Case Report
Cutaneous smooth muscle tumors associated with Epstein-Barr virus in an adult patient with HIV
Estefania Galeano-Piedrahita
, Ana Maria Maya Rico, Ana Cristina Ruiz Suárez, Andrea Laverde Walter
Corresponding author
Dermatology Service, CES University, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Estefania Galeano-Piedrahita, Ana Maria Maya Rico, Ana Cristina Ruiz Suárez, Andrea Laverde Walter" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Estefania" "apellidos" => "Galeano-Piedrahita" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "estefaniadermatologia@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana Maria Maya" "apellidos" => "Rico" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana Cristina Ruiz" "apellidos" => "Suárez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Andrea Laverde" "apellidos" => "Walter" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Dermatology Service, CES University, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1141 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 358261 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Subcutaneous nodule. (A and B), well circumscribed nodular formation formed by spindle cell bundles with minimal atypia and few mitotic figures (Hematoxylin & eosin ×100 and ×400, respectively). (C and D), SMA and H-caldesmon positive immunohistochemistry, respectively.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated smooth muscle tumors are a rare neoplasm associated with immunosuppression.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Their relationship with EBV has been studied extensively for more than 20 years and they have been documented in both pediatric and adult patients, with a slight female predominance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> Skin manifestations are uncommon and have been related to patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The following report describes a confirmed case of a patient with HIV and presence of multifocal cutaneous and epidural smooth muscle neoplasms.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">40-year-old male patient with a diagnosis of HIV infection since 2006 in low-adherence antiretroviral therapy, who presents a two-year history of the appearance of four painful, slow-growing lesions in the limbs and abdomen, associated with low back pain. The physical examination showed well defined subcutaneous nodules, mobile, of a rubbery consistency and very painful, located in the left forearm (1 × 1.5 cm), abdomen (0.5 × 0.5 cm), left thigh (1 × 0.5 cm), and one of larger size and linear shape on the dorsum of the right hand (2 × 1 cm) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Within the relevant laboratory, 2,200 leukocytes, 920 lymphocytes, with CD4 of 6 cells/mcL and a viral load of 36,600 copies are reported. In the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the contrasted spine, an extensive epidural infiltration with foraminal involvement of T4-T5, T7, T11, and T12 with compression and displacement of the spinal cord is evident (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). A biopsy of one of the skin lesions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>) and of the epidural mass (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>) were taken with findings similar to histology, finding a positive fusocellular neoplasm for H-caldesmon and smooth muscle actin (SMA) a diagnosis of smooth muscle tumor. Subsequently, an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span> hybridization study was performed for the detection of the Epstein-Barr virus encoding region (EBER), which was positive (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relationship between smooth muscle tumors and immunosuppression was first documented in 1970 by Pritzker et al., and it was only in1995 that their link to EBV was identified.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,5</span></a> This association has been established in post-transplanted patients, with primary immunodeficiencies and HIV, mainly in those with CD4 less than 200 cells/mcL.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The majority present multifocal compromise, as in the case of the current patient, with a predominance in the spinal cord, epidural space, gastrointestinal tract and liver, upper respiratory tract, and skin, the latter organ having few cases reported in the literature and none in Colombia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3,4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although its pathogenesis is poorly understood, it has been suggested that EBV infects smooth muscle cells directly by adhering to CD21 facilitating the replication of these cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Other theories are based on the overexpression of the proto-oncogene MYC and the activation of the AkT/m TOR pathway triggered by the LMP2A protein, which promotes cell proliferation and tumor formation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis is made based on physical examination, radiology, and findings in the histological and immunohistochemical study; it is confirmed with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span> hybridization study for the detection of the Epstein-Barr virus, as was done in the representative case.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The presence of these lesions in the central nervous system has been associated with a worse prognosis; regarding treatment, there are some case reports of reversal of the neoplasms with the improvement of immunosuppression, surgical resection for isolated lesions have been published, and the use of radiotherapy and chemotherapy such as sirolimus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> However, most reports are in patients without HIV infection and the results have not been completely satisfactory.