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they infiltrate the skin in healing processes and in several conditions&#44; such as viral infections&#44; inflammatory&#44; autoimmune&#44; and neoplastic diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> Review of the literature regarding the presence of pDCs and dermatologic diseases are below described&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Cutaneous lupus erythematosus</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In lupus erythematosus &#40;LE&#41;&#44; pDCs are the main producers of IFN-&#945;&#46; Circulating pDCs are known to be reduced in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41;&#44; since they migrate and infiltrate target tissues&#44; such as the skin&#46; Several studies have shown large amounts of IFN-&#945; producing pDCs in chronic discoid lupus lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tomasini et al&#46; found differences in pDCs&#39; distribution among different types of lupus&#58; superficial expression in skin specimens of subacute lupus and discoid lupus&#44; and distribution around deep vessels in cases of tumid lupus and multicentric reticulohistiocytosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> They also found a positive relation between intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate and amount of pDCs&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additionally&#44; the number of pDCs in LE and dermatomyositis &#40;DM&#41; lesions directly correlated with the expression of myxovirusresistance protein &#40;MxA&#41;&#44; a protein induced by IFN-&#945;&#47;&#946;&#44; suggesting that pDCs are an important IFN-&#945; source in such diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;14&#44;15</span></a> McNiff et al&#46; verified that pDCs were preferably detected at the epidermis in patients with dermatomyositis when compared to patients with lupus&#44; where the location was mainly in the dermis&#44; suggesting that in LE circulating immune complexes migrate through the vessels before skin deposition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Lichen planus</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vries et al&#46; observed abundant CD123&#43; pDCs in lichen planus &#40;LP&#41; skin fragments&#44; arranged the band-like lymphocytic infiltrate at the dermo-epidermal junction&#46; In addition&#44; they demonstrated replication of herpes virus 7 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells in active LP lesions&#44; followed by its decrease in clinical remission&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wang et al&#46; described increased plasmacytoid dendritic cells infiltration in oral LP&#44; proposing them as mediators of the innate immune response in this disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Lichen striatus</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Badr et al&#46; found pDCs in the inflammatory infiltrate of lichen striatus &#40;LS&#41;&#44; suggesting that these cells play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease&#46; Additionally&#44; there is a perieccrine distribution of pDCs in LS&#44; which may be a useful criterium to histologically differentiate LS from LP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Atopic dermatitis</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with atopic dermatitis &#40;AD&#41;&#44; there was an increase in circulating pDCs in comparison to controls&#59; moreover&#44; recruitment of pDCs in AD lesions was much lower than the amount found in other dermatoses&#44; such as LE and psoriasis&#46; The poor recruitment of pDCs&#44; resulting in reduced production of type 1 IFN in AD lesions&#44; could explain enhanced susceptibility of patients with AD to viral infections&#44; such as herpes simplex or poxvirus infections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Polymorphic light eruption</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rossi et al&#46;&#44; in contrast to previous studies&#44; demonstrated significant increase of dermal pDCs in patients with polymorphic light eruption when compared to healthy controls&#44; probably due to the photo provocation testing&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Psoriasis</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nestle et al&#46; found large amounts of pDCs in the dermal T-lymphocyte infiltrate of psoriatic plaques&#44; absent in the skin of healthy donors and AD patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Additionally&#44; pDCs were also found in the skin adjacent to the plaques&#44; even without apparent lesions&#46; They also demonstrated reduction in pDCs in the peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis when compared to healthy individuals&#44; suggesting that the accumulation of pDCs in the skin of patients with psoriasis occurs due to the redistribution pDCs from the blood to the skin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> In animal models&#44; the authors demonstrated production of IFN-&#945; by pDCs in the injured skin&#44; and its influence on the</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another study in psoriasis showed that heliotherapy provided not only clinical improvement&#44; but also reduction of pDCs number and expression of MxA&#44; a marker for IFN-&#945; in lesional skin&#44; strengthening the role of pDCs in psoriasis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chemerin is a chemotactic factor for serum pDCs&#46; Albanesi et al&#46; demonstrated a strong expression of chemerin and the presence of pDCs in the dermis of skin adjacent to psoriatic lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> There was a low expression of chemerin and few pDCs in chronic psoriatic plaques&#44; suggesting that the expression of chemerin occurs in the early stages of psoriasis lesions and is temporally correlated with the presence of pDCs&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Pityriasis lichenoides</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathophysiology of pityriasis lichenoides &#40;PL&#41; is not fully understood&#46; MxA expression was demonstrated in PL lesions&#44; establishing local production of type 1 IFN&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Karouni et al&#46; demonstrated the presence of pDCs in the skin of PL patients in both forms&#44; pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta &#40;PLEVA&#41; and pityriasis lichenoides chronica &#40;PLC&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Furthermore&#44; they found intense and diffuse expression of MxA&#44; demonstrating its activation and production of type 1 IFN&#46; The authors suggest that viral infections&#44; autoantigens&#44; trauma&#44; antigens against drugs and tumors &#8211; previously associated with cases of PL &#8211; could also contribute to the recruitment and activation of pDCs&#44; as demonstrated in other interface dermatitis&#44; such as LP&#44; LS&#44; LE&#44; and DM&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Graft vs&#46; host disease</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malard et al&#46; showed the