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transmitted through direct contact with infected skin or mucosa or through fomites&#46; According to their anatomical or morphological location&#44; they can be classified into common&#44; flat&#44; anogenital &#40;condyloma&#41;&#44; or palmoplantar warts&#46; Dermoscopy is an important tofool for the diagnosis and monitoring of the treatment of warts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Common warts &#40;verruca vulgaris&#41;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Common warts are clinically characterized by exophytic papules with a rough&#44; papillomatous surface&#46; The most frequently affected sites include the hands and fingers&#46; Moreover&#44; pedunculated and filiform lesions can be observed&#44; especially in the periorificial facial regions&#46; On dermoscopic examination&#44; papillomatous areas with thrombosed vessels can be seen in the center of each papilla &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; These findings have been described in the literature as a &#8220;frogspawn&#8221; pattern&#44; which shows multiple polyps resembling a mass of frog eggs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Flat warts &#40;verruca plana&#41;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Flat warts are characterized by the presence of normochromic pinkish or brown papules&#44; with a flat&#44; smooth surface&#46; They can be most frequently seen on the back of the hands&#44; upper limbs or face&#46; Dermoscopy reveals dotted or globular vessels with regular distribution on a yellowish-brown background &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The histopathological correspondence of the dotted vessels is the apex of the capillaries in the papillary dermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> One of the main differential diagnoses of flat warts comprises small or initial seborrheic keratoses&#46; In addition to the classic dermoscopic pattern&#44; other clinical factors that help in the diagnosis of flat warts are the observation of lesions with a linear distribution &#40;Koebner&#39;s phenomenon&#41; or in a cluster and the absence of dermoscopic criteria for the diagnosis of seborrheic keratosis&#44; such as the cerebriform appearance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Genital warts</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anogenital warts&#44; or condylomas&#44; affect the perineal&#44; perianal or inguinal region&#46; They are sessile lesions&#44; varying from brownish to white &#40;when found in areas subjected to maceration&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; pedunculated or papillomatous lesions can be observed&#44; which have a &#8220;cauliflower&#8221; pattern&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some patterns have been described on dermoscopy for genital warts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The first&#44; the mosaic pattern&#44; refers to regular&#44; clustered white rounded structures that form a reticular structure with central islets of healthy mucosa&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This pattern is most often associated with flat genital lesions&#46; The second pattern&#44; called &#8220;knoblike&#44;&#8221; refers to clustered bulbous projections of similar diameter and length&#46; Finally&#44; the third pattern is called &#8220;fingerlike&#8221; and is characterized by separate fingerlike projections&#44; with different lengths&#46; These two patterns can be seen in more exophytic and papillomatous lesions&#46; The most common vascular structures include glomerular&#44; dotted&#44; and hairpin vessels&#46; The first two are most commonly seen in the mosaic and knoblike patterns&#44; whereas hairpin vessels are more often seen in the finger-like pattern&#46; Other dermoscopic findings include the presence of pigmentation and hyperkeratosis&#46; Dermoscopy can also aid in the differential diagnosis with physiological genital findings&#44; such as pearly penile papules&#44; Fordyce spots&#44; and vestibular papillae&#46; Penile pearly papules are angiofibromas regularly distributed in the crown of the glans which on dermoscopy show white-pink papules in a &#8216;cobblestone&#8217; pattern&#44; with dotted or comma-shaped vessels in the center of the papules&#46; In the female genitalia&#44; on the other hand&#44; the vestibular papillae show multiple pink cylindrical projections&#44; with a soft consistency and projection bases separate and symmetrically distributed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Palmoplantar warts</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Palmoplantar warts are endophytic&#44; hyperkeratotic and often painful lesions&#46; When they appear more superficially&#44; with lesions that coalesce into large plaques&#44; they are called mosaic warts or myrmecia&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On dermoscopic examination&#44; blackish dots with irregular distribution are seen on the surface of the wart&#44; representing dilated and thrombosed capillaries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Moreover&#44; a hyperkeratotic or papillomatous surface can be seen&#44; as well as the interruption of dermatoglyphics or microhemorrhages due to bodyweight pressure and distribution&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermoscopy is also an important tool to monitor the treatment of plantar warts&#44; helping to detect the persistence of the lesion after partial treatment&#44; even when they are clinically unapparent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Additionally&#44; it also helps in the differential diagnosis with calluses and plantar keratoma&#44; which show a homogeneous opacity or a translucent central nucleus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> A noteworthy aspect is that cases of pigmented warts with a parallel ridge pattern have been described&#44; which differential diagnosis includes acral melanoma&#46; The opposite must also be remembered&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; hypopigmented or amelanotic acral melanomas can also mimic acral warts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Epidermodysplasia verruciform</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epidermodysplasia verruciform is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis&#46; It is characterized by a deficiency in the cellular immune response manifested by persistent HPV infection and a consequent propensity for the development of squamous cell carcinomas&#46; Clinically&#44; the appearance of flat macules and papules in childhood&#44; affecting sun-exposed areas&#44; is observed&#46; The lesions may simulate seborrheic keratoses or pityriasis versicolor&#46; Dermoscopic examination discloses the presence of a pinkish-brown or hypochromic background&#44; with slight superficial desquamation&#44; corresponding to lesions containing HPV-infected keratinocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Subsequently&#44; other described findings included unfocused dotted vessels with a regular distribution and dilution of vellus hair pigment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Vessel proliferation&#44; seen in other types of warts&#44; is characteristic of HPV virus infection&#46; In addition&#44; it is questioned whether chronic HPV infection may interfere with melanogenesis&#44; thus explaining the hypochromic lesions and dilution of hair