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it spreads with the formation of plaques&#44; usually non-ulcerated nodules and not affecting the mucosa&#44; characterizing the best-known picture of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leishmania &#40;L&#41; amazonensis</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Its treatment represents a challenge due to constant recurrences&#44; but the knowledge related to its treatment is limited to clinical cases&#46; Initially&#44; it was performed with conventional monotherapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> More recently&#44; the time of treatment with monotherapy has been prolonged and a combination of drugs has also been used&#44; both with failure reports&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> This is the report of a case of DCL diagnosed early and successfully treated with N-methyl glucamine antimoniate &#40;NMG&#41; associated with allopurinol&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 65-year-old male patient&#44; born in the state of Minas Gerais&#44; had an erythematous plaque measuring 4&#160;&#215;&#160;2&#160;cm on the dorsum of the nose &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; which had appeared 2 months after going fishing in the state of Amazonas&#46; The smear showed abundant parasites&#44; fast-growing culture&#44; and the identification of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; amazonensis</span> &#40;RFLP-ITS1PCR&#41;&#46; Montenegro&#39;s intradermoreaction and indirect immunofluorescence were negative&#46; Histopathological analysis showed an abundance of vacuolated macrophages full of leishmania and lymphocyte scarcity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> assay of the patient&#39;s peripheral blood showed decrease and exhaustion of the host&#8217;s cell immune response to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; amazonensis</span> antigen&#44; detected by flow cytometry&#46; After 3 months of evolution&#44; the patient was initially treated with NMG 20&#160;mgSbV&#47;kg&#47;day for 20 days without improvement&#46; Soon&#44; the antimony was reintroduced associated with 1&#44;200&#160;mg of allopurinol&#47;day for 2 months &#40;cumulative dose of 44&#44;625 mgSbV&#41; and the lesion regressed to mild infiltration at the time when the antimony was suspended while allopurinol was maintained for 29 months with gradual dose reductions&#46; Thirty months after the end of the treatment&#44; the patient had only a dyschromic atrophic scar &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both the diagnosis and treatment were early&#46; The time-to-cure ratio in American tegumentary leishmaniasis &#40;ATL&#41; is believed to be inversely proportional&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In DCL cases&#44; there seems to be a PD-L1-mediated T lymphocyte depletion leading to low cytotoxicity and low IFNy production in response to the leishmania antigen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> On the other hand&#44; the antimony destroys the parasites through direct action and indirectly increases the phagocytosis of monocytes and neutrophils and the superoxide anion&#46; Allopurinol&#44; in turn&#44; is a leishmanicidal and immunomodulator&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The strategy to improve the effectiveness of antimony using an immunomodulator is promising&#44; according to some researchers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Also&#44; targeted therapy involving the PD-1&#47;PDL-1 pathway was effective in reducing the parasite load in a murine model and constitutes a hopeful strategy after the failure of traditional drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Finally&#44; it is worth asking to what extent&#44; the early and prolonged treatment may have influenced the therapeutic outcome of this case of DCL and whether they may indicate perspectives for a successful future treatment&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Financial support</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">FUNADERM &#40;Notic</span>e 2016&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0010">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa &#8211; Distrito Federal &#8211; FAP-DF</span>&#40;Project N&#46; 0193&#46;001447&#47;2016&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Raimunda Nonata Ribeiro Sampaio&#58; Conception and design&#59; analysis and interpretation of the data&#59; writing&#59; critical review and final review&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marina Freitas Ferreira&#58; Collection of clinical data from the medical records&#59; literature review&#59; interpretation&#59; first draft&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sofia Sales Martins&#58; Laboratory data collection&#59; data interpretation and review&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jorgeth de Oliveira Carneiro da Motta&#58; Data collection and clinical follow-up&#59; analysis&#59; interpretation and review of data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Tropical/Infectoparasitary Dermatology
Successful treatment of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania amazonensis
Raimunda Nonata Ribeiro Sampaio
Corresponding author
