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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Trichoscopy with regular variations in the diameter of the hair shaft&#44; with elliptical dilations and constrictions &#40;&#215;70 magnification&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Monilethrix is a rare inherited defect&#44; with most cases showing an autosomal dominant pattern&#44; with incomplete penetrance and variable expressiveness&#46; It is characterized by hair shaft dysplasia&#44; resulting in hypotrichosis due to fragility and breakage&#46; Trichoscopy shows pathognomonic findings in the hair shaft&#44; with nodules and constrictions&#44; known as hair shaft with the appearance of &#8216;rosary beads&#8217;&#46; This is the case of a family consisting of six members from two generations who were diagnosed with monilethrix presenting a variable clinical spectra&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A one-year-old girl with hair thinning throughout the scalp since birth&#44; accompanied by a five-year-old sister with a history of diminished hair growth in the occipital region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The mother reported a diagnosis of monilethrix&#44; with different degrees of clinical expressiveness and severity in the family&#46; The affected members were the children&#39;s own mother &#40;34-year-old - <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; the maternal uncles &#40;a 37-year-old man and a 30-year-old woman - <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#44; and a male cousin &#40;four-year-old - <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The children&#39;s physical examination and neuropsychomotor development were normal&#46; Dermatological examination of the youngest child revealed short thin hair shafts&#44; more evident in the occipital region&#46; Trichoscopy of the scalp revealed hairs with regularly spaced elliptical nodules&#44; separated by constrictions&#44; some of them fractured &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; The dermatological examination of the five-year-old child revealed long hair with only a circumscribed occipital area of diminished hair density&#46; Trichoscopy of the entire scalp was normal&#44; except for the occipital area&#44; which showed hairs with regularly spaced elliptical nodules&#44; separated by intermittent internodes&#46; Neither of the children had any alterations on the nails&#44; eyebrows and eyelashes&#44; and the traction test was negative&#46; The clinical and trichoscopy findings allowed the diagnosis of monilethrix&#46; All affected family members came to the dermatological unit for an in-person assessment of the disease spectrum involvement &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0025">Figs&#46; 5 and 6</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Monilethrix is a rare hereditary condition characterized by abnormalities in the hair shaft&#44; which may have an autosomal dominant &#40;mutations in the KRT81&#44; KRT83 and KRT86 genes associated with trichokeratins&#41; or autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance &#40;mutation in the desmoglein 4 gene with malformation of the hair shaft desmosomes&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The term moniletrix comes from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">monile</span> &#40;necklace&#44; in Latin&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">thrix</span> &#40;hair&#44; in Greek&#41;&#46; In this condition&#44; the hair shaft is characterized by periodic narrowing at regular intervals&#44; giving the hair the appearance of beads in a rosary&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The wide or nodular part of the hair corresponds to the normal thickness of the shaft containing the medulla and the internodal narrowing corresponds to the anomaly&#44; with the absence of the medulla being the cause of the shaft thinning&#46; The nodules are elliptical&#44; separated by 0&#46;7 to 1&#46;0&#160;mm intervals showing normal thickness or a slightly lower than the normal shaft diameter&#46; Fragility and fractures can be observed at the constriction points&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is considerable variation in the clinical expressiveness and there is usually intrafamilial variability&#46; The disease can range from an almost normal scalp&#44; with few alterations&#44; to total alopecia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The milder forms can go unnoticed&#44; with few affected hairs&#46; In severe cases&#44; secondary sexual hairs&#44; as well as eyebrows and eyelashes may be compromised&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Hair alterations can occur alone or are associated with keratosis pilaris&#44; syndactyly&#44; cataracts&#44; dental and nail abnormalities&#44; and can determine cicatricial alopecia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Families that were investigated for monilethrix show there is no correlation between the disease genotype and the phenotype&#46; This means the same mutation can be expressed with different degrees of severity and it raises the question of whether there are other factors influencing this mutation&#44; including environmental and other non-genetic factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> At birth&#44; the hair looks