pigment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> These findings also help to differentiate keratinocytic neoplasms that occur in individuals with epidermodysplasia verruciform&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Molluscum contagiosum</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Molluscum contagiosum is a skin infection caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus &#40;MCV&#41;&#44; of the poxvirus family&#46; It affects mainly children and is occasionally seen in sexually active adults and immunocompromised individuals&#46; Its transmission occurs through direct contact with the infected skin&#44; which also facilitates self-inoculation&#46; It is clinically characterized by dome-shaped papules&#44; pinkish-white in color&#44; with a central umbilication&#46; Atypical presentations&#44; such as single or giant lesions&#44; can also be observed&#44; mimicking warts and epidermal cysts&#46; Dermoscopy increases diagnostic accuracy when compared to clinical examination and also helps in the differential diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum with benign genital findings&#44; such as pearly penile papules and Fordyce glands&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On dermoscopic examination&#44; molluscum contagiosum often shows a central pore or umbilication&#44; surrounded by a white-yellowish polylobular structure and peripheral vessels in a crown pattern &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Other vascular patterns that may be seen include radial&#44; dotted&#44; or a combination of the two former ones&#46; When there is an association of crown and radial vessels&#44; there is the so-called flower pattern&#44; due to its resemblance to the petals of a flower&#46; Moreover&#44; the presence of dotted vessels has also been associated with inflammation in molluscum contagiosum&#44; as in the case of excoriated lesions or with perilesional eczema&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In turn&#44; other variants of polylobulated structures include rounded structures &#40;a white&#44; discoid-like area&#41; and the clover-like structure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Histopathological analysis shows that the lobules correspond to hyperplastic keratinocytes containing the typical intracytoplasmic viral inclusions that produce the peripheral displacement of the nucleus and are called Henderson-Patterson corpuscles&#46; The variations in the dermoscopic features of the lobules may be explained by varying degrees of proliferation of the inverted lobes of the acanthotic epidermis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis is a self-limited condition&#44; characterized by the appearance of erythematous papules with a vasoconstriction halo&#46; It is speculated that the lesions may be triggered by insect bites or viral conditions&#44; including echovirus&#44; Epstein-Barr virus&#44; or cytomegalovirus&#46; In these cases&#44; viral symptoms &#40;fever&#44; cough&#44; vomiting&#44; and diarrhea&#41; precede the lesions&#46; Dermoscopy shows dotted vessels over a more prominent vascular network&#44; which decreases significantly with vitropressure&#44; associated with a vasoconstriction halo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The histopathological correspondence is ectasia&#44; a mild perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate with intraluminal neutrophils and engorged endothelial cells&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">COVID-19</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In late 2019&#44; a new coronavirus emerged and spread rapidly&#44; causing a pandemic&#46; This virus was called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 &#40;SARS-CoV-2&#41; and has been associated with several dermatological manifestations&#44; which include urticarial&#44; morbilliform&#44; vesicular&#44; livedo reticularis&#44; and acral ischemic lesions&#46; To date&#44; the main dermoscopic descriptions are of pernio-like erythema lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pernio-like erythema &#40;chilblain-like eruptions&#41; lesions affect mainly children&#44; adolescents and young adults&#46; They are typically characterized by macules or papules located in the acral regions&#44; being erythematous-violaceous or purpuric in color&#46; They may also present as erythematous-edematous areas&#44; associated with pain or pruritus&#46; The distribution of the lesions is usually asymmetric&#46; They appear on average 14 days after the onset of a mild systemic condition and resolve after 7 to 10 days&#44; being described as a late manifestation of the disease&#44; when the PCR test can be negative&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Dermoscopic examination shows an erythematous-violaceous background &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#44; dilated capillaries&#44; purpuric dots and&#44; in the late phase&#44; pigmented dots&#46; The histopathological correspondence is a lymphocytic vasculopathy and it is questioned whether these cutaneous findings represent a coagulation disorder or a hypersensitivity reaction&#46; Navarro et al&#46; evaluated lesions at different stages of evolution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Initially&#44; the lesions are erythematous due to vascular dilation&#44; going through a stage of violaceous coloration due to the extravasation of red blood cells and&#44; subsequently&#44; a brownish hue&#44; due to hemosiderin deposition&#46; Grayish areas may indicate more intense ischemic phenomena&#46; In addition&#44; erythematous-violaceous globules and peripheral grayish-brown reticular areas were observed&#46; The globules may represent areas of damaged vessels with extravasation of red blood cells&#44; whereas reticular areas may result from significant damage to the dermal vascular plexus&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Fungal infections</span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Dermatophytoses</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermoscopic can be an auxiliary method to diagnose dermatophytoses&#46; Onychomycosis&#44; tinea capitis and tinea corporis are some of the dermatoses that can benefit from the use of dermoscopy for their diagnosis&#46; In the case of onychomycosis&#44; the capacity to differentiate it from traumatic onycholysis through dermoscopic findings stands out&#46; The possibility of diagnosing cases of tinea incognita through dermoscopic findings has also been described &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>A&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> The main dermoscopic findings of the dermatophytoses are presented below&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Onychomycosis</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Onychomycosis represents 50&#37; of all nail diseases&#44; the worldwide of prevalence of which varies from 2&#37; to 8&#37;&#46; It can be caused by different species&#58; dermatophyte fungi&#44; non-dermatophyte fungi&#44; and leveduriform fungi&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Approximately 90&#37; of all hallux onychomycosis is caused by dermatophytes&#46; The distribution of pathogens that cause this type of infection varies according to the geographic region&#44; assessed population and climatic factors&#46; Individual factors that predispose to the development of onychomycosis include diabetes&#44; immunosuppression&#44; venous