presence of pDCs in skin fragments of patients with acute graft-versus-host disease &#40;GVHD&#41;&#44; as well as a strong expression of MxA&#44; signaling local production of type 1 IFN&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Previously&#44; the same group reported a reduction in serum levels of pDCs in patients with acute GVHD&#44; suggesting pDCs&#39; infiltration into the GVHD target tissues&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a> However&#44; the presence of CD123&#43; cells in the oral mucosa of patients with chronic GVHD was not superior when compared to controls in the study carried out by Botari et al&#46;&#44; which suggests an early participation of pDCs in GVHD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Warts</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The demonstration of the presence of activated pDCs in inflamed viral warts was based on the intense expression of MxA&#44; contrary to the data by Tomasini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;33</span></a> The opposite results may be related to the different histological criteria for inflamed warts used by the two groups&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tassone et al&#46; evaluated patients with WHIM syndrome &#40;warts&#44; hypogammaglobulinemia&#44; infections&#44; and myelokathexis&#41;&#44; who have refractory warts&#59; the authors pointed out reduction in pDCs in peripheral blood and in skin lesions&#44; and absence of type 1 IFN production&#44; assessed through the expression of MxA&#44; suggesting inability of antiviral activity of pDCs <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">via</span> TLR9&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Fungal diseases</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pagliari et al&#46; evaluated the role of pDCs in three deep mycoses &#40;chromoblastomycosis &#91;CBM&#93;&#44; lobomycosis&#44; and paracoccidioidomycosis &#91;PCM&#93;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> pDCs were found in 37&#37; of the skin fragments of patients with CBM and in 50&#37; of specimens of patients with PCM&#44; but were absent in patients with lobomycosis&#46; The authors hypothesize that pDCs would be a secondary source of cytokines&#44; relevant to antifungal activity in cases of CBM and PCM&#46; In lobomycosis&#44; the absence of pDCs implies that such are not involved in the antifungal immune response&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Leprosy</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Massone et al&#46; described the absence of CD123 expression in skin biopsy fragments of leprosy patients&#44; except for focal expression in two cases of erythema nodosum leprosum&#44; implying in noninvolvementof pDCs in the immune response against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium leprae&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> Hirai et al&#46;&#44; on the other hand&#44; found pDCs in the inflammatory infiltrate and around the vessels in the skin of leprosy patients&#44; emphasizing enhanced number of pDCs in tuberculoid leprosy&#44; when compared to lepromatous leprosy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Skin tumors</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of pDCs in skin tumors has been evaluated by several authors&#46; Abbas et al&#46; identified the presence of pDCs in 100&#37; of cases of keratoacanthoma &#40;KC&#41; and 90&#37; of squamous cell carcinoma &#40;SCC&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> In KC&#44; pDCs were more abundant&#44; representing a greater proportion of the inflammatory infiltrate&#44; with greater activity&#44; suggesting a possible role of pDCS in the pathogenesis of KC regression&#46; Recently&#44; Fraga et al&#46; corroborated the abundant presence of pDCs in both KC and SCC&#44; without significant differences&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Imiquimod&#44; a selective TLR7 agonist <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">via</span> transcription factor NF-kB activation and production of inflammatory cytokines&#44; such as type 1 IFN&#44; is used as treatment for some skin tumors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> Basal cell carcinomas &#40;BCCs&#41; treated with imiquimod showed activated pDCs producing IFN-&#945; in the peritumoral infiltrate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> Subsequently&#44; Ogawa et al&#46; demonstrated correlation between the amount of pDCs recruited in actinic keratosis &#40;AK&#41; lesions and the therapeutic effect of imiquimod in these cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of pDCs has also been described in melanoma&#44; mainly located around the vessels and close to tumor cells&#44; both in primary cases and in metastases&#46; However&#44; these pDCs are not activated&#44; there is a lack of TLR7 and TLR9 signaling in the tumor environment&#44; there is no production of type 1 IFN&#44; and they have been associated with tumor growth&#46; In contrast&#44; regressive melanomas have activated pDCs&#44; indicating possible antitumor activity&#46; Treatment of skin tumors &#40;AK&#44; superficial BCC&#44; Bowen&#39;s disease and even lentigo maligna melanoma&#41; with imiquimod &#40;TLR7 and TLR9 agonist&#41; activates the pDCs to produce type 1 IFN&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Similarly&#44; Karouni et al&#46; described that pDCs are present in 90&#37; of cases of Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma &#40;KS&#41;&#44; with reduced MxA expression&#44; indicating suppression by Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus &#40;KSHV&#41;&#44; through viral proteins that would inhibit the signaling pathways of pDCs activation&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Main findings of pDCs in skin diseases are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conclusions</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is currently known that pDCs are the link between innate and adaptive immunity&#46; These cells are not skin residents&#44; and therefore their presence in the skin suggest a role &#40;either central or adjuvant&#41; in inflammatory&#44; autoimmune&#44; neoplastic and infectious processes&#46; More studies are needed regarding such cells&#44;which may lead to novel therapeutic targets&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Financial support</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was financed by <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">FUNADERSP</span> &#40;Dermatology Support Fund of the State of S&#227;o Paulo-Sebasti&#227;o Sampaio&#41; &#8211; Project <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0005">52-2017</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Natasha Favoretto Dias de Oliveira&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; design and planning of the study&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; critical review of the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Claudia Giuli Santi&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; design and planning of the