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,10</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Financial support</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Authors’ contributions</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estefania Galeano-Piedrahita: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; study conception and planning; preparation and writing of the manuscript; data collection, analysis, and interpretation; effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of studied cases; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ana Maria Maya Rico: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; study conception and planning; preparation and writing of the manuscript; data collection, analysis, and interpretation; effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of studied cases; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ana Cristina Ruiz Suárez: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; study conception and planning; preparation and writing of the manuscript; data collection, analysis, and interpretation; effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of studied cases; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Andrea Laverde Walter: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; study conception and planning; preparation and writing of the manuscript; data collection, analysis, and interpretation; effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of studied cases; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1505254" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1366010" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Case report" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Financial support" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Authors’ contributions" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-03-02" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-06-21" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1366010" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Epstein-Barr virus infections" 1 => "HIV" 2 => "Skin manifestations" 3 => "Smooth muscle tumor" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Epstein Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors are an uncommon neoplasm that occurs in immunosuppressed patients of any age. Usually, it presents as multifocal tumors mainly in the spinal cord, epidural region, gastrointestinal tract and liver, upper respiratory tract and skin, the latest with few cases reported in the literature and related with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The authors present the first case of a Colombian adult patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection and multifocal Epstein Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors in the skin and epidural region, confirmed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">How to cite this article: Galeano-Piedrahita E, Rico AMM, Suárez ACR, Walter AL. Cutaneous smooth muscle tumors associated with Epstein Barr virus in an adult patient with HIV. An Bras Dermatol. 2021;96:184–7.</p>" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Study conducted at the CES University, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 636 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 53772 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Linear subcutaneous nodule on the dorsum of the right hand.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 987 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 57390 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nuclear magnetic resonance of the spine with epidural infiltration and foraminal involvement of T11 and T12, with compression and displacement of the spinal cord.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1141 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 358261 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Subcutaneous nodule. (A and B), well circumscribed nodular formation formed by spindle cell bundles with minimal atypia and few mitotic figures (Hematoxylin & eosin ×100 and ×400, respectively). (C and D), SMA and H-caldesmon positive immunohistochemistry, respectively.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1147 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 334383 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Epidural lesion. (A and B), confused lesion by spindle cell bundles with low atypia (Hematoxylin & eosin ×100 and ×400, respectively). (C and D), SMA and H-caldesmon positive immunohistochemistry, respectively.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 672 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 186534 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0025" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">In situ</span> hybridization study for detection of Epstein-Barr virus.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumor" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 21 | 11 | 32 |
| 2024 October | 126 | 88 | 214 |
| 2024 September | 179 | 83 | 262 |
| 2024 August | 186 | 119 | 305 |
| 2024 July | 154 | 106 | 260 |
| 2024 June | 120 | 94 | 214 |
| 2024 May | 95 | 67 | 162 |
| 2024 April | 120 | 99 | 219 |
| 2024 March | 107 | 74 | 181 |
| 2024 February | 99 | 99 | 198 |
| 2024 January | 61 | 43 | 104 |
| 2023 December | 62 | 62 | 124 |
| 2023 November | 80 | 80 | 160 |
| 2023 October | 68 | 74 | 142 |
| 2023 September | 63 | 66 | 129 |
| 2023 August | 63 | 38 | 101 |
| 2023 July | 72 | 82 | 154 |
| 2023 June | 79 | 36 | 115 |
| 2023 May | 62 | 20 | 82 |
| 2023 April | 43 | 20 | 63 |
| 2023 March | 73 | 43 | 116 |
| 2023 February | 48 | 30 | 78 |
| 2023 January | 39 | 44 | 83 |
| 2022 December | 48 | 22 | 70 |
| 2022 November | 54 | 53 | 107 |
| 2022 October | 122 | 72 | 194 |
| 2022 September | 45 | 74 | 119 |
| 2022 August | 44 | 49 | 93 |
| 2022 July | 36 | 58 | 94 |
| 2022 June | 49 | 67 | 116 |
| 2022 May | 33 | 61 | 94 |
| 2022 April | 48 | 52 | 100 |
| 2022 March | 45 | 66 | 111 |
| 2022 February | 28 | 40 | 68 |
| 2022 January | 66 | 82 | 148 |
| 2021 December | 35 | 56 | 91 |
| 2021 November | 40 | 72 | 112 |
| 2021 October | 54 | 70 | 124 |
| 2021 September | 40 | 83 | 123 |
| 2021 August | 51 | 68 | 119 |
| 2021 July | 44 | 62 | 106 |
| 2021 June | 87 | 77 | 164 |
| 2021 May | 153 | 99 | 252 |
| 2021 April | 425 | 307 | 732 |
| 2021 March | 86 | 41 | 127 |
| 2021 February | 7 | 8 | 15 |
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