Letter - Clinical
Extensive Nicolau syndrome following intramuscular diclofenac sodium injection
Rafael Oliveira Amorim
, Alana Luísa Calixto Carlos da Silva, Camila Arai Seque, Adriana Maria Porro
Corresponding author
Department of Dermatology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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There was rapid progression to tense blisters over the entire limb, with severe pain and edema.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Four days later, the patient came to the emergency room with rectilinear purpuric areas all over the left lower limb, tense blisters with serosanguineous content, and ulcerated areas (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hypothesis of NS due to intramuscular sodium diclofenac injection was considered. Laboratory investigation for systemic vasculitis with antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-DNA, extractable nuclear antigen (ENA), cryoglobulins and complement was negative.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lesions worsened (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B), and the patient was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit and received parenteral antibiotic therapy (vancomycin and meropenem). After clinical stabilization, surgical debridement sessions were performed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>) with subsequent grafting (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). After three months and four surgical approaches for debridement and grafting, the patient was discharged in good general condition.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NS was first described in 1924 after an intragluteal injection of bismuth salts for the treatment of syphilis. It occurs after the intramuscular injection of insoluble substances, occurring more frequently with benzathine penicillin and NSAIDs (such as diclofenac).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Diclofenac-induced cases are more common in females, whereas penicillin-induced cases are more common in children.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Theories about its etiopathogenesis involve a combination of factors: stimulation of sympathetic innervation with vasospasm and ischemia; blockade of prostaglandin synthesis by NSAIDs, arterial embolic occlusion by inadvertent intravascular injection; perivascular inflammation due to cytotoxic drug reaction; mechanical injury caused by lipophilic drugs penetrating the vessels.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical picture consists of an erythematous macule with rapid evolution to a livedoid violaceous patch. The onset is usually sudden in relation to the injection but can be delayed, often without injury to the injected site.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The prognosis is unpredictable, with reports of recovery and atrophic scarring at the affected site but also compartment syndrome, hyperkalemia, renal failure, paralysis of the affected limb, and death.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,5</span></a> The diagnosis is clinical, highly suggestive when the lesion starts at the injection site, with distal progression over the injected limb. Histopathology is non-specific and may reveal fatty tissue necrosis and inflammation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no specific treatment, and analgesia, treatment of secondary infection, and surgical debridement are employed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The correct intramuscular injection technique can reduce the risk of the condition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The Z-track injection method is recommended, with traction of the skin and subcutaneous tissue prior to needle insertion, ensuring blockage of the needle path after the injection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although rare, NS can be extensive and severe. Physicians must be aware of the condition, as well as aware of the correct injection technique, and avoid unnecessary intramuscular prescriptions.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors' contributions</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rafael Oliveira Amorim: Drafting and editing of the manuscript and critical review of important intellectual content; study design together with the co-authors; critical review of the literature; approval of the final version of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alana Luísa Calixto Carlos da Silva: Drafting and editing of the manuscript and critical review of important intellectual content; study design together with the co-authors; approval of the final version of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Camila Arai Seque: Drafting and editing of the manuscript and critical review of important intellectual content; study design together with the co-authors; approval of the final version of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adriana Maria Porro: Drafting and editing of the manuscript and critical review of important intellectual content; study design together with the co-authors; approval of the final version of the manuscript.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Financial support" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Authors' contributions" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 3 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2022-03-24" "fechaAceptado" => "2022-06-03" "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "⋆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Study conducted at the Department of Dermatology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1972 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 355917 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A) Violaceous, rectilinear lesions with areas of skin detachment on the thigh and leg. Areas of necrosis with an erythematous halo are also observed. (B) Progression of the necrosis areas seven days after symptom onset</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 928 "Ancho" => 1675 "Tamanyo" => 224459 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">After 30 days, in the postoperative period of the first surgical debridement on the left thigh (A) and left leg (B)</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1310 "Ancho" => 1675 "Tamanyo" => 284027 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Three months after the onset of the condition, the patient shows good aesthetic and functional recovery in the (A) right thigh and hip and (B) right leg and dorsum of the right foot after multiple skin grafts</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nicolau syndrome caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Systematic literature review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "P.F. 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Teyang" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Vasc Surg" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "58" "paginaInicial" => "383" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/03650596/0000009900000001/v1_202401040817/S0365059623002064/v1_202401040817/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "95153" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Letter - Clinical" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03650596/0000009900000001/v1_202401040817/S0365059623002064/v1_202401040817/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00008Z&text.app=https://clinics.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0365059623002064?idApp=UINPBA00008Z" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 24 | 7 | 31 |
| 2024 October | 165 | 79 | 244 |
| 2024 September | 247 | 99 | 346 |
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| 2024 May | 197 | 66 | 263 |
| 2024 April | 190 | 89 | 279 |
| 2024 March | 175 | 74 | 249 |
| 2024 February | 397 | 113 | 510 |
| 2024 January | 408 | 110 | 518 |
| 2023 December | 95 | 66 | 161 |
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| 2023 October | 89 | 86 | 175 |
| 2023 September | 19 | 11 | 30 |
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