study&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Celina Wakisaka Maruta&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; design and planning of the study&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Valeria Aoki&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; design and planning of the study&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are part of the dendritic cells family and are a relevant link between innate and adaptive immunity&#46; They are the most potent producers of type 1 interferon&#44; generating antiviral response&#44; stimulating macrophages and dendritic cells and inducing activation and migration of natural killer cells&#46; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells also exert a role as antigen-presenting cells&#44; promote T-lymphocyte responses&#44; immunoregulation&#44; plasma cells differentiation and antibody secretion&#46; Even though plasmacytoid dendritic cells are not usually present in normal skin&#44; their presence is detected in healing processes&#44; viral infections&#44; and inflammatory&#44; autoimmune&#44; and neoplastic diseases&#46; In recent years&#44; the presence of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in several dermatological diseases has been described&#44; enhancing their potential role in the pathogenesis of such conditions&#46; Future studies on the role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in dermatology may lead to new therapeutic targets&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Plasmacytoid dendritic cells &#40;pDCs&#41;&#58; relevant link between innate and adaptive immunity&#46; Adapted from Mitchell et al&#46;&#44; 2018 and Swiecki et al&#46;&#44; 2015&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> pDC&#44; plasmacytoid dendritic cell&#59; MHC&#44; major histocompatibility complex&#59; CD&#44; cluster of differentiation&#59; Treg&#44; T-regulatory lymphocyte&#59; TH&#44; T-helper lymphocyte&#59; TGF-&#946;&#44; transforming growth factor beta&#59; IL&#44; interleukin&#59; IDO&#44; indoleamine-2&#44;3-dioxygenase&#59; ICOSL&#44; inducible costimulator ligand&#59; TRAIL&#44; tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand&#59; IFN-&#945;&#44; interferon alpha&#59; BAFF&#44; B cell-activating factor of the TNF family&#59; APRIL&#44; a proliferation-inducing ligand&#59; NK&#44; natural killer&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">pDCs&#44; plasmacytoid dendritic cells&#59; SLE&#44; systemic lupus erythematosus&#59; DL&#44; discoid lupus&#59; SAL&#44; subacute lupus&#59; TL&#44; tumid lupus&#59; MRH&#44; multicentric reticulohistiocytosis&#59; DM&#44; dermatomyositis&#59; AD&#44; atopic dermatitis&#59; PLE&#44; polymorphic light eruption&#59; PL&#44; pityriasis lichenoides&#59; PLEVA&#44; pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta&#59; PLC&#44; pityriasis lichenoides chronica&#59; GVHD&#44; graft <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; host disease&#59; WHIM&#44; warts&#44; hypogammaglobulinemia&#44; infections&#44; and myelokathexis&#59; CBM&#44; chromoblastomycosis&#59; PCM&#44; paracoccidioidomycosis&#59; SCC&#44; squamous cell carcinoma&#59; AK&#44; actinic keratosis&#59; BCC&#44; basal cell carcinoma&#59; KS&#44; Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma&#59; KSHV&#44; Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dermatological diseases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">pDCs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lupus erythematosus</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLE&#58; reduced circulating pDCs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;11&#8211;13</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DL&#58; large amounts of IFN-&#945; producing pDCs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;11&#8211;13</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SAL&#44; DL&#58; superficial distribution<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TL&#44; MHR&#58; distribution around deep vessels<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pDCs localized preferably in the epidermis in patients with DM and in the dermis in cases of lupus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lichen planus</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pDCs arranged similarly to the band-like lymphocytic infiltrate at the dermo-epidermal junction<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pDCs increased in oral lichen planus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lichen striatus</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pDCs present in the inflammatoryinfiltrate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Perieccrine distribution of pDCs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Atopic dermatitis</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Increased circulating pDCs compared to controls&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lower recruitment of pDCs in AD lesions compared to other dermatoses&#44; such as lupus erythematosus and psoriasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Polymorphic light eruption</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Wackernagel et al&#46;&#58;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> absent pDCs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rossi et al&#46;&#58;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> increased pDCs in PLE lesions&#44; mainly dermal&#46; The authors attribute the difference to the methodology witch included of a photoprovocation testing&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Psoriasis</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pDCs present in the T lymphocyte infiltrate in the dermis of psoriatic plaques and in the perilesional skin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reduction of pDCs in the peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Heliotherapy&#58; reduction of pDCs amount and MxA expression<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Strong chemerin expression and presence of pDCs in the perilesional skin dermis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pityriasis lichenoides</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Strong MxA expression in PL lesions &#40;local production of type 1 IFN&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Presence of pDCs on the skin in all cases &#40;PLEVA and PLC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Graft <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> host disease</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Presence of pDCs in skin fragments of patients with acute GVHD&#44; strong expression of MxA&#44; signaling local production of type 1 IFN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reduction of serum pDCs in patients with acute GVHD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Presence of CD123&#43; cells in the oral mucosa of patients with chronic GVHD was not superior<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Warts</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Saadeh et al&#46;&#58;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> activated