Case Letter
Exophytic botryomycosis: An unusual clinical presentation
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The incidence and prevalence are unknown, although it is considered an infrequent entity, with approximately 200 cases reported around the world.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 42-year-old male patient, a farmer, arrives at the dermatology service with a slow-growing lesion that had appeared 2-years earlier in the great toe finger of the right foot. The patient reported pain of moderate intensity that was enhanced with daily walking, as well as self-limited bleeding. Physical exam reveals in the dorsal aspect of the great toe finger an exophytic ulcerated tumor, erythematous, with hematic crust on the surface and some areas of bleeding, measuring 5×5 centimeters (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A biopsy was taken for the clinical hypothesis of squamous cell carcinoma vs. amelanotic melanoma; the result of the histopathological study showed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia with basophilic granular bodies (grains) with numerous neutrophils (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs. 2 and 3</a>). Microbiological cultures were negative. The diagnosis of the exophytic botryomycosis was made, surgical resection was indicated by the plastic surgery service, and antibiotic management with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was started.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Botryomycosis derives from the Greek “botrys” (bunch of grapes) and “myces” (fungus) because initially, a fungal etiology was suspected. Two types of the presentation can be described, cutaneous and visceral.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,4</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cutaneous presentation represents 75% of the reported cases, the remaining 25% correspond to the visceral type. Botryomycosis can occur at any age, although it rarely occurs in ‘children’s and adults over 70-years old, it mainly involves areas with greater susceptibility to trauma such as hands, feet, head and neck.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3,4</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The history of trauma is the most important risk factor, in the case presented in this article, this was the probable method of inoculation since the patient works in agriculture. Other risk factors linked are immunosuppression, diabetes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mellitus</span>, liver disease, alcoholism, systemic lupus, cystic fibrosis, malnutrition, immunoglobulin deficiency, glomerulonephritis, HIV/AIDS, or surgery history.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathogenesis of this entity is not well understood, and many authors agree that this reaction corresponds to a Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon, in which antigen-antibody complex, immunoglobulin G and C3 are precipitated, a process in which phagocytosis and intracellular bacterial destruction is prevented.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 'patient’s present nodules, fistulas, abscesses, and ulcers with seropurulent exudate in which 3‒5 mm white-yellowish granules can be seen and the systemic infection has not been observed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The diagnosis is made by isolating the causative agent; however, it is not easy to isolate.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,4</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differential diagnosis is other infectious granulomatous diseases such as mycetoma, actinomycosis, sporotrichosis, cutaneous tuberculosis, and malignant tumor diseases such as squamous cell carcinoma and amelanotic melanoma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antibiotic treatment should be directed to the causative agent, in the case of extensive lesions, failure of systemic treatment, or severely immunocompromised patients, excision and drainage of the lesions are recommended.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2,4</span></a> In our case, the treatment was tumor excision by the plastic surgery service with reconstruction with partial-thickness graft, additionally, empirical treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was given due to the epidemiological profile and possible causative agent.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the clinical case of exophytic botryomycosis, an unusual clinical presentation previously not reported in the literature.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors’ contributions</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lina Paola González-Cardona: Critical literature review; critical manuscript review; preparation and writing of the manuscript; study conception and planning.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adriana Mercedes Alejo Villamil: Data collection, analysis and interpretation.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carolina Cortés Correa: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; effective participation in research orientation.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elkin Omar Peñaranda Contreras: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and/or therapeutic; management of studied cases.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Financial support" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Authors’ contributions" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 3 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-09-17" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-10-16" "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Study conducted at the Hospital Universitario La Samaritana, Bogotá, Colombia.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1580 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 247572 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">On the right great toe finger exophytic, ulcerated tumor.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 933 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 653024 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Inflammatory infiltrate with neutrophils and granular basophilic bodies (grains). (A), Hematoxylin & eosin, x10. (B), Hematoxylin & eosin, x40.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1100 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 355241 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Granular basophilic bodies, grains (Hematoxylin & eosin, x100).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Botryomycosis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 18 | 8 | 26 |
| 2024 October | 96 | 66 | 162 |
| 2024 September | 135 | 82 | 217 |
| 2024 August | 134 | 121 | 255 |
| 2024 July | 120 | 109 | 229 |
| 2024 June | 111 | 93 | 204 |
| 2024 May | 75 | 63 | 138 |
| 2024 April | 91 | 86 | 177 |
| 2024 March | 72 | 66 | 138 |
| 2024 February | 78 | 73 | 151 |
| 2024 January | 64 | 72 | 136 |
| 2023 December | 57 | 64 | 121 |
| 2023 November | 111 | 91 | 202 |
| 2023 October | 68 | 79 | 147 |
| 2023 September | 80 | 71 | 151 |
| 2023 August | 75 | 32 | 107 |
| 2023 July | 74 | 31 | 105 |
| 2023 June | 60 | 43 | 103 |
| 2023 May | 51 | 27 | 78 |
| 2023 April | 37 | 22 | 59 |
| 2023 March | 66 | 40 | 106 |
| 2023 February | 73 | 23 | 96 |
| 2023 January | 64 | 31 | 95 |
| 2022 December | 57 | 32 | 89 |
| 2022 November | 96 | 62 | 158 |
| 2022 October | 97 | 59 | 156 |
| 2022 September | 63 | 87 | 150 |
| 2022 August | 74 | 58 | 132 |
| 2022 July | 112 | 79 | 191 |
| 2022 June | 62 | 66 | 128 |
| 2022 May | 14 | 20 | 34 |
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