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and the discontinuation of vaccination&#44; the world&#8217;s population became susceptible to zoonotic poxvirus infections&#44; and MP emerged as a public health problem due to its high rate of contagion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MP has three stages in humans&#58; incubation &#40;seven to 14 days&#41;&#59; general symptoms and rash&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> The initial symptoms include fever&#44; headache&#44; asthenia&#44; myalgia&#44; and lymphadenopathy&#46; After one to five days&#44; a maculopapular rash appears&#44; with centrifugal distribution&#46; Lesions are 0&#46;5&#8210;1&#160;cm in diameter and can range from a few and local to thousands&#44; synchronously developing into four phases &#40;macular&#44; papular&#44; and vesiculopustular with central umbilication&#44; before ulcerating and resolving in 14&#8211;21 days&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MP transmission can occur through large respiratory droplets&#44; contact&#44; and possibly contaminated fomites&#46; However&#44; it mainly occurs through contact with the lesions on the skin&#44; and the most recent cases have occurred in men who have sex with men&#46; Perineal and genital lesions suggest transmission by sexual intercourse and may be confused with herpes simplex&#44; molluscum contagiosum&#44; or syphilis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5</span></a> Patient isolation should be maintained for 14&#8211;21 days and isolation of close contacts for 14 days&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The risk factors for MP include being a young male&#44; and risk behaviors such as sexual activity without a condom&#44; with many partners&#44; and a history of sexually transmitted infections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6&#44;7</span></a> This case report describes a same-sex male couple&#44; who showed all these risk factors and developed sexually transmitted MP&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Index case</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 28-year-old male patient reported &#8220;a sore&#8221; in the corner of the mouth for ten days&#44; with rapid progression&#44; accompanied by cervical lymphadenopathy&#44; myalgia&#44; headache&#44; and fever &#40;39&#160;&#176;C&#41; eight days after the initial appearance of the lesion&#46; He reported having sex with other partners without a condom&#44; or the regular use of pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection&#46; He also mentioned effective treatment for latent syphilis two months before&#46; On examination&#44; he was apathetic&#44; had an ulcero-crusted lesion&#44; with active vesiculopustular borders&#44; measuring 1&#46;5&#160;cm on the rima oris&#44; with a necrotic&#44; exudative background&#44; and local erythema &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; besides painful and hardened cervical and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy&#44; measuring 2&#160;cm in diameter&#46; He also had three umbilicated pustules measuring 3&#160;mm on the shaft of the penis&#44; and inguinal lymphadenopathy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Case 2</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 28-year-old male partner was in a stable relationship with the index case&#59; he was asymptomatic&#44; and reported a &#8220;lesion&#8221; on the angle of the mouth for a week&#46; He has also been treated for latent syphilis two months before and reported regular use of pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent contamination with HIV&#46; On physical examination&#44; he was in good general condition&#44; with submental lymphadenopathy &#40;2&#160;cm&#44; indurated&#44; painful and mobile&#41;&#44; without genital lesions&#46; He had a 6-mm lesion on the left rima oris with active vesiculopustular borders&#44; central necrotic tissue and an erythematous base &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hypotheses of herpes simplex and MP were raised&#46; The blood count showed lymphocytosis&#44; HIV serology was negative&#44; and the non-treponemal test &#40;VDRL&#41; was 1&#47;8&#46; The real-time PCR &#40;lesion swab&#41;&#44; performed at Fleury Laboratory &#40;S&#227;o Paulo&#41;&#44; confirmed the diagnosis of MP in both individuals&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients refused to undergo a biopsy of the lesions due to trypanophobia and were treated with paracetamol&#44; instructed to isolate from contacts until the lesions healed&#44; and clean the lesions with antiseptics&#46; After 14 days the lesions regressed leaving residual dyschromia&#46; In a series of 528&#160;MP cases from 16 countries&#44; 98&#37; of those infected were men who had sex with men&#44; with a median age of 38 years&#46; Cutaneous manifestations were identified in 95&#37; of cases&#46; The anogenital area &#40;73&#37;&#41;&#44; trunk and limbs &#40;55&#37;&#41;&#44; and face &#40;25&#37;&#41; were the most affected areas&#46; Lesions on the palms and soles were reported in only 10&#37; of cases&#59; however&#44; mucous membranes were affected in 41&#37;&#44; and isolated proctitis &#40;14&#37;&#41; was also reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Fever &#40;62&#37;&#41;&#44; painful lymphadenopathy &#40;56&#37;&#41;&#44; headache &#40;27&#37;&#41;&#44; prostration &#40;41&#37;&#41;&#44; and myalgia &#40;31&#37;&#41; were the most frequently reported symptoms&#46; Cutaneous manifestations are evident in MP&#44; and the role of the dermatologist in the early diagnosis of skin lesions is essential in controlling the outbreak&#46; However&#44; in 47&#37; of the cases&#44; the lesions affect up to two regions of the body&#44; which causes some diagnostic confusion&#44; especially with other sexually