insufficiency&#44; peripheral artery disease&#44; obesity&#44; smoking&#44; and older age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Additional factors include occupation&#44; sports practice&#44; wearing inappropriate footwear&#44; inadequate nail trimming&#44; tinea pedis&#44; psoriasis&#44; and a family history of onychomycosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> The most common age range for onychomycosis to occur varies from 4 0 to 6 0 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical aspects of onychomycosis are mainly onycholysis&#44; changes in nail color&#44; and subungual hyperkeratosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a> It can be divided into distal-lateral subungual &#40;most common presentation&#41;&#44; proximal subungual&#44; superficial white&#44; and total dystrophic onychomycosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although direct mycological examination and fungal culture are the gold standards for the diagnosis of onychomycosis&#44; there are often limitations for these examinations&#46; Dermoscopy can help its diagnosis and the exclusion of other onychopathies&#46; A study of 50 patients &#40;37 with distal subungual onychomycosis and 13 with onycholysis caused by trauma&#41; observed some findings that were particular to distal-lateral subungual onychomycosis and others to onycholysis caused by trauma&#46; Longitudinal streaks of different colors observed in the onycholytic nail plate &#40;varying from white to yellow&#44; orange&#44; and even brownish in color&#41; have been associated with distal subungual onychomycosis&#44; being present in 86&#46;5&#37; &#40;32&#47;37&#41; of the patients with onychomycosis and in none of the patients with traumatic onycholysis&#46; The jagged edge with spikes&#44; defined by the presence of whitish longitudinal indentations in the area of &#8203;&#8203;onycholysis towards the proximal ungual edge&#44; was observed in all cases of distal subungual onychomycosis evaluated in the study and in none of the patients with onycholysis caused by trauma&#46; This finding would reflect the progression of dermatophytes in the stratum corneum of the ungual bed&#46; Finally&#44; the linear edge without indentations would only be seen in traumatic onycholysis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Other findings that can be observed on dermoscopy of the ungual plate with onychomycosis&#44; but are not exclusive to this disease&#44; include blackened dots and globules due to subungual hemorrhage and a dull and homogeneous color of the detached ungual plate&#44; in which the color can vary from white to yellow&#44; orange&#44; brown and black&#44; reflecting the color of the subungual colony&#44; scaling&#44; and debris&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Another suggestive finding is the so-called &#8220;aurora pattern&#8221;&#44; which refers to the fact that the onycholytic ungual plate has a dull&#44; irregular color that is distributed in streaks&#44; resembling the Northern Lights or aurora&#44; found in distal subungual onychomycosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The evaluation of onycholysis should also be performed by observing the proximal edge of the onycholysis area&#46; If it is linear and without indentations&#44; the possibility of onychomycosis is decreased&#44; while the observation of a jagged edge with spikes and longitudinal streaks is highly suggestive for the diagnosis of onychomycosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>B&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other dermoscopic findings can be seen in onychomycosis&#44; especially when other clinical presentations are evaluated&#46; They include chromonychia&#44; trachyonychia&#44; yellowish-white longitudinal streaks&#44; and proximal edges with indentations&#46; In the lateral-distal subungual and total dystrophic subtypes&#44; white longitudinal streaks and proximal edges with indentations were the most frequent findings&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> The presence of subungual hyperkeratosis seems to be more often observed in total dystrophic onychomycosis &#40;p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41; and leukonychia in proximal subungual onychomycosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;21</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding melanonychia secondary to onychomycosis&#44; some studies have attempted to differentiate it on dermoscopy from melanonychia of other causes&#44; including ungual matrix nevi&#44; ungual melanomas&#44; and melanonychia due to melanocytic activation of the matrix&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Ungual pigmentation due to fungal infection is not true melanonychia&#44; as it does not originate from melanocytes&#44; characteristically this type of pigmentation is non-longitudinal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Ohn et al&#46; evaluated 80 patients with melanonychia from various causes&#44; including 18 patients with fungal melanonychia&#44; and observed that some findings were positive predictors of fungal melanonychia&#58; association with yellowish color&#44; homogeneous non-longitudinal pattern&#44; reverse triangular pattern &#40;in which the width of the pigmented area is greater in the distal portion than in the proximal portion of the nail&#44; due to greater invasion of the nail plate by the fungus in the distal portion&#41;&#44; subungual keratosis&#44; and white or yellowish streaks or scaling&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> It is important to mention that the monitoring of onychomycoses with a pigmented presentation must have a frequent follow-up&#46; Dermoscopy is of great help to determine the presence of other structures that suggest the possibility of a melanocytic collision lesion and also the response to treatment&#46; In cases associated with melanonychia&#44; improvement of ungual coloration is one of the earliest observed findings&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Tinea capitis</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tinea capitis is an infection caused by dermatophyte fungi that affect the skin of the scalp and hair shafts&#44; which can be of the microsporic type&#44; transmitted by animals&#44; characterized by presenting a single plate&#59; of the Trichosporon type&#44; transmitted by interhuman contagion contact&#44; which usually shows multiple lesions&#59; of the favus type&#44; or Kerion celsi type&#44; an inflammatory form&#44; with the presence of pustules and micro-abscesses&#46; The disease most commonly affects children aged 3 to 7 years&#44; but it may eventually affect adults&#46; The increase in the prevalence of tinea capitis in recent decades and a change in the pattern of the dermatophytes that cause the disease have been observed in recent years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> The etiological agents of tinea capitis vary according to the geographic region&#44; climatic conditions and socioeconomic context of the population&#46; Clinically&#44; there are areas of hair loss&#44; with tonsured hair shafts&#44; associated with the presence of scaling&#44; inflammation and pustules&#46; Although direct mycological examination and culture are the gold standard in diagnosing this condition&#44; they depend on the collection procedure and equipment to be performed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> In