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with non-polarized light&#44; and aqueous gel was used on the interface between the skin and the lens&#46; Afterwards&#44; all lesions were analyzed considering the qualitative method of &#8220;pattern analysis&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 645 melanocytic lesions were documented&#46; Of these&#44; nine showed dermoscopic findings with indication for additional histopathology&#46; Suspicious melanocytic lesions were submitted to excision and three new melanomas were diagnosed&#58; 1&#41; A superficial spreading melanoma&#44; with 0&#46;5mm Breslow&#39;s thickness&#44; on the right hypochondrium region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span> melanoma on the left flank &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; and an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span> melanoma on the left leg &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The other six lesions were diagnosed as dysplastic nevi &#40;marked dysplasia&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On histopathology&#44; the atypical nevi showed components of junctional and dermal melanocytic cells &#40;compound nevi&#41; with architectural disarray and asymmetry&#44; in addition to cytological atypia and subepidermal fibroplasia&#46; In the lesions diagnosed as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span> melanoma &#40;flank and left leg&#41;&#44; in addition to more intense cytological atypia&#44; significant pagetoid dissemination was observed&#59; however&#44; without dermal invasion&#46; The superficial spreading melanoma &#40;abdominal region&#41; showed intense cytological atypia&#44; characterized by pleomorphism and nuclear hyperchromasia&#44; exuberant pagetoid dissemination&#44; and dermal invasion foci with atypical mitotic figures&#46; Immunohistochemistry showed HMB45 positivity in neoplastic cells in both the epidermal and dermal components&#44; indicating the absence of maturation and enhancing the invasive component&#44; unlike what is seen in benign melanocytic lesions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Discussion</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To consider the diagnosis of dysplastic nevus syndrome &#40;DNS&#41; in an individual&#44; a personal or family history of melanoma &#40;in at least one first- or second-degree relative&#41; is necessary&#44; associated with the presence of many nevi&#59; some of them clinically atypical &#40;more than 100 nevi&#44; with at least one nevus measuring more than 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; or one clinically atypical nevus larger than 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The patient described here had a previous personal history of melanoma&#44; in addition to clinical criteria for the diagnosis of DNS&#46; People with DNS are at high risk for developing cutaneous melanoma &#40;up to 150-fold higher than the general population&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Performing the TBM with digital photo-dermoscopy in patients with DNS is an important strategy for the early diagnosis of melanoma and&#44; consequently&#44; the reduction of mortality associated with this neoplasm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> In this population&#44; approximately 34&#37; 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with more stringency&#44; the ones that should be included in the subsequent follow-up assessment&#44; in addition to defining the best period for the next examination &#40;three months&#44; six months or 12 months&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In the reported clinical case&#44; although the patient had no family history of melanoma&#44; he had more than 600 melanocytic lesions&#44; several of which with clinical and dermoscopic characteristics of dysplastic nevi &#40;in addition to a previous personal history of melanoma&#41;&#46; Diagnosis of the two <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span> melanomas &#40;mainly the one located on the left leg&#41; was only possible due to the criterion of including all pigmented skin lesions in the initial digital documentation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Financial support</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marcelo Moreno&#58; Design and planning of the study&#59; data collection&#44; or data analysis and interpretation&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript or critical review of important intellectual content&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maria Luiza Mukai Franciosi&#58; Drafting and editing of the manuscript or critical review of important intellectual content&#59; critical review of the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lucas Faria Abrah&#227;o-Machado&#58; Drafting and editing of the manuscript or critical review of important intellectual content&#59; 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Letter - Clinical
Synchronous and metachronous melanomas diagnosed at early stages in a patient with dysplastic nevus syndrome
Marcelo Morenoa,
Corresponding author
marcelo.moreno@uffs.edu.br

Corresponding author.
