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o &#225;caro tem uma predile&#231;&#227;o pela &#225;rea facial&#46; Os &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> podem ser encontrados na pele normal a uma densidade &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 &#225;caros&#47;cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; O diagn&#243;stico de demodicose ou infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> &#233; feito quando surgem sinais&#47;sintomas cl&#237;nicos e quando mais de 5 &#225;caros&#47;cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> est&#227;o presentes ou quando penetram na derme&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recentemente&#44; estudos que avaliam infesta&#231;&#245;es por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> aumentaram&#46; O papel da demodicose foi investigado em algumas dermatoses faciais e foi relatado que os &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> est&#227;o associados a v&#225;rias manifesta&#231;&#245;es cut&#226;neas&#44; inclusive pitir&#237;ase folicular&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> ros&#225;cea papulopustular e granulomatosa&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> foliculite pustular&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> p&#225;pula inflamat&#243;ria&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> foliculite&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> dermatite seborreica &#40;DS&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> dermatite perioral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> e blefarite&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ros&#225;cea&#44; acne vulgar &#40;AV&#41; e DS s&#227;o as tr&#234;s dermatoses inflamat&#243;rias faciais mais comuns&#59; eles afetam a unidade pilosseb&#225;cea e t&#234;m predile&#231;&#227;o pelas &#225;reas faciais ricas em gl&#226;ndulas seb&#225;ceas&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Os &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> tamb&#233;m s&#227;o encontrados na unidade pilosseb&#225;cea&#44; causam inflama&#231;&#227;o e levam a rea&#231;&#245;es imunol&#243;gicas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> O presente estudo foi feito para investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AV&#44; ros&#225;cea&#44; DS e demodicose&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todos</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O estudo foi revisado e aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local &#40;protocolo n&#176; 22481095&#8208;020&#8208;1956&#44; data de aprova&#231;&#227;o&#58; 19&#47;09&#47;2018&#41; e todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido&#46; O estudo foi feito em conson&#226;ncia com os princ&#237;pios expressos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Um estudo de caso&#8208;controle foi planejado para investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre demodicose e dermatoses faciais&#44; como AV&#44; ros&#225;cea e DS&#46; Pacientes com apenas AV papulopustular e apenas ros&#225;cea papulopustular foram inclu&#237;dos&#46; No grupo DS&#44; pacientes com comprometimento da &#225;rea malar&#44; sobrancelhas e&#47;ou &#225;rea do queixo ou bochecha foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo&#46; Todos os diagn&#243;sticos foram feitos com base em exames cl&#237;nicos pelo mesmo dermatologista&#46; Variantes complicadas de cada doen&#231;a foram exclu&#237;das do estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O estudo incluiu 127 pacientes &#40;43 com AV&#44; 43 com ros&#225;cea e 41 com DS&#41; e 77 controles saud&#225;veis&#46; O grupo controle foi composto por 77 pessoas saud&#225;veis&#44; estudantes de medicina ou funcion&#225;rios do hospital&#44; pareados por idade e sexo&#44; que n&#227;o tinham doen&#231;a e n&#227;o recebiam tratamento sist&#234;mico ou t&#243;pico&#46; Todos os participantes tinham pele tipo 2 ou 3 de Fitzpatrick&#46; Para cada paciente&#44; foram registrados idade&#44; sexo&#44; diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico&#44; sintomas&#44; outras poss&#237;veis dermatoses faciais&#44; tratamento recente para a condi&#231;&#227;o facial e data da consulta&#46; Nenhum dos sujeitos estava sob tratamento t&#243;pico&#44; inclusive hidratantes&#44; nos &#250;ltimos dois meses&#46; Indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico de qualquer tratamento facial ablativo &#40;por exemplo&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">peeling</span> e laser&#41; nos seis meses anteriores tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos&#46; Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com hist&#243;rico de qualquer doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica&#44; tratamento sist&#234;mico nos seis meses anteriores ao estudo e tabagistas&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A presen&#231;a de demodicose foi avaliada pelo mesmo dermatologista em cada paciente&#46; O exame microsc&#243;pico dos &#225;caros foi feito por bi&#243;psia padronizada da superf&#237;cie da pele &#40;BPSP&#41; com cola de cianoacrilato nos grupos de pacientes e controle&#46; Duas amostras foram coletadas na face para exame de &#225;caros das les&#245;es eritematosas&#47;inflamat&#243;rias da doen&#231;a&#46; Nos controles&#44; as amostras foram coletadas nas bochechas e na &#225;rea frontal&#46; Uma l&#226;mina coberta com cola de cianoacrilato e com um quadrado assinalado na superf&#237;cie foi pressionado contra a superf&#237;cie da pele&#46; Ap&#243;s 30 segundos&#44; a l&#226;mina foi removida e as amostras foram coletadas&#46; A prepara&#231;&#227;o foi examinada