this context&#44; trichoscopy may help differentiate microsporic from Trichosporon infections and monitor the response to treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A systematic review of the dermoscopic findings found in tinea capitis included 37 articles on the topic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Among the main findings&#44; the &#8220;comma-shaped&#8221; hairs stand out&#44; which are short hairs with homogeneous pigmentation and thickness&#44; due to the breakage and twisting of the hair shaft filled with hyphae in its interior &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Their presence ranged from 13&#37; to 100&#37; in cases of tinea capitis&#44; but they can also be seen in alopecia areata and trichotillomania&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Corkscrew hairs&#44; which consists of twisted hairs&#44; are present in 14&#37; to 100&#37; &#40;average of 32&#37;&#41; in cases of tinea capitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a> They are described as a specific finding of tinea capitis&#44; seen with both endothrix and ectothrix fungi infections&#44; although they may be seen in ectodermal dysplasias and in patients with vitamin C deficiency&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> &#8220;Morse code-like hairs&#8221; represent hairs with multiple thin whitish bands along the hair&#46; They are formed by the accumulation of spores surrounding the hair shaft&#44; causing a transverse perforation of the hair shaft&#44; and are described as ectothrix-type infections&#44; with an incidence of 12&#37; to 56&#37; &#40;mean 22&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Zigzag-shaped hairs comprise hairs that are bent at sharp angles&#44; the result of incomplete transverse fractures along the hair shaft&#46; They are described in ectothrix-type fungal infections&#44; with an incidence of 5&#37; to 49&#37; &#40;mean 21&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> In addition to being seen in tinea capitis&#44; they can also be seen in alopecia areata&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Among other findings that can also be seen on trichoscopy of tinea capitis&#44; but which are not characteristic&#44; broken hairs&#44; black dots&#44; and inter and perifollicular desquamation can be highlighted&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apparently&#44; cases of tinea capitis caused by the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum</span> show more frequently &#8220;Morse code-like&#8221; hairs &#40;8&#47;29&#44; 28&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; zigzag hairs &#40;6&#47;29&#44; 21&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;01&#41;&#44; folded hairs &#40;4&#47;29&#44; 14&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41; and diffuse desquamation &#40;4&#47;29&#44; 14&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; These findings are correlated with ectothrix infections&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the ones that occur around the follicular shaft&#44; promoting transverse perforations of the hair shaft&#46; Corkscrew hairs were more common in trichophytic cases &#40;21&#47;38&#44; 55&#37; vs&#46; 3&#47;29&#44; 10&#37; in microsporic cases&#59; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#46; In this case&#44; the infection is of the endothrix type and&#44; consequently&#44; with hair shaft changes without changes in color&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The disappearance of dystrophic hairs &#40;comma-shaped&#44; corkscrew&#44; zigzag&#44; Morse code&#44; broken hairs&#44; and black dots&#41; can be an important trichoscopic parameter for evaluating therapeutic efficacy&#46; These changes can take four to twelve weeks to disappear&#46; Inter- and perifollicular scaling&#44; on the other hand&#44; take a longer period of time to resolve and thus should not be used to evaluate therapeutic failure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Tinea nigra</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tinea nigra is a superficial mycosis caused by the dematiaceous fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hortaea werneckii</span>&#44; which occurs predominantly in areas of tropical and subtropical climate&#46; Clinically&#44; it manifests as an irregularly pigmented brownish or blackish macula that classically occurs on the palms and soles&#46; It usually shows progressive growth&#44; which may be associated with scaling&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> An important differential diagnosis is made with melanocytic lesions&#44; whether nevi or melanoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Direct mycological examination reveals tortuous dematiaceous septate hyphae and the etiological agent is isolated in culture&#44; confirming the diagnosis&#46; Dermoscopic findings are the pigmented hyphae in the stratum corneum&#44; with brownish pigment in spikes that form a reticulated pattern&#44; without respecting the dermatoglyphic lines&#44; in addition to the absence of a pigment network &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Other subsequent reports also demonstrated brownish pigment in small dots and granules over a lighter brownish macular area and again not respecting the dermatoglyphic ridges and sulci&#44; as it would have been seen if this was a melanocytic lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Dermoscopy can help by avoiding unnecessary biopsies&#44; as it allows differentiation with melanocytic lesions&#46; It is also useful in evaluating therapeutic efficacy since the elimination of the pigmented lesion can be monitored by the technique&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Pityriasis versicolor</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pityriasis versicolor is a superficial fungal infection caused by yeasts of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> genus&#44; a lipophilic dimorphic fungus&#44; which affects the superficial layers of the epidermis&#46; Clinically&#44; it shows hyper and hypopigmented round or oval scaling lesions&#44; located on the trunk&#44; upper limbs&#44; and face&#44; usually asymptomatic&#44; although some patients report mild pruritus&#46; There is a slight predominance of occurrence in males&#44; and the age group with the highest occurrence is that of 11 to 20 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> In adults&#44; it mainly affects the trunk&#44; while in children it especially affects the face&#46; These topographical differences result from variations in sebum production&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Fungi of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> genus are part of the skin flora&#44; but they become pathogenic in situations of immunological imbalance&#46; The diagnosis of pityriasis versicolor is usually clinical in cases of characteristic presentation and location&#46; Direct mycological examination may be helpful&#44; especially in atypical cases&#44; evidencing the typical &#8220;spaghetti-and-meatballs&#8221; pattern&#44; which represents pseudohyphae and fungal spores&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> Dermoscopy can be useful when direct mycological examination is not readily available&#46; The differential diagnosis of pityriasis versicolor includes vitiligo&#44; pityriasis alba&#44; pityriasis rosea&#44; seborrheic dermatitis&#44; secondary syphilis&#44; confluent