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exulcerated&#44; and characterized by the presence of numerous individualized atypical epidermal cells&#44; with large nuclei and clear cytoplasm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The immunohistochemical panel was negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors and revealed a 3&#43;&#47;3 positive &#40;score 3&#43;&#41; membrane pattern for c-erbB-2 and CK7 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">What is your diagnosis&#63;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#41;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Squamous cell carcinoma</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#41;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Skin metastasis from breast cancer</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c&#41;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paget&#39;s disease</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">d&#41;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pyoderma gangrenosum</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paget&#39;s disease &#40;PD&#41; of the breast is an uncommon disease&#44; accounting for 0&#46;5&#8211;5&#37; of all breast carcinomas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is usually observed in postmenopausal women&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; it presents as an erythematous or eczematoid lesion&#44; with irregular borders&#44; usually limited to the nipple or spreading to the areola&#59; in advanced cases&#44; it can also involve the surrounding skin&#46; Pain or itching are frequent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is associated with underlying breast cancer in 92&#8211;100&#37; of the cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Approximately 50&#37; present a palpable mass in the breast&#44; usually an associated carcinoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6</span></a> Patients who do not have a palpable mass are likely to have ductal carcinoma <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Biopsy for histopathological and immunohistochemical examination is the gold standard for diagnosing this condition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histologically&#44; the classic pattern comprises large oval or round intraepidermal cells with clear and broad cytoplasm&#44; and pleomorphic and hyperchromatic nuclei&#46; Paget cells are most often located in the lower layers of the epidermis&#44; as single cells or as clusters of cells that form structures similar to glands or nests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The immunohistochemical profile corroborates the diagnosis and assists in the differentiation from other entities&#59; furthermore&#44; it defines the cell of origin in PD&#46; Paget cells are positive for CK7 in almost all cases&#44; and are not reactive with CK20&#46; They are often negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors&#44; because the underlying carcinomas tend to be poorly differentiated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8&#44;9</span></a> The c-erbB-2 oncoprotein is overexpressed in the majority &#40;&#62;90&#37;&#41; of cases of mammary PD&#44; a finding also observed in the present case&#46; In many patients&#44; a correlation is observed between the positivity of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in the Paget cells and in the underlying intraductal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span> or invasive breast carcinoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the clinical similarity of PD with other dermatoses&#44; the differential diagnosis must include atopic or contact dermatitis&#44; Bowen&#39;s disease&#44; superficial basal cell carcinoma or superficial spreading melanoma&#44; and psoriasis&#44; diagnostic hypotheses that were not applicable to the present case&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a general rule&#44; in any chronic dermatosis of the nipple or areola&#44; the skin should be examined histologically for a conclusive diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The dermatologist and the gynecologist play a fundamental role in the early diagnosis of PD&#59; by paying due attention to the patient complaints and performing a complete physical examination&#44; they can impact the prognosis of these patients&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present case was referred for specialized oncologic follow-up&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Financial support</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isabella Lemos Baltazar&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fl&#225;via Regina Ferreira&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mariana Galhardo Tressino&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fernanda da Rocha Gon&#231;alves&#58; 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What is your diagnosis?
Case for diagnosis. Phagedenic ulcer on the thorax
Isabella Lemos Baltazara,
Corresponding author
isabellalb@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Flávia Regina Ferreiraa,b, Mariana Galhardo Tressinoa, Fernanda da Rocha Gonçalvesc
a Dermatology Service, Hospital Municipal Universitário de Taubaté, Taubaté, SP, Brazil
b Department of Medicine, Universidade de Taubaté, Taubaté, SP, Brazil
c Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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exulcerated&#44; and characterized by the presence of numerous individualized atypical epidermal cells&#44; with large nuclei and clear cytoplasm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The immunohistochemical panel was negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors and revealed a 3&#43;&#47;3 positive &#40;score 3&#43;&#41; membrane pattern for c-erbB-2 and CK7 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">What is your diagnosis&#63;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#41;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Squamous cell carcinoma</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#41;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Skin metastasis from breast cancer</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c&#41;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paget&#39;s disease</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">d&#41;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pyoderma gangrenosum</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paget&#39;s disease &#40;PD&#41; of the breast is an uncommon disease&#44; accounting for 0&#46;5&#8211;5&#37; of all breast carcinomas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is usually observed in postmenopausal women&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; it presents as an erythematous or eczematoid lesion&#44; with irregular borders&#44; usually limited to the nipple or spreading to the areola&#59; in advanced cases&#44; it can also involve the surrounding skin&#46; Pain or itching are frequent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is associated with underlying breast cancer in 92&#8211;100&#37; of the cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Approximately 50&#37; present a palpable mass in the breast&#44; usually an associated carcinoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6</span></a> Patients who do not have a palpable mass are likely to have ductal carcinoma <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Biopsy for histopathological and immunohistochemical examination is the gold standard for diagnosing this condition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histologically&#44; the classic pattern comprises large oval or round intraepidermal cells with clear and broad cytoplasm&#44; and pleomorphic and hyperchromatic nuclei&#46; Paget cells are most often located in the lower layers of the epidermis&#44; as single cells or as clusters of cells that form structures similar to glands or nests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The immunohistochemical profile corroborates the diagnosis and assists in the differentiation from other entities&#59; furthermore&#44; it defines the cell of origin in PD&#46; Paget cells are positive for CK7 in almost all cases&#44; and are not reactive with CK20&#46; They are often negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors&#44; because the underlying carcinomas tend to be poorly differentiated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8&#44;9</span></a> The c-erbB-2 oncoprotein is overexpressed in the majority &#40;&#62;90&#37;&#41; of cases of mammary PD&#44; a finding also observed in the present case&#46; In many patients&#44; a correlation is observed between the positivity of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in the Paget cells and in the underlying intraductal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span> or invasive breast carcinoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the clinical similarity of PD with other dermatoses&#44; the differential diagnosis must include atopic or contact dermatitis&#44; Bowen&#39;s disease&#44; superficial basal cell carcinoma or superficial spreading melanoma&#44; and psoriasis&#44; diagnostic hypotheses that were not applicable to the present case&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a general rule&#44; in any chronic dermatosis of the nipple or areola&#44; the skin should be examined histologically for a conclusive diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The dermatologist and the gynecologist play a fundamental role in the early diagnosis of PD&#59; by paying due attention to the patient complaints and performing a complete physical examination&#44; they can impact the prognosis of these patients&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present case was referred for specialized oncologic follow-up&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Financial support</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isabella Lemos Baltazar&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fl&#225;via Regina Ferreira&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mariana Galhardo Tressino&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fernanda da Rocha Gon&#231;alves&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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