origin proposed by Perrin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and maintains part of the original nomenclature proposed by Samman and Lewin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> because there is not always a microcystic formation in the epithelial inclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hallux is the most affected finger&#44; corroborating with the hypothesis that trauma is the triggering factor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> There is no specific clinical lesion of the follicular inclusions&#44; and it may associated itself as a nail clubbing&#44; striations&#44; onycholysis&#44; subungual hyperkeratosis&#44; anonychnia&#44; or no apparent clinical manifestation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;7</span></a> When clinical changes occur&#44; they are usually asymptomatic or&#44; depending on the size of the inclusions&#44; may cause nail bed edema&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another clinical manifestation is melanonychia&#44; the longitudinal one being the most commonly found presentation&#46; Albeit there are no reports to confirm the hypothesis&#44; it is suggested that it is due to the activation of the melanocytes of the nail bed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In case 2 an associated junctional nevus was observed and in case 3 there was a melanocytic dysplasia which is opposed to the theory of simple melanocytic activation&#46; However&#44; in case 1 histopathology did not reveal melanocytic lesion concomitant with subungual follicular inclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some tumors located in the nail bed represent a clinical differential diagnosis&#44; such as keratoacanthoma&#44; squamous cell carcinoma&#44; subungual myxoid cyst and glomus tumor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The association of subungual melanoma with follicular inclusions has been reported&#44; but the relation between them has not yet been established&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The histopathological analysis of the nail bed is vital for the diagnosis&#46; Obtaining the tissue for examination is performed after avulsion of the nail plate and biopsy&#46; The histopathological diagnosis is based on the finding of islets of epithelium located in connective tissue&#44; in variable number and size&#44; with partial or complete keratinization of its central portion&#46; These islets are not related to the nail bed epithelium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermoscopy revealed an &#8220;eclipse sign&#8221;&#44; a well-demarcated ring-shaped image that may represent the epithelial islets with central keratinization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> This finding is useful to differentiate from other nail tumors&#44; but was not found in any of reported cases&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The subungual follicular inclusions can be observed in HFUS as hypo or hyperechogenic areas with irregular shape&#44; located in the nail bed&#44; hypoechoic&#46; In Doppler mapping&#44; the structure is avascular&#44; which differentiates itself from tumors of the nail unit&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subungual follicular inclusions are proliferative&#44; epithelial&#44; benign lesions&#44; and often incisional biopsy is both diagnostic and therapeutic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the subungual follicular inclusions are histopathological findings poorly described in the literature&#44; with nine published articles&#44; it is important to know more about this condition&#44; since it can cause different clinical manifestations in the nails&#46;</p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Financial support</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marina C&#226;mara de Oliveira&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carlos Baptista Barcaui&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elisa de Oliveira Barcaui&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Juan Pi&#241;eiro-Maceira&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Melanonychia is the change in the coloration of the nail plate resulting from the deposition of melanin&#46; Among its causes are melanocytic hyperplasia&#44; melanocytic activation and nail melanoma&#46; Subungual follicular inclusions are histological findings of unknown etiology&#44; possibly related to trauma&#46; We present three cases of melanonychia of different etiologies with subungual follicular inclusions&#44; an association that has not been well described and with an indefinite pathogenesis&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">How to cite this article&#58; C&#226;mara de Oliveira M&#44; Barcaui CB&#44; Barcaui EO&#44; Pi&#241;eiro-Maceira J&#46; Melanonychia associated with subungual follicular inclusions&#58; report of three cases&#46; An Bras Dermatol&#46; 2020&#59;95&#58;217&#8211;20&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Study conducted at the Dermatology Service&#44; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto&#44; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro&#44; Rio de Janeiro&#44; RJ&#44; Brazil&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">HFUS&#44; 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz&#44; longitudinal view &#40;Case 3&#41;&#46; Hyperechogenic&#44; heterogeneous area with irregular shape &#40;arrow&#41;&#44; avascular&#44; located in the nail bed with Doppler mapping&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology &#40;Case 1&#41;&#46; Epithelial islets with keratinization of their central portion in variable degree&#44; located in the connective tissue of the nail bed &#40;Hematoxylin &#38; eosin&#44; &#215;400&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinic and dermoscopy &#40;Case 2&#41;&#46; Dermoscopy of the nail plate shows irregular bands of triangular-shaped pigmentation with a bluish-gray color and wider in the proximal and dark brown and finer portions in the distal portion&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Material obtained by shaving&#44; and dermoscopy of the nail matrix &#40;Case 2&#41;&#46; After shaving&#44; the material is supported on paper before being placed in the formalin&#46; In the nail matrix there is a small area with irregular bands of dark brown pigmentation and globules in the proximal portion&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology &#40;Case 2&#41;&#46; Junctional nest of pigmented melanocytic cells in relation to epithelial islets located in the superficial connective tissue of the nail bed &#40;Hematoxylin &#38; eosin&#44; &#215;400&#41;&#46;</p>"
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ISSN: 03650596
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