pDCs in inflamed viral warts&#44; contrary to what was found by Tomasini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> &#40;possible differences in histologic criteria for inflamed warts&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reduction in pDCs in peripheral blood and in skin lesions&#44; absence of type 1 IFN production &#40;MxA without expression&#41; in patients with WHIM syndrome<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fungal diseases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pDCs found in 37&#37; of the skin fragments of patients with CBM and in 50&#37; of the specimens from patients with PCM&#44; but absent in cases of lobomycosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Leprosy</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Massone et al&#46;&#58;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> absence of CD123 expression&#44; except for focal expression in two cases of erythema nodosum leprosum&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hirai et al&#46;&#58;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> pDCs in the inflammatory infiltrate and around the vessels&#46; Higher number of pDCs in tuberculoid cases compared to virchowian cases&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Skin tumors</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Keratoacanthoma&#58; presence of pDCs in 100&#37; of cases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SCC&#58; presence of pDCs in 90&#37; of cases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AK&#58; correlation between the amount of pDCs recruited in the lesions during treatment with imiquimod and the therapeutic effect of the drug<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">BCC&#58; presence of activated pDCs producing IFN-&#945; in the peritumoral infiltrate during treatment with imiquimod<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Melanoma&#58; pDCs arranged around the vessels and close to the tumor cells&#44; but not activated&#46; Presence associated with tumor growth&#46; pDCs activated in cases of regressive melanoma<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">KS&#58; pDCs present in 90&#37; of cases&#44; but reduced expression of MxA &#40;possible suppression of pDCs by KSHV&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Skin diseases and plasmacytoid dendritic cells &#40;pDCs&#41;&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
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            0 => array:3 [
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "&#91;Karyometric research on lymph node cells in man&#46; I&#46; Germinoblasts&#44; lymphoblasts &#38; lymphocytes&#93;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Lennert"
                            1 => "W&#46; Remmele"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Haematol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1958"
                        "volumen" => "19"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Plasmacytoid dendritic cells&#58; physiologic roles and pathologic states"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46;G&#46; Jegalian"
                            1 => "F&#46; Facchetti"
                            2 => "E&#46;S&#46; Jaffe"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/PAP.0b013e3181bb6bc2"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Adv Anat Pathol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "392"
                        "paginaFinal" => "404"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19851130"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Plasmacytoid dendritic cells&#58; an overview of their presence and distribution in different inflammatory skin diseases&#44; with special emphasis on Jessner&#8217;s lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin and cutaneous lupus erythematosus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "D&#46; Tomasini"
                            1 => "T&#46; Mentzel"
                            2 => "M&#46; Hantschke"
                            3 => "A&#46; Cerri"
                            4 => "B&#46; Paredes"
                            5 => "A&#46; R&#252;tten"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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Review
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in dermatology
Natasha Favoretto Dias de Oliveira
Corresponding author
natasha.favoretto@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Claudia Giuli Santi, Celina Wakisaka Maruta, Valeria Aoki
Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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            "apellidos" => "Dias de Oliveira"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "Claudia Giuli"
            "apellidos" => "Santi"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "Celina Wakisaka"
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            "nombre" => "Valeria"
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            "entidad" => "Department of Dermatology&#44; Faculty of Medicine&#44; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo&#44; S&#227;o Paulo&#44; SP&#44; Brazil"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Plasmacytoid dendritic cells &#40;pDCs&#41;&#58; relevant link between innate and adaptive immunity&#46; Adapted from Mitchell et al&#46;&#44; 2018 and Swiecki et al&#46;&#44; 2015&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> pDC&#44; plasmacytoid dendritic cell&#59; MHC&#44; major histocompatibility complex&#59; CD&#44; cluster of differentiation&#59; Treg&#44; T-regulatory lymphocyte&#59; TH&#44; T-helper lymphocyte&#59; TGF-&#946;&#44; transforming growth factor beta&#59; IL&#44; interleukin&#59; IDO&#44; indoleamine-2&#44;3-dioxygenase&#59; ICOSL&#44; inducible costimulator ligand&#59; TRAIL&#44; tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand&#59; IFN-&#945;&#44; interferon alpha&#59; BAFF&#44; B cell-activating factor of the TNF family&#59; APRIL&#44; a proliferation-inducing ligand&#59; NK&#44; natural killer&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Plasmacytoid dendritic cells &#40;pDCs&#41; are part of dendritic cells family and develop from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow&#46; Lennert and Remmele first mentioned this then new cell type in 1958&#44; detected in the paracortical region of reactive lymph nodes and named them lymphoblasts<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#59; since the late 1980s&#44; pDCs received several denominations over time &#40;plasmacytoid T-cells&#44; plasmacytoid monocytes&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Characteristically&#44; pDCs exhibit alpha chain receptor interleukin-3 &#40;CD123&#41; and blood derived dendritic cell antigen-2 &#40;BDCA-2 or CD303&#41;&#44; and are key mediators of innate immunity&#59; they are the most potent producers of type 1 interferon &#40;IFN&#41; &#40;IFN-a&#44; IFN-b&#44; IFN-l&#44; IFN-w&#44; and IFN-t&#41;&#44; secreting a thousand times more IFN-&#945; and IFN-&#946; than other cell types&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">pDCs