normal&#59; however&#44; it is progressively replaced by hair shafts with alterations&#44; becoming fragile and brittle within the first months of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Diffuse hypotrichosis occurs&#44; which sometimes is very severe&#46; There is a greater number of abnormal hair shafts in the temporal and occipital regions&#44; in comparison with the rest of the scalp&#44; as they are areas that are more exposed to friction&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In the most severe cases&#44; hairs can be extremely short due to fractures that occur soon after follicle eminence or even inside the follicular ostium&#46; Fractured shafts can rupture the outer root sheath and cause foreign body granulomas&#44; clinically corresponding to erythematous papules or follicular hyperkeratosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Trichoscopy shows regular variations in the hair shaft diameter&#44; with elliptical dilations &#40;nodes&#41; and constrictions &#40;internodes&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no definitive treatment for moniletrix&#46; Case reports have shown improvement with topical use of 2&#37; Minoxidil and systemic biotin&#44; N-acetyl cysteine&#44; corticosteroids&#44; acitretin&#44; oral contraceptives&#44; and griseofulvin&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> Spontaneous improvement can occur with age&#46; The most important is to inform parents and patients about heredity&#44; the evolution of the condition&#44; prognosis&#44; and how to prevent trauma to the hair shafts&#46; Patients should be advised to gently handle hair as little as necessary&#44; abuse of conditioning agents during washing and after it&#44; using leave-in products&#44; in addition to being careful when using hair ornaments and adornments that might cause traction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Financial support</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Daniela Antoniali&#58; Conception and planning of the studied case&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied case&#59; review of the literature&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Andrezza Telles Westin&#58; Drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied case&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fernanda Andr&#233; Martins Cruz&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied case&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jo&#227;o Carlos Lopes Sim&#227;o&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and &#47; or therapeutic conduct of the studied case&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case Report
Moniletrix of the scalp from almost normal aspect to total alopecia: variable intrafamilial expressiveness
Daniela Antoniali
Corresponding author
dani_antoniali@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Andrezza Telles Westin, Fernanda André Martins Cruz, João Carlos Lopes Simão
Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Monilethrix is a rare inherited defect&#44; with most cases showing an autosomal dominant pattern&#44; with incomplete penetrance and variable expressiveness&#46; It is characterized by hair shaft dysplasia&#44; resulting in hypotrichosis due to fragility and breakage&#46; Trichoscopy shows pathognomonic findings in the hair shaft&#44; with nodules and constrictions&#44; known as hair shaft with the appearance of &#8216;rosary beads&#8217;&#46; This is the case of a family consisting of six members from two generations who were diagnosed with monilethrix presenting a variable clinical spectra&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A one-year-old girl with hair thinning throughout the scalp since birth&#44; accompanied by a five-year-old sister with a history of diminished hair growth in the occipital region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The mother reported a diagnosis of monilethrix&#44; with different degrees of clinical expressiveness and severity in the family&#46; The affected members were the children&#39;s own mother &#40;34-year-old - <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; the maternal uncles &#40;a 37-year-old man and a 30-year-old woman - <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#44; and a male cousin &#40;four-year-old - <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The children&#39;s physical examination and neuropsychomotor development were normal&#46; Dermatological examination of the youngest child revealed short thin hair shafts&#44; more evident in the occipital region&#46; Trichoscopy of the scalp revealed hairs with regularly spaced elliptical nodules&#44; separated by constrictions&#44; some of them fractured &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; The dermatological examination of the five-year-old child revealed long hair with only a circumscribed occipital area of diminished hair density&#46; Trichoscopy of the entire scalp was normal&#44; except for the occipital area&#44; which showed hairs with regularly spaced elliptical nodules&#44; separated by intermittent internodes&#46; Neither of the children had any alterations on the nails&#44; eyebrows and eyelashes&#44; and the traction test was negative&#46; The clinical and trichoscopy findings allowed the diagnosis of monilethrix&#46; All affected family members came to the dermatological unit for an in-person assessment of