transmitted diseases&#44; mainly in a group of individuals with risk behavior for sexual transmission&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> MP is a self-limiting disease and the overall mortality has been low in this recent global outbreak &#40;&#60;0&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46; However&#44; very young children and those with immunodeficiencies may have more severe clinical manifestations&#44; such as encephalitis&#44; keratitis&#44; myocarditis&#44; epiglottitis&#44; and pneumonitis&#59; or secondary bacterial infections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;9&#44;10</span></a> The screening of the lesions by PCR is becoming widely available in laboratories and hospitals in major urban centers&#44; and the histopathological examination of the lesions may suggest the diagnosis&#44; in addition to help exclude other differentials&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermatologists should be aware of vesiculopustular lesions in areas of sexual contact and mucous membranes &#40;anogenital and oral regions&#41; as possible manifestations of MP&#44; as well as oligosymptomatic cases or with few cutaneous lesions&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Financial support</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paula Sian Lopes&#58; Planning of the study&#44; writing and approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gabriela Roncada Haddad&#58; Planning of the study&#44; writing and approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">H&#233;lio Amante Miot&#58; Planning of the study&#44; writing and approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Tropical/Infectoparasitary Dermatology
Sexually-transmitted monkeypox: report of two cases
Paula Sian Lopesa, Gabriela Roncada Haddadb, Hélio Amante Miotb,
Corresponding author
helio.a.miot@unesp.br

Corresponding author.
a Clínica Paula Sian Lopes, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
b Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In July&#47;2022&#44; the World Health Organization declared monkeypox &#40;MP&#41; a public health emergency of international importance&#44; as cases have been reported in more than 80 countries&#44; on all continents&#46; At the beginning of August&#47;2022&#44; more than 2&#44;100 cases&#44; among adults and children&#44; and one death in an immunosuppressed patient&#44; were confirmed in Brazil&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The monkeypox virus is an enveloped double-stranded DNA zoonotic virus that belongs to the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Orthopoxvirus</span> and the family Poxviridae&#46; Sporadic outbreaks of MP have been reported in Africa since the 1970s&#44; usually originating from contact with wildlife reservoirs&#44; being currently endemic in sub-Saharan communities&#46; With the eradication of smallpox &#40;1980&#41; and the discontinuation of vaccination&#44; the world&#8217;s population became susceptible to zoonotic poxvirus infections&#44; and MP emerged as a public health problem due to its high rate of contagion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MP has three stages in humans&#58; incubation &#40;seven to 14 days&#41;&#59; general symptoms and rash&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> The initial symptoms include fever&#44; headache&#44; asthenia&#44; myalgia&#44; and lymphadenopathy&#46; After one to five days&#44; a maculopapular rash appears&#44; with centrifugal distribution&#46; Lesions are 0&#46;5&#8210;1&#160;cm in diameter and can range from a few and local to thousands&#44; synchronously developing into four phases &#40;macular&#44; papular&#44; and vesiculopustular with central umbilication&#44; before ulcerating and resolving in 14&#8211;21 days&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MP transmission can occur through large respiratory droplets&#44; contact&#44; and possibly contaminated fomites&#46; However&#44; it mainly occurs through contact with the lesions on the skin&#44; and the most recent cases have occurred in men who have sex with men&#46; Perineal and genital lesions suggest transmission by sexual intercourse and may be confused with herpes simplex&#44; molluscum contagiosum&#44; or syphilis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5</span></a> Patient isolation should be maintained for 14&#8211;21 days and isolation of close contacts for 14 days&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The risk factors for MP include being a young male&#44; and risk behaviors such as sexual activity without a condom&#44; with many partners&#44; and a history of sexually transmitted infections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6&#44;7</span></a> This case report describes a same-sex male couple&#44; who showed all these risk factors and developed sexually transmitted MP&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Index case</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 28-year-old male patient reported &#8220;a sore&#8221; in the corner of the mouth for ten days&#44; with rapid progression&#44; accompanied by cervical lymphadenopathy&#44; myalgia&#44; headache&#44; and fever &#40;39&#160;&#176;C&#41; eight days after the initial appearance of the lesion&#46; He reported having sex with other partners without a condom&#44; or the regular use of pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection&#46; He also mentioned effective treatment for latent syphilis two months before&#46; On examination&#44; he was apathetic&#44; had an ulcero-crusted lesion&#44; with active vesiculopustular borders&#44; measuring 1&#46;5&#160;cm on the rima oris&#44; with a necrotic&#44; exudative background&#44; and local erythema &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; besides painful and hardened cervical