Case Report
Severe varicella in a child immunosuppressed with methotrexate
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"correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 4119 "Ancho" => 3187 "Tamanyo" => 558807 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0025" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sixty days after hospital discharge, with residual hypochromic spots.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Varicella, or chickenpox, is a common viral infection in childhood, characterized by a vesicular eruption. In immunocompetent individuals, the symptoms are usually mild to moderate, but uncomplicated severe cases may present with more than 1,000 lesions and severe constitutional symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Severe complications, including central nervous system involvement, pneumonia, secondary bacterial infections, and death,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> have been described, especially in immunocompromised patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Vaccination can prevent its occurrence and especially the development of severe and complicated conditions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that significantly compromises the quality of life, requiring effective treatment. Up to one-third of psoriasis cases start in childhood and, although most children have moderate disease, which is well controlled with topical therapy, up to 20% of these children require systemic therapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Methotrexate is a cost-effective systemic therapy option for several inflammatory diseases, available in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sistema Único de Saúde</span>). However, its immunosuppressive action exposes its users to increased susceptibility to infections.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The pre-methotrexate assessment includes blood count, glucose measurement, liver and kidney enzymes, serology for hepatitis B and C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and chest X-ray.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> This screening includes the main contraindications of the medication, such as immunodeficiency, presence of active infection, hematological, renal, and hepatic alterations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> However, updating of the vaccination card is not part of the routine for starting methotrexate therapy.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This case report aims to draw attention to the increased susceptibility and severity of opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed children and also to alert to the need to update the vaccination card in individuals submitted to immunosuppressive therapy.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Case report</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 12-year-old female child had erythrodermic psoriasis for two years, controlled with methotrexate, 15 mg per week, which was started one year and five months before. With psoriasis under control, she was scheduled to withdraw the medication, but she returned to consultation reporting the onset of painful bulla and vesicles on the neck for five days, which after one day spread to the upper limbs, trunk, face, and oral mucosa, leading to difficulty in swallowing. The mother reported the child had had fever which was not measured.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">She had a personal history of allergic rhinitis, denied episodes of varicella, reported contact with a child with active varicella lesions, and, when evaluating the child's vaccination card, no previous vaccination for this disease was identified.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On physical examination, she showed regular general status, hypoactive, with a temperature of 39.8 °C, with numerous tense and confluent vesicles and bulla on the face, oral mucosa, neck, trunk, and upper limbs, which were more sparse in the lower limbs, where some lesions showed hematic content (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). She had whitish plaques throughout her oral cavity.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With the hypothesis of varicella, she was promptly admitted to the hospital, and a biopsy was performed for histopathological confirmation. Home-administered medications were withdrawn, and therapy was started with intravenous acyclovir 10 mg/kg/day, and oral nystatin, in addition to bathing with potassium permanganate solution (1:4 liters). The anatomopathological analysis later confirmed the diagnosis of varicella.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During hospitalization, the disease evolved with the dissemination of lesions that exceeded a 1,000 count, periorbital cellulitis, and febrile neutropenia, so cefepime was prescribed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Folinic acid was also started to improve the effects of methotrexate, as well as dexchlorpheniramine for pruritus. After six days of hospitalization, the fever ceased, and the lesions started to regress, and the combination of hypochlorous acid and silicone was started for better healing (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs. 3 and 4</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After ten days of intravenous acyclovir use, the patient was discharged, with most of the skin lesions showing crusts. She was instructed to maintain methotrexate withdrawal, use cephalexin for another five days, as well as maintain the use of hypochlorous acid with silicone and baths with a potassium permanganate solution.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the severity of the initial condition, she showed a good evolution, with excellent healing of the lesions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The child, who had erythrodermic psoriasis and had been using methotrexate for one year and five months without being previously vaccinated against varicella, developed a severe form of the disease. During evolution, two important complications occurred: periorbital cellulitis and febrile neutropenia. The case illustrates how infections in immunosuppressed individuals can rapidly progress to severe complications.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are well-established recommendations regarding vaccination in children with rheumatologic diseases undergoing treatment with immunosuppressants.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Overall, it is recommended to maintain the national vaccination schedule updated. Data on children treated with methotrexate who received live attenuated virus vaccines are reassuring regarding the safety and immune response to the vaccine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,9</span></a> There are studies that specifically mention methotrexate and the varicella vaccine: in cases of screening to start treatment with methotrexate in a child who is not immune to varicella, it is recommended to administer the vaccine and wait two to four weeks before starting the medication.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> However, the data in the literature are scarce regarding dermatological diseases.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Brazil, there are no clear recommendations on how to proceed regarding vaccination with a live attenuated virus in children with psoriasis using methotrexate,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and it is not part of the routine to update the vaccination card before starting the medication. In the Brazilian context, this issue becomes even more relevant due to the history of the varicella vaccine: it was included in the national vaccination schedule of the SUS only in 2012, for children aged 15 months; therefore, there is a large contingent of the population without specific immunity against the varicella-zoster virus.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the reported case and its severity, it is necessary to alert about the need to consider the vaccination status before starting treatment with methotrexate. For non-immune children who are already undergoing treatment, assessing the degree of immunocompromise and epidemiological risk can guide the decision-making.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Financial support</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Authors' contributions</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Letícia Oba Galvão: Effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of the studied case; drafting and editing of the manuscript; critical review of the manuscript; approval of the final version of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carmelia Matos Santiago Reis: Effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of the studied case; design and planning of the study; critical review of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Natália Lima Alves: Collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; design and planning of the study; drafting and editing of the manuscript; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elisa Scandiuzzi Maciel: Collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; design and planning of the study; drafting and editing of the manuscript; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1688456" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1497314" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Case report" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Financial support" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Authors' contributions" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-07-20" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-10-12" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1497314" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Immunosuppression" 1 => "Methotrexate" 2 => "Psoriasis" 3 => "Varicella" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Varicella is a common viral infection in childhood and usually has a benign evolution. However, the evolution can be severe in immunosuppressed children. Vaccination can prevent its occurrence and especially the development of severe and/or complicated cases. Methotrexate is a systemic therapeutic option for many inflammatory diseases, and its immunosuppressive action exposes its users to a higher susceptibility to infection. The present report describes a case of severe varicella infection in a child immunosuppressed with methotrexate.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Study conducted at the Dermatology Service, Hospital Regional da Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1872 "Ancho" => 1676 "Tamanyo" => 311272 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">At hospital admission, on the fifth day of disease evolution, with vesicles and bullae on the face and a pustule on the right lower eyelid.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2012 "Ancho" => 1676 "Tamanyo" => 231679 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">At the seventh day of evolution, presenting a bullous eruption with an erythematous background.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2011 "Ancho" => 1675 "Tamanyo" => 307377 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">At the seventh day of intravenous acyclovir, with a regressing bullous eruption and crusts.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 2162 "Ancho" => 1675 "Tamanyo" => 306047 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">At the seventh day of hospital admission, with a regressing bullous eruption and crusts.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 4119 "Ancho" => 3187 "Tamanyo" => 558807 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0025" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sixty days after hospital discharge, with residual hypochromic spots.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Varicella" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "U. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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