are activated through Toll-like receptors &#40;TLRs&#41; 7 and 9&#44; starting a signal that induces the expression of multiple immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory molecules encoding genes&#44; such as IFN-&#945;&#46; TLR7 responds to single-stranded RNA &#40;rich in guanosine or uridine&#41; found in viruses &#40;as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus&#41;&#44; while TLR 9 detects single-stranded DNA molecules containing unmethylated CpG motifs &#40;CpG ODN&#41; commonly found in virus genome like herpes simplex &#40;HSV&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; pDCs detect viral infections through the recognition of viral nucleic acids and are important mediators of antiviral immunity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">pDCs are a relevant link between innate and adaptive immunity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; They produce type 1 IFN in response to viral infections&#44; promoting an antiviral state through IFN-stimulated genes expression and infected cells apoptosis&#46; In addition to IFN&#44; interleukin &#40;IL&#41;-12 and IL-18 activate natural killer &#40;NK&#41; cells&#44; leading to IFN-&#947; secretion and lysis of target cells&#46; IFN production by pDCs also induce macrophage and dendritic cells stimulation&#46; Through expression of major histocompatibility complexes &#40;MHC&#41; and co-stimulatory molecules &#40;as CD80&#44; CD86&#44; CD40&#41;&#44; pDCs promote adaptive immunity by acting as antigen-presenting cells for both CD4&#43; and CD8&#43; T-lymphocytes&#46; pDC expression of IDO &#40;indoleamine-2&#44;3-dioxygenase&#41; and ICOSL &#40;inducible costimulatory ligand&#41; lead to T-regulatory &#40;Treg&#41; response&#44; while pDCs production of TGF-&#946; and IL-6 promotes T-helper &#40;Th&#41; 17 commitment&#46; Production of IFN-I and IL-12 by the pDCs stimulates TCD8&#43; activity and polarization of TCD4&#43; cells into Th1&#46; pDCs production of IFN-I&#44; IL-6&#44; B cell-activating factor of the TNF family &#40;BAFF&#41;&#44; and a proliferation-inducing ligand &#40;APRIL&#41; lead to expansion and stimulation of antibody-producing plasma cells&#46; TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand &#40;TRAIL&#41; and granzyme B give pDCs the capacity to kill tumor cells&#44; induce apoptosis of infected TCD4&#43; cells&#44; and suppress T-cell proliferation&#46; In addition&#44; pDCs themselves stimulate plasmacytoid cells differentiation&#44; through type 1 IFN and IL-6&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;10</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">pDCs are not usually present in normal skin&#59; they infiltrate the skin in healing processes and in several conditions&#44; such as viral infections&#44; inflammatory&#44; autoimmune&#44; and neoplastic diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> Review of the literature regarding the presence of pDCs and dermatologic diseases are below described&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Cutaneous lupus erythematosus</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In lupus erythematosus &#40;LE&#41;&#44; pDCs are the main producers of IFN-&#945;&#46; Circulating pDCs are known to be reduced in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41;&#44; since they migrate and infiltrate target tissues&#44; such as the skin&#46; Several studies have shown large amounts of IFN-&#945; producing pDCs in chronic discoid lupus lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tomasini et al&#46; found differences in pDCs&#39; distribution among different types of lupus&#58; superficial expression in skin specimens of subacute lupus and discoid lupus&#44; and distribution around deep vessels in cases of tumid lupus and multicentric reticulohistiocytosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> They also found a positive relation between intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate and amount of pDCs&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additionally&#44; the number of pDCs in LE and dermatomyositis &#40;DM&#41; lesions directly correlated with the expression of myxovirusresistance protein &#40;MxA&#41;&#44; a protein induced by IFN-&#945;&#47;&#946;&#44; suggesting that pDCs are an important IFN-&#945; source in such diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;14&#44;15</span></a> McNiff et al&#46; verified that pDCs were preferably detected at the epidermis in patients with dermatomyositis when compared to patients with lupus&#44; where the location was mainly in the dermis&#44; suggesting that in LE circulating immune complexes migrate through the vessels before skin deposition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Lichen planus</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vries et al&#46; observed abundant CD123&#43; pDCs in lichen planus &#40;LP&#41; skin fragments&#44; arranged the band-like lymphocytic infiltrate at the dermo-epidermal junction&#46; In addition&#44; they demonstrated replication of herpes virus 7 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells in active LP lesions&#44; followed by its decrease in clinical remission&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wang et al&#46; described increased plasmacytoid dendritic cells infiltration in oral LP&#44; proposing them as mediators of the innate immune response in this disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Lichen striatus</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Badr et al&#46; found pDCs in the inflammatory infiltrate of lichen striatus &#40;LS&#41;&#44; suggesting that these cells play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease&#46; Additionally&#44; there is a perieccrine distribution of pDCs in LS&#44; which may be a useful criterium to histologically differentiate LS from LP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Atopic dermatitis</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with atopic dermatitis &#40;AD&#41;&#44; there was an increase in circulating pDCs in comparison to controls&#59; moreover&#44; recruitment of pDCs in AD lesions was much lower than the amount found in other dermatoses&#44; such as LE and psoriasis&#46; The poor recruitment of pDCs&#44; resulting in reduced production of type 1 IFN in AD lesions&#44; could explain enhanced susceptibility of patients with AD to viral infections&#44; such as herpes simplex or poxvirus infections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Polymorphic light eruption</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rossi et al&#46;&#44; in contrast to previous studies&#44; demonstrated significant increase of dermal pDCs in patients with polymorphic light eruption when compared to healthy controls&#44; probably due to the photo provocation testing&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Psoriasis</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nestle et al&#46; found large amounts of pDCs in the dermal T-lymphocyte infiltrate of psoriatic plaques&#44; absent in the skin of healthy donors and AD patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Additionally&#44; pDCs