and reticulated papillomatosis&#44; and tinea corporis&#44; among others&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermoscopic findings of pityriasis versicolor apparently may vary according to their clinical presentation&#46; Hypochromic lesions usually present as well-demarcated areas with fine scaling that are located in the sulci of the skin&#44; whereas in hyperpigmented lesions&#44; a case report demonstrated&#44; in addition to fine white desquamation&#44; the presence of a pigment network consisting of brownish lines or a more homogeneous brownish pigmentation&#46; Together&#44; these findings may prevent unnecessary biopsies in cases of hyperchromic lesions of pityriasis versicolor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Another isolated report described the differentiation of pityriasis versicolor through dermoscopy in a patient with vitiligo&#46; The clinical tests by Zirelli and Beznier were negative&#59; however&#44; on dermoscopy&#44; it was possible to observe fine scaling along the skin creases over a hypopigmented background&#46; The authors called this dermoscopic finding &#8220;wire fence&#8221; and reported that the finding could be used as a quick and easy way to diagnose pityriasis versicolor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A recent series evaluated 178 pityriasis versicolor lesions in 125 patients using dermoscopy&#46; Clinically&#44; 164 lesions were hypopigmented and 14 were hyperpigmented&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> Non-homogeneous pigmentation was the most commonly observed finding in hypopigmented lesions &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;152&#44; 92&#46;68&#37;&#41;&#44; but it was also observed in hyperpigmented ones &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;14&#44; 100&#37;&#41;&#46; Scaling was observed in 142 hypopigmented lesions &#40;86&#46;56&#37;&#41; and in 13 hyperpigmented &#40;92&#46;86&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>&#41;&#46; Desquamative plaques were more common in hypopigmented lesions &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;95&#44; 57&#46;92&#37;&#41;&#44; and scaling in sulci was more common on dermoscopy of hyperpigmented lesions &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;5&#44; 35&#46;71&#37;&#41;&#46; Imperceptible ridges and sulci and perilesional hyperpigmentation were findings also observed in the study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> Another series evaluated a total of 30 patients with pityriasis versicolor confirmed by clinical and mycological examination &#40;KOH&#41;&#44; of which 24 were hypochromic lesions&#44; 3 were hyperchromic &#40;10&#37;&#41;&#44; and the remaining 3 were both&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Desquamation on the dermatoglyphs was also a relevant finding &#40;83&#46;3&#37; of the cases&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; a contrasting halo surrounding the lesion&#44; called contrast halo sign&#44; was observed in 20 cases &#40;66&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; In hypopigmented variants&#44; this halo appeared as an increase in pigmentation and there was a halo of hypopigmentation in hyperpigmented lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Subcutaneous and systemic mycoses</span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Sporotrichosis</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sporotrichosis is a skin infection caused by the fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sporothrix schenckii</span> and its transmission usually occurs by direct inoculation into the skin and subcutaneous tissue&#46; In rare cases&#44; inhalation can result in pulmonary or disseminated involvement&#46; The most common skin manifestation is lymphocutaneous&#44; in which verrucous papules or nodules develop at the site of inoculation&#44; with further dissemination following the lymphatic pathways&#46; Regarding dermoscopy&#44; there is only one report in the literature of a patient with a disseminated condition characterized by bone and cutaneous involvement&#44; with confluent and ulcerated erythematous papules and plaques&#46; In this case&#44; dermoscopic examination showed erythema&#44; yellowish areas without structures&#44; white-cicatricial areas&#44; and arboriform telangiectasias&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a> shows a case with areas of erythema&#44; linear vessels and central erosion&#46; Additionally&#44; some lesions had clustered pustules at their periphery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> The yellowish color on dermoscopy corresponded histopathologically to areas of granulomatous inflammation&#44; while the pustules represented neutrophilic micro-abscesses&#44; and the white areas represented fibrosis and scar tissue&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Chromomycosis</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chromomycosis&#44; also known as chromoblastomycosis&#44; is a chronic fungal infection caused by the traumatic inoculation of dematiaceous fungi&#44; most commonly of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fonsecaea</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cladophialophora</span>&#46; The clinical picture can vary from papular-nodular to tumoral lesions of verrucous&#44; cicatricial&#44; or sporotrichoid aspect&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermoscopy in chromomycosis shows a pinkish-white background&#44; yellow-orange ovoid structures&#44; polymorphic vessels&#44; scaling&#44; and crusts&#46; Moreover&#44; a frequently observed finding is reddish-black spots&#44; which histopathologically represent transepithelial clearance of inflammatory cells&#44; fungal debris&#44; and minor hemorrhages&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> In turn&#44; the pinkish-white background histopathologically represents areas of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis&#44; while the yellow-orange structures correspond to areas of granulomatous inflammation&#46; An additional case of a nodular lesion also showed a central white area with a &#8203;&#8203;reticular aspect&#44; which on histopathology corresponded to hypergranulosis and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> Additionally&#44; dermoscopy can also be useful to monitor the treatment of chromomycosis&#44; since the reddish-black spots disappear with the use of appropriate therapy&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Cryptococcosis</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cryptococcus neoformans</span>&#44; being more common in immunosuppressed patients&#46; Skin manifestations usually result from systemic dissemination&#44; although they may rarely occur by direct inoculation&#46; There is a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations&#44; but the most common presentation is that of pearly white umbilicated papules&#44; mimicking molluscum contagiosum lesions&#46; There is only one report of the dermoscopy of cryptococcosis lesions in the literature&#44; in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome &#40;AIDS&#41;&#44; neurological symptoms&#44; and facial skin lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> Dermoscopic examination showed structureless white areas&#44; irregular and branched vessels&#44; surrounded by a yellowish halo&#46; As described above&#44; the yellowish areas represent the granulomatous component of