sob um microsc&#243;pio &#243;ptico com as objetivas de 40&#215; e 100&#215;&#46; A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a> apresenta o resultado da BPSP&#46; O resultado foi considerado positivo quando havia mais de cinco &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> em uma &#225;rea de 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> na BPSP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> A maioria dos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> observados por BPSP foi <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; folliculorum</span>&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; brevis</span>&#44; que vive principalmente mais profundamente nas gl&#226;ndulas seb&#225;ceas&#44; raramente &#233; observado nesse m&#233;todo de amostragem&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O programa Number Cruncher Statistical System 2007 &#40;NCSS&#59; Kaysville&#44; Utah&#44; EUA&#41; foi usado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica&#46; Os dados descritivos foram expressos como m&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desvio&#8208;padr&#227;o&#44; mediana&#44; frequ&#234;ncia e raz&#227;o&#46; Na an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis normalmente distribu&#237;das&#44; foi aplicado o teste independente de Shapiro&#8208;Wilks para discernir as diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos&#46; As diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos independentes tamb&#233;m foram examinadas com o teste de Kruskal&#8208;Wallis e o teste de Dunn para vari&#225;veis distribu&#237;das normalmente&#46; Para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis qualitativas&#44; foram usados os testes U de Mann&#8208;Whitney&#44; Pearson &#215; 2 e o Bonferroni corrigido &#215; 2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post&#8208;hoc</span>&#46; Os resultados estavam dentro do intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95&#37;&#44; e valores p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Resultados</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 204 indiv&#237;duos&#44; inclusive 127 pacientes com dermatose facial e 77 controles saud&#225;veis&#46; Em termos de sexo e idade&#44; n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre os pacientes e os controles &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62; 0&#44;05&#41;&#59; 66 dos 127 pacientes &#40;52&#44;0&#37;&#41; apresentaram infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span>&#44; observada em apenas dois dos 77 controles saud&#225;veis &#40;2&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#46; As taxas de infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes do que nos controles &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os grupos de pacientes foram compostos por 43 pacientes com AV&#44; 43 com ros&#225;cea e 41 com DS&#46; As <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0010">tabelas 2 e 3</a> apresentam as compara&#231;&#245;es feitas entre esses grupos e controles&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes com ros&#225;cea foi significativamente maior do que nos pacientes com AV&#44; pacientes com DS e controles &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001 e p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0 0&#44;001&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes com AV foi significativamente menor do que a os controles &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quanto ao sexo&#44; a propor&#231;&#227;o masculino&#8208;feminino foi significativamente maior no grupo DS em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos AV&#44; DS e controle &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;012&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001 e p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;024&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As taxas de infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> foram significativamente maiores no grupo ros&#225;cea do que nos grupos AV&#44; DS e controles &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;024 e p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; A infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> foi significativamente maior nos grupos AV e DS do que nos controles &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001 e p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos AV e DS em termos de demodicose &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;294&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo demonstrou que a infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> estava associada a AV&#44; ros&#225;cea e DS&#46; A maior incid&#234;ncia de infesta&#231;&#227;o foi observada nos pacientes com ros&#225;cea&#44; seguida por DS e AV&#46; A presen&#231;a de infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com ros&#225;cea do que nos pacientes com AV e SD e controles&#44; enquanto a infesta&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente mais comum nos pacientes com AV e SD em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; folliculorum</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; brevis</span>&#44; as duas esp&#233;cies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span>&#44; s&#227;o costumeiramente encontradas na pele normal de humanos adultos&#44; particularmente nas unidades pilosseb&#225;ceas da face&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; folliculorum</span> reside dentro do fol&#237;culo piloso&#44; enquanto <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; brevis</span> &#233; encontrado predominantemente nas gl&#226;ndulas seb&#225;ceas