were also found in the skin adjacent to the plaques&#44; even without apparent lesions&#46; They also demonstrated reduction in pDCs in the peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis when compared to healthy individuals&#44; suggesting that the accumulation of pDCs in the skin of patients with psoriasis occurs due to the redistribution pDCs from the blood to the skin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> In animal models&#44; the authors demonstrated production of IFN-&#945; by pDCs in the injured skin&#44; and its influence on the</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another study in psoriasis showed that heliotherapy provided not only clinical improvement&#44; but also reduction of pDCs number and expression of MxA&#44; a marker for IFN-&#945; in lesional skin&#44; strengthening the role of pDCs in psoriasis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chemerin is a chemotactic factor for serum pDCs&#46; Albanesi et al&#46; demonstrated a strong expression of chemerin and the presence of pDCs in the dermis of skin adjacent to psoriatic lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> There was a low expression of chemerin and few pDCs in chronic psoriatic plaques&#44; suggesting that the expression of chemerin occurs in the early stages of psoriasis lesions and is temporally correlated with the presence of pDCs&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Pityriasis lichenoides</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathophysiology of pityriasis lichenoides &#40;PL&#41; is not fully understood&#46; MxA expression was demonstrated in PL lesions&#44; establishing local production of type 1 IFN&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Karouni et al&#46; demonstrated the presence of pDCs in the skin of PL patients in both forms&#44; pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta &#40;PLEVA&#41; and pityriasis lichenoides chronica &#40;PLC&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Furthermore&#44; they found intense and diffuse expression of MxA&#44; demonstrating its activation and production of type 1 IFN&#46; The authors suggest that viral infections&#44; autoantigens&#44; trauma&#44; antigens against drugs and tumors &#8211; previously associated with cases of PL &#8211; could also contribute to the recruitment and activation of pDCs&#44; as demonstrated in other interface dermatitis&#44; such as LP&#44; LS&#44; LE&#44; and DM&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Graft vs&#46; host disease</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malard et al&#46; showed the presence of pDCs in skin fragments of patients with acute graft-versus-host disease &#40;GVHD&#41;&#44; as well as a strong expression of MxA&#44; signaling local production of type 1 IFN&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Previously&#44; the same group reported a reduction in serum levels of pDCs in patients with acute GVHD&#44; suggesting pDCs&#39; infiltration into the GVHD target tissues&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a> However&#44; the presence of CD123&#43; cells in the oral mucosa of patients with chronic GVHD was not superior when compared to controls in the study carried out by Botari et al&#46;&#44; which suggests an early participation of pDCs in GVHD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Warts</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The demonstration of the presence of activated pDCs in inflamed viral warts was based on the intense expression of MxA&#44; contrary to the data by Tomasini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;33</span></a> The opposite results may be related to the different histological criteria for inflamed warts used by the two groups&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tassone et al&#46; evaluated patients with WHIM syndrome &#40;warts&#44; hypogammaglobulinemia&#44; infections&#44; and myelokathexis&#41;&#44; who have refractory warts&#59; the authors pointed out reduction in pDCs in peripheral blood and in skin lesions&#44; and absence of type 1 IFN production&#44; assessed through the expression of MxA&#44; suggesting inability of antiviral activity of pDCs <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">via</span> TLR9&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Fungal diseases</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pagliari et al&#46; evaluated the role of pDCs in three deep mycoses &#40;chromoblastomycosis &#91;CBM&#93;&#44; lobomycosis&#44; and paracoccidioidomycosis &#91;PCM&#93;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> pDCs were found in 37&#37; of the skin fragments of patients with CBM and in 50&#37; of specimens of patients with PCM&#44; but were absent in patients with lobomycosis&#46; The authors hypothesize that pDCs would be a secondary source of cytokines&#44; relevant to antifungal activity in cases of CBM and PCM&#46; In lobomycosis&#44; the absence of pDCs implies that such are not involved in the antifungal immune response&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Leprosy</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Massone et al&#46; described the absence of CD123 expression in skin biopsy fragments of leprosy patients&#44; except for focal expression in two cases of erythema nodosum leprosum&#44; implying in noninvolvementof pDCs in the immune response against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium leprae&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> Hirai et al&#46;&#44; on the other hand&#44; found pDCs in the inflammatory infiltrate and around the vessels in the skin of leprosy patients&#44; emphasizing enhanced number of pDCs in tuberculoid leprosy&#44; when compared to lepromatous leprosy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Skin tumors</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of pDCs in skin tumors has been evaluated by several authors&#46; Abbas et al&#46; identified the presence of pDCs in 100&#37; of cases of keratoacanthoma &#40;KC&#41; and 90&#37; of squamous cell carcinoma &#40;SCC&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> In KC&#44; pDCs were more abundant&#44; representing a greater proportion of the inflammatory infiltrate&#44; with greater activity&#44; suggesting a possible role of pDCS in the pathogenesis of KC regression&#46; Recently&#44; Fraga et al&#46; corroborated the abundant presence of pDCs in both KC and SCC&#44; without significant differences&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Imiquimod&#44; a selective TLR7 agonist <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">via</span> transcription factor NF-kB activation and production of inflammatory cytokines&#44; such as type 1 IFN&#44; is used as treatment for some skin tumors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> Basal cell carcinomas &#40;BCCs&#41; treated with imiquimod showed activated pDCs producing IFN-&#945; in the peritumoral infiltrate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> Subsequently&#44; Ogawa et al&#46; demonstrated correlation between the amount of pDCs recruited in actinic keratosis &#40;AK&#41; lesions and the therapeutic effect of imiquimod in these cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of pDCs has also been described in melanoma&#44; mainly located around the vessels and close to tumor cells&#44; both in primary cases and in metastases&#46; However&#44; these pDCs are not activated&#44; there is a lack of TLR7 and TLR9 signaling in the tumor environment&#44; there is no production of type 1 IFN&#44; and they have been associated with tumor growth&#46; In contrast&#44; regressive melanomas have activated pDCs&#44; indicating possible antitumor activity&#46; Treatment of skin tumors &#40;AK&#44; superficial BCC&#44; Bowen&#39;s disease and even lentigo maligna melanoma&#41; with imiquimod &#40;TLR7 and TLR9 agonist&#41; activates the pDCs to produce type 1 IFN&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Similarly&#44; Karouni et al&#46; described that pDCs are present in 90&#37; of cases of Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma &#40;KS&#41;&#44; with reduced MxA expression&#44; indicating suppression by Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus &#40;KSHV&#41;&#44; through viral proteins that would inhibit the signaling pathways of pDCs activation&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Main findings of pDCs in skin diseases are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conclusions</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is currently known that pDCs are the link between innate and adaptive immunity&#46; These cells are not skin residents&#44; and therefore their presence in the skin suggest a role &#40;either central or adjuvant&#41; in inflammatory&#44; autoimmune&#44; neoplastic and infectious processes&#46; More studies are needed regarding such cells&#44;which may lead to novel therapeutic targets&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Financial support</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was financed by <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">FUNADERSP</span> &#40;Dermatology Support Fund of the State of S&#227;o Paulo-Sebasti&#227;o Sampaio&#41; &#8211; Project <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0005">52-2017</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Natasha Favoretto Dias de Oliveira&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; design and planning of the study&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; critical review of the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Claudia Giuli Santi&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; design and planning of the study&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Celina Wakisaka Maruta&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; design and planning of the study&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Valeria Aoki&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; design and planning of the study&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Cutaneous lupus erythematosus"
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          "titulo" => "Lichen planus"
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          "titulo" => "Polymorphic light eruption"
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          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Skin tumors"
        ]
        15 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0070"
          "titulo" => "Conclusions"
        ]
        16 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0075"
          "titulo" => "Financial support"
        ]
        17 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0080"
          "titulo" => "Authors&#8217; contributions"
        ]
        18 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0085"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
        ]
        19 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-07-03"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2020-08-10"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1331600"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Adaptive immunity"
            1 => "Dendritic cells"
            2 => "Dermatological diseases"
            3 => "Dermatology"
            4 => "Innate immunity"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are part of the dendritic cells family and are a relevant link between innate and adaptive immunity&#46; They are the most potent producers of type 1 interferon&#44; generating antiviral response&#44; stimulating macrophages and dendritic cells and inducing activation and migration of natural killer cells&#46; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells also exert a role as antigen-presenting cells&#44; promote T-lymphocyte responses&#44; immunoregulation&#44; plasma cells differentiation and antibody secretion&#46; Even though plasmacytoid dendritic cells are not usually present in normal skin&#44; their presence is detected in healing processes&#44; viral infections&#44; and inflammatory&#44; autoimmune&#44; and neoplastic diseases&#46; In recent years&#44; the presence of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in several dermatological diseases has been described&#44; enhancing their potential role in the pathogenesis of such conditions&#46; Future studies on the role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in dermatology may lead to new therapeutic targets&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:2 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">How to cite this article&#58; Dias de Oliveira NF&#44; Santi CG&#44; Maruta CW&#44; Aoki V&#46; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in dermatology&#46; An Bras Dermatol&#46; 2021&#59;96&#58;76&#8211;81&#46;</p>"
      ]
      1 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Study conducted at the Department of Dermatology&#44;&#8239;Faculty of Medicine&#44;&#8239;Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo&#44; S&#227;o Paulo&#44; SP&#44; Brasil&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
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          0 => array:3 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Plasmacytoid dendritic cells &#40;pDCs&#41;&#58; relevant link between innate and adaptive immunity&#46; Adapted from Mitchell et al&#46;&#44; 2018 and Swiecki et al&#46;&#44; 2015&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> pDC&#44; plasmacytoid dendritic cell&#59; MHC&#44; major histocompatibility complex&#59; CD&#44; cluster of differentiation&#59; Treg&#44; T-regulatory lymphocyte&#59; TH&#44; T-helper lymphocyte&#59; TGF-&#946;&#44; transforming growth factor beta&#59; IL&#44; interleukin&#59; IDO&#44; indoleamine-2&#44;3-dioxygenase&#59; ICOSL&#44; inducible costimulator ligand&#59; TRAIL&#44; tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand&#59; IFN-&#945;&#44; interferon alpha&#59; BAFF&#44; B cell-activating factor of the TNF family&#59; APRIL&#44; a proliferation-inducing ligand&#59; NK&#44; natural killer&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0010"
