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1</a>&#41;&#46; Similar lesions appeared on other flexural sites and on the face&#44; especially the perioral area&#46; The girl had a familiar history of Hashimoto&#8217;s thyroiditis&#46; On clinical examination&#44; the areas were characterized by small macules with clean edges&#44; irregular distribution&#44; and different degrees of hypo- or de-pigmentation&#46; All lesions had appeared after healing of AD lesions&#44; on the same sites&#46; Moreover&#44; no hypopigmented macules occurred outside areas previously affected by AD&#46; Wood&#8217;s lamp examination on hypopigmented macules of the antecubital fossae confirmed the diagnosis of vitiligo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It showed sharply demarcated emission of bright blue-white fluorescence &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; suggesting a diagnosis of vitiligo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Case 2</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 6-year-old girl affected by generalized vitiligo since the age of 4 years&#44; preceded by the appearance of halo nevi&#44; came for consultation due to the onset of eczematous lesions in the typical body areas of AD &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; A clinical diagnosis of AD was made&#46; The girl had a family history positive for atopic diseases&#44; in particular rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The two cases present some differences&#58; Case 1 was challenging&#44; since the vitiligo lesions were subtle and hardly visible&#44; and affected the typical AD sites&#46; At first look&#44; they could resemble post-inflammatory hypopigmentation areas&#46; A Wood&#8217;s lamp examination was essential for a vitiligo diagnosis&#46; In Case 2&#44; AD and vitiligo affected different body areas&#44; being both easily recognizable&#46; The presence of halo nevi helped the diagnosis&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The association between AD and vitiligo is well-known&#46; A 2015 meta-analysis of 16 studies conducted on adults&#44; observed that early-onset vitiligo was a risk factor for developing AD&#44; compared with late-onset vitiligo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few studies have focused on vitiligo risk in AD patients&#58; an OR between 1&#46;52 and 1&#46;71 has been reported in young adults and adolescents&#46; In a 2019 meta-analysis&#44; a higher OR was found in adults &#40;4&#46;46&#41; compared with children &#40;2&#46;83&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is not clear if AD more likely precedes or follows vitiligo onset&#44; nor if one of these two diseases triggers the other&#46; No controlled studies have been performed on children younger than 12 years or prepuberal children&#44; where AD is frequent&#44; while autoimmune diseases as vitiligo show an incidence peak around the second and third decades of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Vitiligo risk factors are family history of autoimmune disorders&#44; and trigger factors like trauma&#44; skin burns&#44; pregnancy&#44; and systemic diseases&#46; The isomorphic phenomenon of Koebner &#40;PK&#41; was reported in 20&#37;&#8210;60&#37; of vitiligo patients&#44; especially before 12 years of age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Case 1&#44; PK may have not directly caused vitiligo but promoted it due to a synergy between the AD pro-inflammatory effect and scratching&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The association between AD and autoimmune diseases has been related to genes&#47;loci of susceptibility influencing the innate immune response and the T cells&#39; function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> AD and vitiligo share some interleukins&#44; they both respond to JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Moreover&#44; an autoimmune mechanism has been hypothesized also in AD&#58; especially during childhood&#44; scratching and barrier dysfunction may favor the entrance of external antigens&#44; which share homologous sequences with human proteins and may induce self-reacting seric IgE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We believe that&#44; through PK&#44; pediatric AD may preceed the onset of vitiligo in children with risk factors&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Financial support</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Giulia Maria Ravaioli&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; critical literature review&#59; data collection&#44; analysis and interpretation&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic&#59; management of studied cases&#59; preparation and writing of the manuscript&#59; statistical analysis&#59; study conception and planning&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Annalisa Patrizi&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; critical literature review&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic&#59; management of studied cases&#59; manuscript critical review&#59; preparation and writing of the manuscript&#59; statistical analysis&#59; study conception and planning&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Iria Neri&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; critical literature review&#59; data collection&#44; analysis and interpretation&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic&#59; 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Letter - Clinical
Vitiligo and atopic dermatitis in young girls: may Koebner phenomenon play a role?
Giulia Maria Ravaiolia,b,
Corresponding author
giuliamaria.ravaiol2@unibo.it

Corresponding author.