e meibomianas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Os &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> penetram nas c&#233;lulas da pele &#40;particularmente nos queratin&#243;citos que revestem os fol&#237;culos pilosseb&#225;ceos&#41; e ingerem seu conte&#250;do&#46; Os &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> alimentam&#8208;se do sebo e das prote&#237;nas celulares obtidas pela a&#231;&#227;o da protease contida nas enzimas salivares dos &#225;caros&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> Acredita&#8208;se tamb&#233;m que as enzimas lipase do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> desempenhem um papel na digest&#227;o de bact&#233;rias ou outros micro&#8208;organismos&#44; al&#233;m da digest&#227;o do material lip&#237;dico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> O processo enzim&#225;tico leva &#224; degrada&#231;&#227;o do epit&#233;lio folicular&#44; o que pode resultar em inflama&#231;&#227;o perifolicular&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> Os &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> tamb&#233;m podem causar bloqueio mec&#226;nico da abertura do fol&#237;culo&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; acredita&#8208;se que os &#225;caros extrafoliculares possam induzir uma rea&#231;&#227;o granulomatosa do tipo por corpo estranho por meio de seu exoesqueleto quitinoso&#46; Acredita&#8208;se que os &#225;caros moribundos desencadeiem uma resposta imune no hospedeiro&#44; liberem seu conte&#250;do interno e os exoesqueletos quitinosos dos &#225;caros moribundos e em decomposi&#231;&#227;o e causem altera&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;22</span></a> Os &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> tamb&#233;m podem suprimir a resposta imune inata dos hospedeiros para garantir sua sobreviv&#234;ncia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Foi demonstrado que o ant&#237;geno Tn&#44; um revestimento de carboidratos que protege c&#233;lulas cancer&#237;genas e parasitas de rea&#231;&#245;es imunologicamente mediadas&#44; &#233; expresso pelos &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a> Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que os &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> afetam a secre&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias&#44; como a express&#227;o de IL&#8208;8 e TNF&#8208;alfa e TLR&#44; por meio da intera&#231;&#227;o com as c&#233;lulas da unidade pilosseb&#225;cea&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#8211;28</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A causa dos achados cl&#237;nicos na infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> ainda &#233; desconhecida&#59; entretanto&#44; considera&#8208;se que os mecanismos mencionados acima desempenhem um papel na ocorr&#234;ncia dessa infesta&#231;&#227;o&#46; Embora a demodicose tenha sido demonstrada em v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es da pele&#44; o papel dos &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> em condi&#231;&#245;es dermatol&#243;gicas ainda &#233; controverso&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A AV &#233; uma doen&#231;a multifatorial da unidade pilosseb&#225;cea&#46; Pode ser classificada como acne comed&#244;nica&#44; papulopustular e nodular&#46; Embora a etiologia da AV permane&#231;a desconhecida&#44; andr&#243;genos&#44; aumento da secre&#231;&#227;o seb&#225;cea&#44; hiperceratose do ducto pilosseb&#225;ceo&#44; bloqueio do orif&#237;cio folicular e prolifera&#231;&#227;o de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Propionibacterium acne</span> s&#227;o alguns dos fatores que contribuem para o desenvolvimento da AV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span></a> Os &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de les&#245;es de acne por meio do bloqueio folicular&#44; levam &#224; distens&#227;o e hiperqueratose intrafolicular e causam inflama&#231;&#227;o e rea&#231;&#245;es imunol&#243;gicas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#44;32</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Muitos estudos que avaliam a rela&#231;&#227;o entre AV e infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> foram feitos recentemente&#46; Positividade para <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> foi observada em 11&#44;8&#37; dos 101 pacientes com AV em um estudo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> e 15&#44;38&#37; dos 78 pacientes com AV em outro estudo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; Outros autores n&#227;o observaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> e AV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> Em uma metan&#225;lise recente&#44; 48 de 63 artigos demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> e AV&#44; enquanto 15 apresentaram achados controversos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> No presente estudo&#44; foi observada uma positividade para <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> significativamente maior em pacientes com AV do que em controles saud&#225;veis&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A ros&#225;cea &#233; uma doen&#231;a cut&#226;nea inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica comum&#44; observada principalmente em pacientes com mais de 30 anos&#44; com per&#237;odos de remiss&#227;o e exacerba&#231;&#227;o&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36&#44;37</span></a> Rubor&#44; eritema&#44; telangiectasia&#44; edema&#44; p&#225;pulas&#44; p&#250;stulas&#44; altera&#231;&#245;es fimatosas e les&#245;es oculares s&#227;o os sinais da