and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy&#44; measuring 2&#160;cm in diameter&#46; He also had three umbilicated pustules measuring 3&#160;mm on the shaft of the penis&#44; and inguinal lymphadenopathy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Case 2</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 28-year-old male partner was in a stable relationship with the index case&#59; he was asymptomatic&#44; and reported a &#8220;lesion&#8221; on the angle of the mouth for a week&#46; He has also been treated for latent syphilis two months before and reported regular use of pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent contamination with HIV&#46; On physical examination&#44; he was in good general condition&#44; with submental lymphadenopathy &#40;2&#160;cm&#44; indurated&#44; painful and mobile&#41;&#44; without genital lesions&#46; He had a 6-mm lesion on the left rima oris with active vesiculopustular borders&#44; central necrotic tissue and an erythematous base &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hypotheses of herpes simplex and MP were raised&#46; The blood count showed lymphocytosis&#44; HIV serology was negative&#44; and the non-treponemal test &#40;VDRL&#41; was 1&#47;8&#46; The real-time PCR &#40;lesion swab&#41;&#44; performed at Fleury Laboratory &#40;S&#227;o Paulo&#41;&#44; confirmed the diagnosis of MP in both individuals&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients refused to undergo a biopsy of the lesions due to trypanophobia and were treated with paracetamol&#44; instructed to isolate from contacts until the lesions healed&#44; and clean the lesions with antiseptics&#46; After 14 days the lesions regressed leaving residual dyschromia&#46; In a series of 528&#160;MP cases from 16 countries&#44; 98&#37; of those infected were men who had sex with men&#44; with a median age of 38 years&#46; Cutaneous manifestations were identified in 95&#37; of cases&#46; The anogenital area &#40;73&#37;&#41;&#44; trunk and limbs &#40;55&#37;&#41;&#44; and face &#40;25&#37;&#41; were the most affected areas&#46; Lesions on the palms and soles were reported in only 10&#37; of cases&#59; however&#44; mucous membranes were affected in 41&#37;&#44; and isolated proctitis &#40;14&#37;&#41; was also reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Fever &#40;62&#37;&#41;&#44; painful lymphadenopathy &#40;56&#37;&#41;&#44; headache &#40;27&#37;&#41;&#44; prostration &#40;41&#37;&#41;&#44; and myalgia &#40;31&#37;&#41; were the most frequently reported symptoms&#46; Cutaneous manifestations are evident in MP&#44; and the role of the dermatologist in the early diagnosis of skin lesions is essential in controlling the outbreak&#46; However&#44; in 47&#37; of the cases&#44; the lesions affect up to two regions of the body&#44; which causes some diagnostic confusion&#44; especially with other sexually transmitted diseases&#44; mainly in a group of individuals with risk behavior for sexual transmission&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> MP is a self-limiting disease and the overall mortality has been low in this recent global outbreak &#40;&#60;0&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46; However&#44; very young children and those with immunodeficiencies may have more severe clinical manifestations&#44; such as encephalitis&#44; keratitis&#44; myocarditis&#44; epiglottitis&#44; and pneumonitis&#59; or secondary bacterial infections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;9&#44;10</span></a> The screening of the lesions by PCR is becoming widely available in laboratories and hospitals in major urban centers&#44; and the histopathological examination of the lesions may suggest the diagnosis&#44; in addition to help exclude other differentials&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermatologists should be aware of vesiculopustular lesions in areas of sexual contact and mucous membranes &#40;anogenital and oral regions&#41; as possible manifestations of MP&#44; as well as oligosymptomatic cases or with few cutaneous lesions&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Financial support</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paula Sian Lopes&#58; Planning of the study&#44; writing and approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gabriela Roncada Haddad&#58; Planning of the study&#44; writing and approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">H&#233;lio Amante Miot&#58; Planning of the study&#44; writing and approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Monkeypox is an emerging infection that has spread to all continents since May 2022&#46; It is caused by the zoonotic monkeypox virus&#44; consisting of double-stranded DNA&#44; belonging to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Orthopoxvirus</span> genus of the Poxviridae family&#44; which has high transmissibility&#44; especially by contact with the skin&#44; favoring its sexual transmission&#46; This case report describes a same-sex male couple&#44; both aged 28 years old&#44; without comorbidities&#46; In the index case&#44; perioral and penile lesions started ten days before the consultation&#44; with rapid progression and a high fever that started eight days after the appearance of the lesions&#46; In the second case&#44; the perioral lesions started three days after the partner&#59; however&#44; he remained afebrile&#46; Both were isolated&#44; treated with symptomatic measures&#44; and&#44; after ulceration&#44; the lesions completely regressed in 14 days&#46; Dermatologists should be aware of manifestations of monkeypox&#44; which may include vesiculopustular lesions in areas of sexual contact&#44; as well as oligosymptomatic cases or cases with few skin lesions&#46;</p></span>"
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ISSN: 03650596
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