, Maria Luiza Mukai Franciosia, Lucas Faria Abrahão-Machadob
a Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
b Pathology Consultancy, Private Practice, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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with non-polarized light&#44; and aqueous gel was used on the interface between the skin and the lens&#46; Afterwards&#44; all lesions were analyzed considering the qualitative method of &#8220;pattern analysis&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 645 melanocytic lesions were documented&#46; Of these&#44; nine showed dermoscopic findings with indication for additional histopathology&#46; Suspicious melanocytic lesions were submitted to excision and three new melanomas were diagnosed&#58; 1&#41; A superficial spreading melanoma&#44; with 0&#46;5mm Breslow&#39;s thickness&#44; on the right hypochondrium region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span> melanoma on the left flank &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; and an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span> melanoma on the left leg &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The other six lesions were diagnosed as dysplastic nevi &#40;marked dysplasia&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On histopathology&#44; the atypical nevi showed components of junctional and dermal melanocytic cells &#40;compound nevi&#41; with architectural disarray and asymmetry&#44; in addition to cytological atypia and subepidermal fibroplasia&#46; In the lesions diagnosed as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span> melanoma &#40;flank and left leg&#41;&#44; in addition to more intense cytological atypia&#44; significant pagetoid dissemination was observed&#59; however&#44; without dermal invasion&#46; The superficial spreading melanoma &#40;abdominal region&#41; showed intense cytological atypia&#44; characterized by pleomorphism and nuclear hyperchromasia&#44; exuberant pagetoid dissemination&#44; and dermal invasion foci with atypical mitotic figures&#46; Immunohistochemistry showed HMB45 positivity in neoplastic cells in both the epidermal and dermal components&#44; indicating the absence of maturation and enhancing the invasive component&#44; unlike what is seen in benign melanocytic lesions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Discussion</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To consider the diagnosis of dysplastic nevus syndrome &#40;DNS&#41; in an individual&#44; a personal or family history of melanoma &#40;in at least one first- or second-degree relative&#41; is necessary&#44; associated with the presence of many nevi&#59; some of them clinically atypical &#40;more than 100 nevi&#44; with at least one nevus measuring more than 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; or one clinically atypical nevus larger than 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The patient described here had a previous personal history of melanoma&#44; in addition to clinical criteria for the diagnosis of DNS&#46; People with DNS are at high risk for developing cutaneous melanoma &#40;up to 150-fold higher than the general population&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Performing the TBM with digital photo-dermoscopy in patients with DNS is an important strategy for the early diagnosis of melanoma and&#44; consequently&#44; the reduction of mortality associated with this neoplasm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> In this population&#44; approximately 34&#37; to 61&#37; of melanomas are detected exclusively by follow-up with TBM&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no consensus on how to perform TBM&#44; and all identified pigmented lesions may be included&#44; or only those with clinical and&#47;or dermoscopic suspicion&#44; previously selected according to the ABCD rule criteria or by alterations detected in the initial dermoscopic exam&#46; Including all lesions in TBM requires more time for the acquisition and dermoscopic analysis of the images&#44; but it can increase accuracy&#44; mainly in lesions without clinical suspicion and the ones that do not show characteristics requiring complementary histopathology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> At the same time&#44; by analyzing the dermoscopic patterns of all lesions&#44; it is possible to select&#44; with more stringency&#44; the ones that should be included in the subsequent follow-up assessment&#44; in addition to defining the best period for the next examination &#40;three months&#44; six months or 12 months&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In the reported clinical case&#44; although the patient had no family history of melanoma&#44; he had more than 600 melanocytic lesions&#44; several of which with clinical and dermoscopic characteristics of dysplastic nevi &#40;in addition to a previous personal history of melanoma&#41;&#46; Diagnosis of the two <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span> melanomas &#40;mainly the one located on the left leg&#41; was only possible due to the criterion of including all pigmented skin lesions in the initial digital documentation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Financial support</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marcelo Moreno&#58; Design and planning of the study&#59; data collection&#44; or data analysis and interpretation&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript or critical review of important intellectual content&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maria Luiza Mukai Franciosi&#58; Drafting and editing of the manuscript or critical review of important intellectual content&#59; critical review of the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lucas Faria Abrah&#227;o-Machado&#58; Drafting and editing of the manuscript or critical review of important intellectual content&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">In situ</span> melanoma on the left flank&#58; &#40;a&#41; Clinical aspect of the melanoma&#44; showing characteristics similar to other adjacent lesions &#40;blue arrow&#41;&#46; &#40;b&#41; On dermoscopy&#44; an irregular pigmented network can be observed &#40;black arrows&#41;&#44; associated with reticulated hypopigmentation or inverted network &#40;blue arrow&#41;&#59; and peripheral punctiform blood vessels &#40;green arrow&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology&#58; &#40;a&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">In situ</span> melanoma on the left leg showing intense cytological atypia and exuberant pagetoid dissemination &#40;Hematoxylin &#38; eosin&#44; &#215;100&#41;&#46; &#40;b&#41; HMB45 immunohistochemical positivity in neoplastic cells in both the epidermal and dermal components of the invasive melanoma on the abdominal region &#40;&#215;100&#41;&#46;</p>"
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