doen&#231;a&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36&#8211;38</span></a> A ros&#225;cea pode ser classificada como ros&#225;cea eritematotelangiect&#225;tica &#40;ETR&#41;&#44; ros&#225;cea papulopustular &#40;PPR&#41;&#44; ros&#225;cea fimatosa&#44; ros&#225;cea ocular e ros&#225;cea granulomatosa de acordo com o sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o e estadiamento do Comit&#234; de Especialistas da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American National Rosacea Society</span> &#40;NRS&#41;&#44; que tamb&#233;m pode ser usado como uma ferramenta de diagn&#243;stico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36&#44;37</span></a> V&#225;rios fatores&#44; inclusive anormalidades na homeostase vascular cut&#226;nea&#44; exposi&#231;&#245;es clim&#225;ticas&#44; degrada&#231;&#227;o da matriz d&#233;rmica&#44; agentes qu&#237;micos e ingeridos&#44; anormalidades das unidades pilosseb&#225;ceas e organismos microbianos&#44; s&#227;o considerados envolvidos na patog&#234;nese&#44; embora a etiologia da ros&#225;cea permane&#231;a incerta&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#44;38</span></a> Recentemente&#44; muitos estudos examinaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> e a ros&#225;cea e demonstraram principalmente uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva&#46; Os &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> podem contribuir para a patog&#234;nese da ros&#225;cea de v&#225;rias maneiras&#46; O bloqueio dos fol&#237;culos pilosos e das gl&#226;ndulas seb&#225;ceas por um n&#250;mero maior de &#225;caros pode resultar em rompimento da barreira cut&#226;nea e danos aos tecidos&#46; Aumentos subsequentes na express&#227;o de TLR&#44; exoesqueletos de quitina e libera&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do interno dos &#225;caros&#44; inclusive ant&#237;genos bacterianos&#44; podem desencadear uma rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria e tamb&#233;m resultar em uma resposta imune&#44; seguida de ativa&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos e macr&#243;fagos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27&#44;39&#8211;41</span></a> Em particular&#44; foi relatado que as respostas imunes mediadas por c&#233;lulas T da ros&#225;cea ao <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> desempenham um papel na patog&#234;nese&#46; Os linf&#243;citos T auxiliares&#47;indutores CD4 foram predominantemente observados em granulomas e em infiltrados perifoliculares&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;42&#8211;44</span></a> Al&#233;m disso&#44; sugere&#8208;se que a imunidade humoral tamb&#233;m desempenhe um papel nas rea&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudos cl&#237;nicos revelaram um aumento no n&#250;mero de &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> na pele de pacientes com ros&#225;cea em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> Foi relatado que a demodicose &#233; maior nas bochechas dos pacientes com RPP do que nos controles com pele saud&#225;vel&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5&#44;45&#44;46</span></a> No presente estudo&#44; 34 dos 43 pacientes com ros&#225;cea apresentaram infesta&#231;&#245;es por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span>&#44; o que foi significativamente maior que os pacientes com AV e DS e controles saud&#225;veis&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A DS&#44; uma dermatose inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica e superficial da pele&#44; &#233; caracterizada por escamas eritematosas&#44; amarelas e oleosas nas &#225;reas da pele ricas em gl&#226;ndulas seb&#225;ceas&#44; inclusive as &#225;reas do couro cabeludo&#44; face&#44; t&#243;rax&#44; costas e de flex&#227;o&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47&#44;48</span></a> O aumento da atividade seb&#225;cea&#44; infec&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pityrosporum ovale</span>&#44; drogas&#44; anormalidades imunol&#243;gicas&#44; predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica&#44; dist&#250;rbios neurol&#243;gicos&#44; estresse emocional&#44; dieta&#44; estilo de vida e fatores ambientais foram identificados como contribuintes na patog&#234;nese da doen&#231;a ou agravantes dos sintomas de DS&#59; entretanto&#44; a etiologia exata da DS permanece desconhecida&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;49</span></a> Os &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> tendem a ser encontrados nas &#225;reas de predile&#231;&#227;o da DS&#46; Os autores acreditam que a inflama&#231;&#227;o induzida por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> tamb&#233;m pode contribuir na patog&#234;nese da DS&#46; Karincaoglu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> observaram quantidade significativamente maior de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> na pele lesional e n&#227;o lesional de pacientes com DS do que controles saud&#225;veis&#46; Eles tamb&#233;m sugeriram que a pr&#243;pria DS pode ser um fator predisponente &#224; infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span>&#44; mas n&#227;o h&#225; dados que respaldem essa hip&#243;tese&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> No presente estudo&#44; tamb&#233;m foi observada uma maior presen&#231;a de infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> em pacientes com DS do que em controles&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es&#46; Por exemplo&#44; o diagn&#243;stico de infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> foi feito sem um sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o objetivo&#44; o que limita