the disease spectrum involvement &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0025">Figs&#46; 5 and 6</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Monilethrix is a rare hereditary condition characterized by abnormalities in the hair shaft&#44; which may have an autosomal dominant &#40;mutations in the KRT81&#44; KRT83 and KRT86 genes associated with trichokeratins&#41; or autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance &#40;mutation in the desmoglein 4 gene with malformation of the hair shaft desmosomes&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The term moniletrix comes from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">monile</span> &#40;necklace&#44; in Latin&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">thrix</span> &#40;hair&#44; in Greek&#41;&#46; In this condition&#44; the hair shaft is characterized by periodic narrowing at regular intervals&#44; giving the hair the appearance of beads in a rosary&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The wide or nodular part of the hair corresponds to the normal thickness of the shaft containing the medulla and the internodal narrowing corresponds to the anomaly&#44; with the absence of the medulla being the cause of the shaft thinning&#46; The nodules are elliptical&#44; separated by 0&#46;7 to 1&#46;0&#160;mm intervals showing normal thickness or a slightly lower than the normal shaft diameter&#46; Fragility and fractures can be observed at the constriction points&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is considerable variation in the clinical expressiveness and there is usually intrafamilial variability&#46; The disease can range from an almost normal scalp&#44; with few alterations&#44; to total alopecia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The milder forms can go unnoticed&#44; with few affected hairs&#46; In severe cases&#44; secondary sexual hairs&#44; as well as eyebrows and eyelashes may be compromised&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Hair alterations can occur alone or are associated with keratosis pilaris&#44; syndactyly&#44; cataracts&#44; dental and nail abnormalities&#44; and can determine cicatricial alopecia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Families that were investigated for monilethrix show there is no correlation between the disease genotype and the phenotype&#46; This means the same mutation can be expressed with different degrees of severity and it raises the question of whether there are other factors influencing this mutation&#44; including environmental and other non-genetic factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> At birth&#44; the hair looks normal&#59; however&#44; it is progressively replaced by hair shafts with alterations&#44; becoming fragile and brittle within the first months of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Diffuse hypotrichosis occurs&#44; which sometimes is very severe&#46; There is a greater number of abnormal hair shafts in the temporal and occipital regions&#44; in comparison with the rest of the scalp&#44; as they are areas that are more exposed to friction&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In the most severe cases&#44; hairs can be extremely short due to fractures that occur soon after follicle eminence or even inside the follicular ostium&#46; Fractured shafts can rupture the outer root sheath and cause foreign body granulomas&#44; clinically corresponding to erythematous papules or follicular hyperkeratosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Trichoscopy shows regular variations in the hair shaft diameter&#44; with elliptical dilations &#40;nodes&#41; and constrictions &#40;internodes&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no definitive treatment for moniletrix&#46; Case reports have shown improvement with topical use of 2&#37; Minoxidil and systemic biotin&#44; N-acetyl cysteine&#44; corticosteroids&#44; acitretin&#44; oral contraceptives&#44; and griseofulvin&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> Spontaneous improvement can occur with age&#46; The most important is to inform parents and patients about heredity&#44; the evolution of the condition&#44; prognosis&#44; and how to prevent trauma to the hair shafts&#46; Patients should be advised to gently handle hair as little as necessary&#44; abuse of conditioning agents during washing and after it&#44; using leave-in products&#44; in addition to being careful when using hair ornaments and adornments that might cause traction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Financial support</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Daniela Antoniali&#58; Conception and planning of the studied case&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied case&#59; review of the literature&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Andrezza Telles Westin&#58; Drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied case&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fernanda Andr&#233; Martins Cruz&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied case&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jo&#227;o Carlos Lopes Sim&#227;o&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and &#47; or therapeutic conduct of the studied case&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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