, Annalisa Patrizia,b, Iria Neria,b
a Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
b Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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    "titulo" => "Vitiligo and atopic dermatitis in young girls&#58; may Koebner phenomenon play a role&#63;"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vitiligo is a skin condition in which the pigment melanin is lost from areas of otherwise normal skin&#46; It may be associated with atopic dermatitis &#40;AD&#41; due to the presence of abnormal inflammatory response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report two cases of association between AD and vitiligo before 12 years of age&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Case 1</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An otherwise healthy 11-year-old girl affected by AD since the age of 2 years&#44; was treated with topical corticosteroids and emollients with good results&#44; later on presenting irregularly hypopigmented areas on the sites that were previously involved by AD &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Similar lesions appeared on other flexural sites and on the face&#44; especially the perioral area&#46; The girl had a familiar history of Hashimoto&#8217;s thyroiditis&#46; On clinical examination&#44; the areas were characterized by small macules with clean edges&#44; irregular distribution&#44; and different degrees of hypo- or de-pigmentation&#46; All lesions had appeared after healing of AD lesions&#44; on the same sites&#46; Moreover&#44; no hypopigmented macules occurred outside areas previously affected by AD&#46; Wood&#8217;s lamp examination on hypopigmented macules of the antecubital fossae confirmed the diagnosis of vitiligo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It showed sharply demarcated emission of bright blue-white fluorescence &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; suggesting a diagnosis of vitiligo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Case 2</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 6-year-old girl affected by generalized vitiligo since the age of 4 years&#44; preceded by the appearance of halo nevi&#44; came for consultation due to the onset of eczematous lesions in the typical body areas of AD &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; A clinical diagnosis of AD was made&#46; The girl had a family history positive for atopic diseases&#44; in particular rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The two cases present some differences&#58; Case 1 was challenging&#44; since the vitiligo lesions were subtle and hardly visible&#44; and affected the typical AD sites&#46; At first look&#44; they could resemble post-inflammatory hypopigmentation areas&#46; A Wood&#8217;s lamp examination was essential for a vitiligo diagnosis&#46; In Case 2&#44; AD and vitiligo affected different body areas&#44; being both easily recognizable&#46; The presence of halo nevi helped the diagnosis&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The association between AD and vitiligo is well-known&#46; A 2015 meta-analysis of 16 studies conducted on adults&#44; observed that early-onset vitiligo was a risk factor for developing AD&#44; compared with late-onset vitiligo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few studies have focused on vitiligo risk in AD patients&#58; an OR between 1&#46;52 and 1&#46;71 has been reported in young adults and adolescents&#46; In a 2019 meta-analysis&#44; a higher OR was found in adults &#40;4&#46;46&#41; compared with children &#40;2&#46;83&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is not clear if AD more likely precedes or follows vitiligo onset&#44; nor if one of these two diseases triggers the other&#46; No controlled studies have been performed on children younger than 12 years or prepuberal children&#44; where AD is frequent&#44; while autoimmune diseases as vitiligo show an incidence peak around the second and third decades of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Vitiligo risk factors are family history of autoimmune disorders&#44; and trigger factors like trauma&#44; skin burns&#44; pregnancy&#44; and systemic diseases&#46; The isomorphic phenomenon of Koebner &#40;PK&#41; was reported in 20&#37;&#8210;60&#37; of vitiligo patients&#44; especially before 12 years of age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Case 1&#44; PK may have not directly caused vitiligo but promoted it due to a synergy between the AD pro-inflammatory effect and scratching&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The association between AD and autoimmune diseases has been related to genes&#47;loci of susceptibility influencing the innate immune response and the T cells&#39; function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> AD and vitiligo share some interleukins&#44; they both respond to JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Moreover&#44; an autoimmune mechanism has been hypothesized also in AD&#58; especially during childhood&#44; scratching and barrier dysfunction may favor the entrance of external antigens&#44; which share homologous sequences with human proteins and may induce self-reacting seric IgE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We believe that&#44; through PK&#44; pediatric AD may preceed the onset of vitiligo in children with risk factors&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Financial support</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Giulia Maria Ravaioli&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; critical literature review&#59; data collection&#44; analysis and interpretation&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic&#59; management of studied cases&#59; preparation and writing of the manuscript&#59; statistical analysis&#59; study conception and planning&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Annalisa Patrizi&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; critical literature review&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic&#59; management of studied cases&#59; manuscript critical review&#59; preparation and writing of the manuscript&#59; statistical analysis&#59; study conception and planning&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Iria Neri&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; critical literature review&#59; data collection&#44; analysis and interpretation&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic&#59; management of studied cases&#59; manuscript critical review&#59; statistical analysis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 03650596
Original language: English
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