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        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">pDCs&#44; plasmacytoid dendritic cells&#59; SLE&#44; systemic lupus erythematosus&#59; DL&#44; discoid lupus&#59; SAL&#44; subacute lupus&#59; TL&#44; tumid lupus&#59; MRH&#44; multicentric reticulohistiocytosis&#59; DM&#44; dermatomyositis&#59; AD&#44; atopic dermatitis&#59; PLE&#44; polymorphic light eruption&#59; PL&#44; pityriasis lichenoides&#59; PLEVA&#44; pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta&#59; PLC&#44; pityriasis lichenoides chronica&#59; GVHD&#44; graft <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; host disease&#59; WHIM&#44; warts&#44; hypogammaglobulinemia&#44; infections&#44; and myelokathexis&#59; CBM&#44; chromoblastomycosis&#59; PCM&#44; paracoccidioidomycosis&#59; SCC&#44; squamous cell carcinoma&#59; AK&#44; actinic keratosis&#59; BCC&#44; basal cell carcinoma&#59; KS&#44; Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma&#59; KSHV&#44; Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dermatological diseases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">pDCs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lupus erythematosus</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SLE&#58; reduced circulating pDCs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;11&#8211;13</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DL&#58; large amounts of IFN-&#945; producing pDCs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;11&#8211;13</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SAL&#44; DL&#58; superficial distribution<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TL&#44; MHR&#58; distribution around deep vessels<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pDCs localized preferably in the epidermis in patients with DM and in the dermis in cases of lupus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lichen planus</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pDCs arranged similarly to the band-like lymphocytic infiltrate at the dermo-epidermal junction<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pDCs increased in oral lichen planus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lichen striatus</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pDCs present in the inflammatoryinfiltrate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Perieccrine distribution of pDCs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Atopic dermatitis</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Increased circulating pDCs compared to controls&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lower recruitment of pDCs in AD lesions compared to other dermatoses&#44; such as lupus erythematosus and psoriasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Polymorphic light eruption</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Wackernagel et al&#46;&#58;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> absent pDCs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rossi et al&#46;&#58;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> increased pDCs in PLE lesions&#44; mainly dermal&#46; The authors attribute the difference to the methodology witch included of a photoprovocation testing&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Psoriasis</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pDCs present in the T lymphocyte infiltrate in the dermis of psoriatic plaques and in the perilesional skin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reduction of pDCs in the peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Heliotherapy&#58; reduction of pDCs amount and MxA expression<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Strong chemerin expression and presence of pDCs in the perilesional skin dermis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pityriasis lichenoides</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Strong MxA expression in PL lesions &#40;local production of type 1 IFN&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Presence of pDCs on the skin in all cases &#40;PLEVA and PLC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Graft <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> host disease</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Presence of pDCs in skin fragments of patients with acute GVHD&#44; strong expression of MxA&#44; signaling local production of type 1 IFN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reduction of serum pDCs in patients with acute GVHD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Presence of CD123&#43; cells in the oral mucosa of patients with chronic GVHD was not superior<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Warts</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Saadeh et al&#46;&#58;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> activated pDCs in inflamed viral warts&#44; contrary to what was found by Tomasini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> &#40;possible differences in histologic criteria for inflamed warts&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reduction in pDCs in peripheral blood and in skin lesions&#44; absence of type 1 IFN production &#40;MxA without expression&#41; in patients with WHIM syndrome<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fungal diseases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pDCs found in 37&#37; of the skin fragments of patients with CBM and in 50&#37; of the specimens from patients with PCM&#44; but absent in cases of lobomycosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Leprosy</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Massone et al&#46;&#58;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> absence of CD123 expression&#44; except for focal expression in two cases of erythema nodosum leprosum&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hirai et al&#46;&#58;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> pDCs in the inflammatory infiltrate and around the vessels&#46; Higher number of pDCs in tuberculoid cases compared to virchowian cases&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Skin tumors</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Keratoacanthoma&#58; presence of pDCs in 100&#37; of cases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SCC&#58; presence of pDCs in 90&#37; of cases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">AK&#58; correlation between the amount of pDCs recruited in the lesions during treatment with imiquimod and the therapeutic effect of the drug<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">BCC&#58; presence of activated pDCs producing IFN-&#945; in the peritumoral infiltrate during treatment with imiquimod<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Melanoma&#58; pDCs arranged around the vessels and close to the tumor cells&#44; but not activated&#46; Presence associated with tumor growth&#46; pDCs activated in cases of regressive melanoma<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">KS&#58; pDCs present in 90&#37; of cases&#44; but reduced expression of MxA &#40;possible suppression of pDCs by KSHV&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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