the lesion in histopathology&#44; whereas the white areas correspond to fibrosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Mycetoma</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eumycetoma&#44; or mycotic mycetoma&#44; is a chronic fungal infection that affects the skin and subcutaneous tissue&#46; Several hyaline and dematiaceous fungal species can be the causative pathogens&#59; however&#44; the main ones include <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Madurella mycetomatis</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nigrograna mackinnonii</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trematosphaeria grisea</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Falciformispora senegalensis</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Scedosporium apiospermum</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acremonium falciforme</span>&#46; Infection typically occurs by inoculation and affects the distal portions of the lower limbs&#46; The clinical triad is characterized by a tumor area&#8203;&#8203;&#44; fistulous tracts&#44; and the formation of macroscopic granules&#46; Depending on the fungus involved&#44; the granules can be black or yellowish-white&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As with other deep fungal infections&#44; dermoscopy of the mycetoma also shows yellow-orange areas&#44; corresponding histopathologically to granulomatous inflammation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40&#44;41</span></a> Additionally&#44; white cicatricial areas&#44; superficial scaling&#44; telangiectasias&#44; dotted vessels&#44; and hematic crusts have also been described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> Interestingly&#44; dermoscopy can also be used for the diagnosis of granules and treatment monitoring&#46; Litaiem et al&#46; showed that dermoscopic examination allows the observation of black granules&#44; which represent compact masses of dematiaceous fungi&#46; When the granules were located more deeply&#44; structureless bluish-white areas surrounded by a white halo and polymorphic vessels could be observed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> Finally&#44; Ankad et al&#46; showed the alterations on dermoscopy after treatment of eumycetoma&#44; with the reduction or disappearance of yellow-orange areas&#44; scaling&#44; and vascular structures and its replacement by white cicatricial areas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Histoplasmosis</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histoplasmosis is an infection caused by the inhalation of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum&#46; Most infections are asymptomatic or self-limiting&#44; but some individuals may present with severe or disseminated conditions&#46; Skin lesions occur in disseminated histoplasmosis&#44; and there is a wide spectrum of clinical presentations&#46; There is only one description in the literature of the dermoscopy of skin lesions in histoplasmosis&#44; seen in a patient with a previous history of psoriasis using an anti-TNF alpha biologic drug&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> On clinical examination&#44; there was a single erythematous papule on the face in which dermoscopy showed arboriform telangiectasias and superficial desquamation&#44; simulating a basal cell carcinoma&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Blastomycosis</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blastomycosis is an infection caused by the inhalation of the fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Blastomyces dermatitidis</span>&#44; which may result in an asymptomatic condition or in pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations&#44; being endemic in areas of North America&#46; The skin is the second most affected organ after the lung and usually after hematogenous dissemination&#44; but rarely may be to traumatic inoculation&#46; Clinically&#44; blastomycosis causes a chronic and suppurative granulomatous reaction&#44; which may show verrucous&#44; ulcerated lesions or subcutaneous nodules&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding dermoscopy&#44; there are only two reports in the literature&#46; The first case shows an erythematous-scaling nummular lesion on the face&#44; which on dermoscopy presented papillomatous structures with a pinkish-vascular color&#44; hematic crusts&#44; irregular vessels&#44; and thin scaling&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> Therefore&#44; the dermoscopic pattern allowed the ruling out eczema or psoriasis&#46; The second case reports the 25-year evolution of an ulcerative-vegetative lesion&#44; mistakenly treated as pyoderma gangrenosum&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> This case also had white-pinkish papillomatous structures&#44; hematic spots&#44; and polymorphic vessels&#44; including dotted&#44; corkscrew&#44; and serpiginous vessels&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Leishmaniasis</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Leishmaniasis is an infection caused by protozoa of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leishmania</span>&#44; transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine insects &#40;sandflies&#41;&#46; Clinically&#44; it is divided into cutaneous&#44; mucocutaneous and visceral types&#46; The disease spectrum varies according to interactions between the host&#44; the parasite&#44; the vector&#44; and environmental factors&#46; Cutaneous leishmaniasis progresses with nodular ulcerative lesions that heal&#44; leaving atrophic areas&#46; Laboratory diagnosis is often challenging&#44; and an estimated 350 million people are at risk of developing the infection worldwide&#46; The worldwide prevalence of the cutaneous form is 12 million people and the annual incidence is 1&#46;5 million cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> Geographically&#44; it can be divided into Old World type&#44; which occurs in Asia&#44; Africa and Southeastern Europe &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leishmania donovani</span> complex&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leishmania major</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leishmania tropica</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leishmania aethiopica</span>&#41; and New World leishmaniasis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leishmania braziliensis</span> complex or the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Viannia</span> subgenus and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leishmania donovani</span> complex&#41;&#44; that occur in Brazil and Latin American countries&#46; This division is important&#44; as there is clinical variation depending on the etiological agent involved&#58; in the New World the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Viannia</span> complex is responsible for more prolonged and severe clinical lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a></p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cutaneous leishmaniasis usually starts as an erythematous area at the site of the insect bite&#44; which progresses to papules or nodules&#46; After a period that can vary from two weeks to six months&#44; lesion ulceration occurs&#44; the edges tend to be indurated and elevated&#44; and the center of the lesion is depressed&#46; Additionally&#44; some lesions may not ulcerate and remain as plaques and