extrapola&#231;&#245;es sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da infesta&#231;&#227;o e as dermatoses&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; folliculorum</span> &#233; o &#225;caro mais demonstrado pelo BPSP&#44; pois reside dentro dos fol&#237;culos&#44; enquanto <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; brevis</span> vive em camadas mais profundas&#46; A aus&#234;ncia de um exame para detectar <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#46; brevis</span>&#44; que tamb&#233;m pode contribuir na patog&#234;nese das doen&#231;as&#44; &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo&#46; O pequeno tamanho da amostra &#233; outra limita&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se a demodicose causa doen&#231;as na pele&#46; Por&#233;m&#44; com base nos achados do presente estudo&#44; pode&#8208;se concluir que ros&#225;cea&#44; AV e DS est&#227;o significativamente associadas &#224; infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span>&#46; A reativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema imunol&#243;gico&#44; a inflama&#231;&#227;o e as altera&#231;&#245;es foliculares causadas pelos &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento dessas doen&#231;as&#46; O BPSP&#44; uma ferramenta pr&#225;tica e facilmente acess&#237;vel&#44; pode ser usada para determinar a presen&#231;a de uma infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span>&#46; Particularmente nos casos resistentes a tratamento&#44; deve&#8208;se considerar uma infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Suporte financeiro</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ezgi Akta&#351; Karabay&#58; Aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#59; concep&#231;&#227;o e planejamento do estudo&#59; elabora&#231;&#227;o e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito&#59; obten&#231;&#227;o&#44; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados&#59; participa&#231;&#227;o efetiva na orienta&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa&#59; participa&#231;&#227;o intelectual em conduta proped&#234;utica e&#47;ou terap&#234;utica de casos estudados&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica da literatura&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asl&#305; Aksu &#199;erman&#58; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica&#59; aprova&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final do manuscrito&#59; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhum&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Fundamentos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> s&#227;o encontrados na pele de muitos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis&#46; Considera&#8208;se que a presen&#231;a dos &#225;caros <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> em grande quantidade desempenha um papel patog&#234;nico&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> e as tr&#234;s dermatoses faciais mais comuns&#58; acne vulgar&#44; ros&#225;cea e dermatite seborreica&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudo prospectivo observacional de caso&#8208;controle que incluiu 127 pacientes &#40;43 com acne vulgar&#44; 43 com ros&#225;cea e 41 com dermatite seborreica e 77 controles saud&#225;veis&#41;&#46; A presen&#231;a de demodicose foi avaliada por bi&#243;psia padronizada da superf&#237;cie da pele nos grupos paciente e controle&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Em termos de sexo e idade&#44; n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa entre os pacientes e os controles &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; As taxas de infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes do que nos controles &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; As taxas de infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> foram significativamente maiores no grupo ros&#225;cea do que nos grupos de acne vulgar e dermatite seborreica e controles &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;024&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; A infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> foi significativamente maior nos grupos de acne vulgar e dermatite seborreica do que nos controles &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001 e p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos acne vulgar e dermatite seborreica em termos de demodicose &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;294&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O tamanho pequeno da amostra &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo&#46; A falta de um sistema objetivo de pontua&#231;&#227;o no diagn&#243;stico da infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span> &#233; outra limita&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os achados do presente estudo enfatizam que a acne vulgar&#44; a ros&#225;cea e a dermatite seborreica est&#227;o significativamente associadas &#224; infesta&#231;&#227;o por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demodex</span>&#46; A bi&#243;psia padronizada da superf&#237;cie da pele &#233; uma ferramenta pr&#225;tica na determina&#231;&#227;o da infesta&#231;&#227;o por Demodex&#46;</p></span>"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
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                      "titulo" => "Density of Demodex folliculorum in rosacea&#58; a case&#8208;control study using standardized skin surface biopsy"
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                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb00261.x"
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