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long philtrum&#44; thin upper lip&#44; and thinning of the distal third of the eyebrows may occur&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TRPS type I often shows an autosomal dominant pattern inheritance&#44; but autosomal recessive inheritance can occur&#46; Type II occurs sporadically&#44; associated with mental retardation and multiple exostoses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study is to report the investigation of a case of TRPS in an eleven-year-old girl with mechanical arthralgia in the knees for three years&#44; without morning stiffness&#44; she presented also shortening of the toes and ulnar deviation of the second&#44; third and fifth fingers&#44; bilateral osteochondromas in the supracondylar region&#44; hair rarefaction&#44; and three episodes of convulsive crisis&#46; The neuropsychomotor development was normal&#46; Parents were non-consanguineous and there was no history of repeated abortions&#46; Regarding family history&#44; the father is being treated for epilepsy&#44; and siblings do not have any signs suggestive of genetic syndromes&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On physical examination&#44; bilateral hypermobility and deformity of the interphalangeal joints&#44; thickening of the wrists&#44; thinning of the skull&#44; collapse of the nasal bridge&#44; thin upper lip&#44; pear-shaped nose &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; and high-arched palate were observed&#46; The thorax was short&#44; with a winged scapula&#46; The weight was 29&#46;6 kg&#44; height 141&#46;5 cm &#40;normal and age-appropriate weight and height&#41;&#44; with Tanner stage M2P1&#44; menarche at age 11&#46; Trichology showed fine short hair&#59; and diffuse hair rarefaction&#44; more evident in the bitemporal region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46; The pull and tug tests were negative&#46; Analysis of the hair strands under optical microscopy was carried out and the trichogram disclosed normal hair shafts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; At the highest magnification&#44; normal telogen hairs were disclosed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; Trichoscopy was normal&#44; but showed fine hairs&#44; corresponding to hypotrichosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cranial tomography showed no changes&#46; The knee radiography revealed a well-defined sclerotic lesion along the medial cortex of the distal diaphysis of the right femur&#46; The patient is undergoing clinical follow-up with the Orthopedics team&#46; The hand radiography showed a widening of the base of the middle phalanx from the second to fifth fingers&#44; bilaterally &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The ophthalmologic study and the transthoracic echocardiogram were normal&#46; Of the serological tests&#44; only ANA was positive&#44; with a titer of 1&#58;80 and a speckled nuclear pattern&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of TRPS type I is attained through typical clinical findings &#40;facial features&#44; ectodermal manifestations such as alopecia&#44; supernumerary teeth&#44; and limb anomalies&#41; and radiographic findings of coned epiphyses&#44; or the identification of a heterozygous pathogenic variant of TRPS1&#46; For type II&#44; the diagnosis is attained through typical findings of TRPS II and a contiguous chromosome 8 deletion that includes the genes TRPS1&#44; RAD21 or EXT1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Molecular genetic testing is of greater value if the presentation is mild or atypical&#44; otherwise&#44; they are not always necessary for the diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment includes supportive measures from a multidisciplinary team &#40;orthopedics&#44; physical therapy&#44; psychology&#44; and medical genetics&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Seizures have been described exclusively in association with KCNQ3 deletion&#44; in addition to TRPS1 and EXT1 in type II&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evelyn Freitas Rodrigues&#58; Statistical analysis&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#44; design and planning of the study&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lisa Gava Baeninger&#58; Statistical Analysis&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; design and planning of the study&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Caroline Romanelli&#58; Statistical analysis&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; design and planning of the study&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Letter - Clinical
Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome - clinical, trichoscopic and radiological images
Evelyn Freitas Rodrigues
Corresponding author
, Lisa Gava Baeninger, Caroline Romanelli
Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome &#40;TRPS&#41; type I is a rare condition first described by Giedion in 1966&#46; The main characteristics are sparse and slow-growing hair&#44; a pear-shaped nose and coned epiphyses on the medial phalanges of the hands&#46; The hair shafts are thin and miniaturized&#44; as in androgenetic alopecia&#46; There is a down-regulation of the TRPS1 gene in the baldness area&#44; and the decrease of the same protein can impair endochondral cartilage differentiation and cell interactions in the development of hair follicles&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Short stature&#44; Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease &#40;aseptic necrosis of the femoral head&#41;&#44; shortening of the toes &#40;clinobrachydactyly&#41;&#44; dystrophic nails&#44; long philtrum&#44; thin upper lip&#44; and thinning of the distal third of the eyebrows may occur&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TRPS type I often shows an autosomal dominant pattern inheritance&#44; but autosomal recessive inheritance can occur&#46; Type II occurs sporadically&#44; associated with mental retardation and multiple exostoses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study is to report the investigation of a case of TRPS in an eleven-year-old girl with mechanical arthralgia in the knees for three years&#44; without morning stiffness&#44; she presented also shortening of the toes and ulnar deviation of the second&#44; third and fifth fingers&#44; bilateral osteochondromas in the supracondylar region&#44; hair rarefaction&#44; and three episodes of convulsive crisis&#46; The neuropsychomotor development was normal&#46; Parents were non-consanguineous and there was no history of repeated abortions&#46; Regarding family history&#44; the father is being treated for epilepsy&#44; and siblings do not have any signs suggestive of genetic syndromes&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On physical examination&#44; bilateral hypermobility and deformity of the interphalangeal joints&#44; thickening of the wrists&#44; thinning of the skull&#44; collapse of the nasal bridge&#44; thin upper lip&#44; pear-shaped nose &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; and high-arched palate were observed&#46; The thorax was short&#44; with a winged scapula&#46; The weight was 29&#46;6 kg&#44; height 141&#46;5 cm &#40;normal and age-appropriate weight and height&#41;&#44; with Tanner stage M2P1&#44; menarche at age 11&#46; Trichology showed fine short hair&#59; and diffuse hair rarefaction&#44; more evident in the bitemporal region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46; The pull and tug tests were negative&#46; Analysis of the hair strands under optical microscopy was carried out and the trichogram disclosed normal hair shafts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; At the highest magnification&#44; normal telogen hairs were disclosed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; Trichoscopy was normal&#44; but showed fine hairs&#44; corresponding to hypotrichosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cranial tomography showed no changes&#46; The knee radiography revealed a well-defined sclerotic lesion along the medial cortex of the distal diaphysis of the right femur&#46; The patient is undergoing clinical follow-up with the Orthopedics team&#46; The hand radiography showed a widening of the base of the middle phalanx from the second to fifth fingers&#44; bilaterally &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The ophthalmologic study and the transthoracic echocardiogram were normal&#46; Of the serological tests&#44; only ANA was positive&#44; with a titer of 1&#58;80 and a speckled nuclear pattern&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of TRPS type I is attained through typical clinical findings &#40;facial features&#44; ectodermal manifestations such as alopecia&#44; supernumerary teeth&#44; and limb anomalies&#41; and radiographic findings of coned epiphyses&#44; or the identification of a heterozygous pathogenic variant of TRPS1&#46; For type II&#44; the diagnosis is attained through typical findings of TRPS II and a contiguous chromosome 8 deletion that includes the genes TRPS1&#44; RAD21 or EXT1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Molecular genetic testing is of greater value if the presentation is mild or atypical&#44; otherwise&#44; they are not always necessary for the diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment includes supportive measures from a multidisciplinary team &#40;orthopedics&#44; physical therapy&#44; psychology&#44; and medical genetics&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Seizures have been described exclusively in association with KCNQ3 deletion&#44; in addition to TRPS1 and EXT1 in type II&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evelyn Freitas Rodrigues&#58; Statistical analysis&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#44; design and planning of the study&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lisa Gava Baeninger&#58; Statistical Analysis&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; design and planning of the study&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Caroline Romanelli&#58; Statistical analysis&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; design and planning of the study&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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