nodules&#46; Lesions tend to occur in uncovered areas&#44; especially the face and limbs&#46; The differential diagnoses are multiple&#44; since leishmaniasis lesions vary clinically&#44; and include leprosy&#44; cutaneous tuberculosis&#44; skin cancer &#40;including keratoacanthoma&#44; basal cell carcinoma&#44; squamous cell carcinoma&#44; and amelanotic melanoma&#41;&#44; Spitz nevus&#44; superficial mycoses&#44; and pyogenic granuloma&#44; among others&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> In addition to clinical suspicion&#44; the diagnosis of leishmaniasis is carried out through biopsy of the skin using different complementary methods&#44; from anatomopathological examination to polymerase chain reaction &#40;PCR&#41; analysis&#46; Dermoscopy may be helpful when there is a suspicion&#46; The initial reports of dermoscopy on cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions were in patients with the &#8220;Old World&#8221; forms&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Its use was proposed by Lambrich et al&#46;&#44; in a study that evaluated 26 lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis in patients from Spain &#40;causal agent&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; infantum</span>&#41;&#46; Generalized erythema was the most frequent finding&#44; observed in all lesions&#44; which corresponds to the presence of dilated vessels on histopathological examination&#44; followed by the observation of teardrop-shaped structures called &#8220;yellowish tears&#8221; &#40;53&#37;&#41;&#44; hyperkeratosis &#40;50&#37;&#41;&#44; central erosion&#47;ulceration &#40;46&#37;&#41;&#44; central erosion&#47;ulceration with hyperkeratosis &#40;38&#37;&#41; and a whitish starburst pattern &#40;38&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46&#44;47</span></a> The teardrop-shaped structures correspond to follicular plugs due to lateral compression of follicular openings by the growing lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> The white starburst pattern corresponds histopathologically to hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis around the eroded area of &#8203;&#8203;the lesion&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At least one vascular structure was observed in each lesion&#58; comma-shaped &#40;73&#37;&#41;&#44; irregular linear &#40;57&#37;&#41;&#44; dotted &#40;53&#37;&#41;&#44; polymorphic&#47;atypical &#40;26&#37;&#41;&#44; hairpin &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; arboriform telangiectasias &#40;11&#37;&#41;&#44; corkscrew &#40;7&#37;&#41; and glomerular vessels &#40;7&#37;&#41;&#46; The majority of the lesions &#40;88&#37;&#41; had at least two types of vessels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> The authors report that two main patterns were identified&#58; papular lesions with a vascular component and teardrop-shaped structures&#44; corresponding to initial lesions &#40;observed in 26&#37; of the lesions&#41; and tumor lesions with erosions and ulcerations combined with hyperkeratosis&#44; a white starburst pattern and peripheral vascular structures in more advanced lesions &#40;46&#37; of lesions&#41;&#46; The authors observed a combination of these two patterns in 15&#37; of the lesions and they observed only vessels in the remainder cases &#40;11&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a></p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subsequently&#44; Y&#252;cel et al&#46; studied 102 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Turkey&#44; confirmed by the identification of the parasite on direct microscopic examination&#44; totaling 145 lesions &#40;51 papules&#44; 40 nodular-ulcerative lesions&#44; 31 plaques&#44; and 23 nodules&#41;&#46; On dermoscopy&#44; all lesions showed erythema&#59; 58 had yellowish teardrop-shaped structures&#59; scabs and ulcerations were seen in 51 lesions&#59; a whitish starburst pattern in 27 lesions&#59; salmon-colored ovoid structures in 19 lesions&#44; and a perilesional hypopigmented halo was observed in four lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> The presence of vascular structures was observed in 126 lesions&#44; the most common of which was the presence of an irregular linear pattern &#40;78 lesions&#41;&#44; followed by an arboriform pattern &#40;53 lesions&#41;&#44; hairpin vessels &#40;25 lesions&#41;&#44; glomerular vessels &#40;24 lesions&#41;&#44; dotted vessels &#40;23 lesions&#41;&#44; comma-shaped vessels &#40;6 lesions&#41; and atypical polymorphic vessels &#40;4 lesions&#41;&#46; When dermoscopic findings were stratified according to the clinical aspect&#44; it was observed that the yellowish teardrop-shaped structures occurred in 37&#37; of the papules&#44; 39&#37; of the plaques&#44; 61&#37; of the nodules&#44; and 33&#37; of the nodular-ulcerative lesions&#46; Ulcers and crusts were detected in 29&#37; of plaques and in all nodular-ulcerative lesions&#46; A starburst pattern was observed in 6&#37; of papules&#44; 19&#37; of plaques&#44; 9&#37; of the nodules&#44; and 40&#37; of the nodular-ulcerative lesions&#46; Salmon-colored ovoid structures were detected in 14&#37; of the papules&#44; 19&#37; of the plaques&#44; 17&#37; of the nodules&#44; and 5&#37; of nodular-ulcerative lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> Regarding the duration of the lesion&#44; some findings were more frequently observed according to the time of evolution of the lesion&#58; irregular linear&#44; arboriform&#44; hairpin&#44; glomerular&#44; dotted&#44; comma-shaped&#44; polymorphic and atypical linear vessels and yellowish teardrop-shaped structures&#44; ulcers and crusts&#44; perilesional hypopigmentation halo&#44; and a starburst pattern were most commonly seen in lesions lasting 0 to 6 and 7 to 12 months&#46; Salmon-colored ovoid structures were most commonly seen in lesions lasting 7 to 12&#44; 19 to 24&#44; and over 25 months&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> Milia cyst-like structures were found primarily in lesions located on the head and neck&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a></p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although dermoscopic findings can help in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis&#44; the anatomopathological examination is necessary in cases where it is not possible to exclude malignancies&#44; such as amelanotic melanoma&#44; especially due to the presence of structures potentially common to both&#44; such as atypical polymorphic vessels&#46; To date&#44; the findings of cutaneous leishmaniases&#44; such as the articles described above&#44; have evaluated cases of the disease according to the species that cause leishmaniasis in the Old World&#46; However&#44; it is possible that there are dermoscopic differences in New World leishmaniasis&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Fig&#46; 10</a> shows cases of american tegumentary leishmaniasis with central ulceration&#44; homogeneous white areas and erythema with linear vessels in the periphery&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0050"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Arachnids</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Individuals who perform recreational or professional activities in natural environments may be susceptible to contact with species of arachnids&#46; Ticks are small representatives of this class&#44; being in some cases&#44; mistaken for the sudden appearance of melanocytic lesions