rnrsampaio@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Marina Freitas Ferreira, Sofia Sales Martins, Jorgeth de Oliveira Carneiro da Motta
Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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it spreads with the formation of plaques&#44; usually non-ulcerated nodules and not affecting the mucosa&#44; characterizing the best-known picture of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leishmania &#40;L&#41; amazonensis</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Its treatment represents a challenge due to constant recurrences&#44; but the knowledge related to its treatment is limited to clinical cases&#46; Initially&#44; it was performed with conventional monotherapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> More recently&#44; the time of treatment with monotherapy has been prolonged and a combination of drugs has also been used&#44; both with failure reports&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> This is the report of a case of DCL diagnosed early and successfully treated with N-methyl glucamine antimoniate &#40;NMG&#41; associated with allopurinol&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 65-year-old male patient&#44; born in the state of Minas Gerais&#44; had an erythematous plaque measuring 4&#160;&#215;&#160;2&#160;cm on the dorsum of the nose &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; which had appeared 2 months after going fishing in the state of Amazonas&#46; The smear showed abundant parasites&#44; fast-growing culture&#44; and the identification of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; amazonensis</span> &#40;RFLP-ITS1PCR&#41;&#46; Montenegro&#39;s intradermoreaction and indirect immunofluorescence were negative&#46; Histopathological analysis showed an abundance of vacuolated macrophages full of leishmania and lymphocyte scarcity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> assay of the patient&#39;s peripheral blood showed decrease and exhaustion of the host&#8217;s cell immune response to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; amazonensis</span> antigen&#44; detected by flow cytometry&#46; After 3 months of evolution&#44; the patient was initially treated with NMG 20&#160;mgSbV&#47;kg&#47;day for 20 days without improvement&#46; Soon&#44; the antimony was reintroduced associated with 1&#44;200&#160;mg of allopurinol&#47;day for 2 months &#40;cumulative dose of 44&#44;625 mgSbV&#41; and the lesion regressed to mild infiltration at the time when the antimony was suspended while allopurinol was maintained for 29 months with gradual dose reductions&#46; Thirty months after the end of the treatment&#44; the patient had only a dyschromic atrophic scar &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both the diagnosis and treatment were early&#46; The time-to-cure ratio in American tegumentary leishmaniasis &#40;ATL&#41; is believed to be inversely proportional&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In DCL cases&#44; there seems to be a PD-L1-mediated T lymphocyte depletion leading to low cytotoxicity and low IFNy production in response to the leishmania antigen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> On the other hand&#44; the antimony destroys the parasites through direct action and indirectly increases the phagocytosis of monocytes and neutrophils and the superoxide anion&#46; Allopurinol&#44; in turn&#44; is a leishmanicidal and immunomodulator&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The strategy to improve the effectiveness of antimony using an immunomodulator is promising&#44; according to some researchers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Also&#44; targeted therapy involving the PD-1&#47;PDL-1 pathway was effective in reducing the parasite load in a murine model and constitutes a hopeful strategy after the failure of traditional drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Finally&#44; it is worth asking to what extent&#44; the early and prolonged treatment may have influenced the therapeutic outcome of this case of DCL and whether they may indicate perspectives for a successful future treatment&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Financial support</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">FUNADERM &#40;Notic</span>e 2016&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0010">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa &#8211; Distrito Federal &#8211; FAP-DF</span>&#40;Project N&#46; 0193&#46;001447&#47;2016&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Raimunda Nonata Ribeiro Sampaio&#58; Conception and design&#59; analysis and interpretation of the data&#59; writing&#59; critical review and final review&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marina Freitas Ferreira&#58; Collection of clinical data from the medical records&#59; literature review&#59; interpretation&#59; first draft&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sofia Sales Martins&#58; Laboratory data collection&#59; data interpretation and review&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jorgeth de Oliveira Carneiro da Motta&#58; Data collection and clinical follow-up&#59; analysis&#59; interpretation and review of data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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