by some patients when the parasite is small&#46; Accidentally&#44; they can adhere to human skin&#44; and they can be vectors of systemic diseases&#46; With a dermatoscope it is possible to easily identify the parasite&#46; In general&#44; the grayish-brown chitinous body and its legs can be seen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> In one reported case&#44; the patient had an erythematous-papular eruption in the interdigital regions of the hands&#44; which was treated with topical corticoids and topical permethrin without success&#46; Dermoscopic observation of the lesions allowed the identification of small dark spikes compatible with hairs of the brazilian black tarantula spider &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Grammostola pulchra</span>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> Without the use of a dermoscope&#44; such identification would likely be impossible&#44; demonstrating that&#44; even in an isolated case report&#44; the dermoscopic pattern can be very useful for diagnostic clarification&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0135" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Final considerations</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermatology encompasses a huge spectrum of nosological conditions and their variants&#46; As already demonstrated in part I of this article in dermatozoonosis and bacterial infections&#44; dermoscopy is also very useful in the evaluation of viral and fungal skin infections&#44; among others&#46; It is always relevant to mention the importance of correlating dermoscopic findings with clinical history and physical examination of patients&#46; Like any supplementary diagnostic method&#44; it can be extremely useful in many cases and contribute little to others&#46; This article brings up-to-date contributions to improve dermatological clinical practice through the use of dermoscopy&#46; This is an area of &#8203;&#8203;knowledge yet to be further explored&#46; New descriptions of dermoscopic findings in infectious dermatoses should occur&#44; consolidating previously described findings or making new descriptions and&#44; ultimately&#44; contributing increasingly more to the daily routine of dermatologists&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0140" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Financial support</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0145" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Renato Marchiori Bakos&#58; Article design&#59; article organization&#59; drafting of the manuscript&#59; review and approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Leandro Linhares Leite&#58; Drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; review and approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clarissa Reinehr&#58; Drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; review and approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gabriela Fortes Escobar&#58; Drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; review and approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0150" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Viral infections"
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Verrucae"
              "secciones" => array:4 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0020"
                  "titulo" => "Common warts &#40;verruca vulgaris&#41;"
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                1 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0025"
                  "titulo" => "Flat warts &#40;verruca plana&#41;"
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                  "identificador" => "sec0030"
                  "titulo" => "Genital warts"
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                  "identificador" => "sec0035"
                  "titulo" => "Palmoplantar warts"
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              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Epidermodysplasia verruciform"
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              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Molluscum contagiosum"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis"
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              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "COVID-19"
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          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Fungal infections"
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              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Dermatophytoses"
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              "identificador" => "sec0075"
              "titulo" => "Tinea capitis"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0080"
              "titulo" => "Tinea nigra"
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          "titulo" => "Subcutaneous and systemic mycoses"
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              "identificador" => "sec0095"
              "titulo" => "Sporotrichosis"
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              "identificador" => "sec0100"
              "titulo" => "Chromomycosis"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0105"
              "titulo" => "Cryptococcosis"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0110"
              "titulo" => "Mycetoma"
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            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0115"
              "titulo" => "Histoplasmosis"
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            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0120"
              "titulo" => "Blastomycosis"
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              "titulo" => "Leishmaniasis"
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              "titulo" => "Arachnids"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the infestations and bacterial infections reported in part I&#44; the study of entomodermoscopy also involves descriptions of dermoscopic findings of a growing number of viral and fungal infections&#44; among others&#46; In this article&#44; the main clinical situations in viral infections where dermoscopy can be useful will be described&#44; that is in the evaluation of viral warts&#44; molluscum contagiosum&#44; and even in recent scenarios such as the COVID-19 pandemic&#46; As for fungal infections&#44; dermoscopy is particularly important&#44; not only in the evaluation of the skin surface&#44; but also of skin annexes&#44; such as hairs and nails&#46; The differential diagnosis with skin tumors&#44; especially melanomas&#44; can be facilitated by dermoscopy&#44; especially in the evaluation of cases of verruca plantaris&#44; onychomycosis and tinea nigra&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">How to cite this article&#58; Bakos RM&#44; Leite LL&#44; Reinehr C&#44; Escobar GF&#46; Dermoscopy of skin infestations and infections &#40;entomodermoscopy&#41; &#8211; Part II&#58; viral&#44; fungal and other infections&#46; An Bras Dermatol&#46; 2021&#59;96&#58;746&#8211;58&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Study conducted at the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre&#44; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul&#44; Porto Alegre&#44; RS&#44; Brazil&#46;</p>"
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