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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pemphigus represents a group of infrequent autoimmune bullous diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes&#44; characterized by intraepidermal acantholytic blisters&#46; The process of acantholysis is induced by the binding of circulating immunoglobulin G autoantibodies to intercellular adhesion molecules&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Precipitating factors of pemphigus diseases are poorly understood&#46; A unique case of trauma-induced pemphigus vulgaris is reported&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A woman in her 50&#8239;s with no relevant past medical history presented with a two-month history of malaise and mildly painful cutaneous lesions predominantly involving both breasts&#46; She denied using topical agents&#44; oral medications&#44; or preceding trauma&#46; However&#44; she did report wearing a tight bra frequently&#46; Physical examination revealed bilateral&#44; strikingly symmetric&#44; well-delimited eroded plaques on both breasts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the patient presented a few similar&#44; smaller&#44; isolated eroded plaques distributed on her back&#46; The mucosae were spared&#46; A 4-mm punch skin biopsy was performed&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology showed an intraepidermal blister with suprabasal acantholysis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; An unusual dense predominantly lymphocytic infiltrate was also observed within the dermis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; direct immunofluorescence microscopy from the perilesional skin showed abnormal intercellular deposits of IgG and C3&#46; Thus&#44; on the basis of clinical&#44; histopathology&#44; and direct immunofluorescence findings&#44; a diagnosis of trauma-induced pemphigus vulgaris was made&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both genetic and environmental factors may influence the development of pemphigus&#46; However&#44; studies on the role of trauma as a triggering factor in pemphigus are limited&#46; The Koebner phenomenon is well known in dermatology&#46; It involves several cutaneous diseases&#44; among them psoriasis&#44; vitiligo&#44; and lichen planus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; this phenomenon is seldom described in bullous autoimmune disorders such as pemphigus&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trauma-induced pemphigus has been traditionally reported mainly after a surgery or radiation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> An interesting retrospective study of trauma-induced pemphigus found major surgery as the most frequent trigger&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In addition&#44; authors suggest that more conventional procedures such as periodontal procedures&#44; blunt trauma&#44; or even laser surgery could trigger a pemphigus&#46; The present patient reinforces this latter suggestion&#44; given that the only possible clear trigger might have been the continued friction with the bra&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lag period between the exposure to trauma and the koebnerization of typical lesions is generally between ten and 20 days&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The pathogenesis of trauma-induced pemphigus is unknown and probably multifactorial&#44; involving genetic factors&#44; immunological factors&#44; and environmental triggers&#46; A possible explanation could be the exposure of pemphigus antigens in traumatized epithelium in genetically predisposed patients&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; the present patient exhibited the peculiarity of an intense inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis rarely seen previously&#46; According to this case&#44; an atypical intense inflammation could be a distinct histopathological feature of trauma-induced pemphigus&#46; Further research is necessary to ascertain if greater inflammation in dermis is more related to trauma-induced pemphigus as opposed to those not related to trauma&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; this report describes a presumably new case of trauma-induced pemphigus&#46; To the author&#8217;s knowledge&#44; there are no prior reports of pemphigus involving predominantly the breasts with such a peculiar disposition&#46; It is proposed that a hypothetical continuous trauma with the bra could explain this unique location&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Author&#39;s contributions</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fernando Garcia-Souto&#58; Conception and planning of the manuscript&#59; writing and critical revision of the manuscript&#59; approval of the final version&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case Letter
Eroded plaques involving the breasts: a unique location of pemphigus vulgaris
Fernando Garcia-Souto
Department of Dermatology, Valme University Hospital, Seville, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pemphigus represents a group of infrequent autoimmune bullous diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes&#44; characterized by intraepidermal acantholytic blisters&#46; The process of acantholysis is induced by the binding of circulating immunoglobulin G autoantibodies to intercellular adhesion molecules&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Precipitating factors of pemphigus diseases are poorly understood&#46; A unique case of trauma-induced pemphigus vulgaris is reported&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A woman in her 50&#8239;s with no relevant past medical history presented with a two-month history of malaise and mildly painful cutaneous lesions predominantly involving both breasts&#46; She denied using topical agents&#44; oral medications&#44; or preceding trauma&#46; However&#44; she did report wearing a tight bra frequently&#46; Physical examination revealed bilateral&#44; strikingly symmetric&#44; well-delimited eroded plaques on both breasts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the patient presented a few similar&#44; smaller&#44; isolated eroded plaques distributed on her back&#46; The mucosae were spared&#46; A 4-mm punch skin biopsy was performed&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology showed an intraepidermal blister with suprabasal acantholysis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; An unusual dense predominantly lymphocytic infiltrate was also observed within the dermis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; direct immunofluorescence microscopy from the perilesional skin showed abnormal intercellular deposits of IgG and C3&#46; Thus&#44; on the basis of clinical&#44; histopathology&#44; and direct immunofluorescence findings&#44; a diagnosis of trauma-induced pemphigus vulgaris was made&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both genetic and environmental factors may influence the development of pemphigus&#46; However&#44; studies on the role of trauma as a triggering factor in pemphigus are limited&#46; The Koebner phenomenon is well known in dermatology&#46; It involves several cutaneous diseases&#44; among them psoriasis&#44; vitiligo&#44; and lichen planus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; this phenomenon is seldom described in bullous autoimmune disorders such as pemphigus&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trauma-induced pemphigus has been traditionally reported mainly after a surgery or radiation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> An interesting retrospective study of trauma-induced pemphigus found major surgery as the most frequent trigger&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In addition&#44; authors suggest that more conventional procedures such as periodontal procedures&#44; blunt trauma&#44; or even laser surgery could trigger a pemphigus&#46; The present patient reinforces this latter suggestion&#44; given that the only possible clear trigger might have been the continued friction with the bra&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lag period between the exposure to trauma and the koebnerization of typical lesions is generally between ten and 20 days&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The pathogenesis of trauma-induced pemphigus is unknown and probably multifactorial&#44; involving genetic factors&#44; immunological factors&#44; and environmental triggers&#46; A possible explanation could be the exposure of pemphigus antigens in traumatized epithelium in genetically predisposed patients&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; the present patient exhibited the peculiarity of an intense inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis rarely seen previously&#46; According to this case&#44; an atypical intense inflammation could be a distinct histopathological feature of trauma-induced pemphigus&#46; Further research is necessary to ascertain if greater inflammation in dermis is more related to trauma-induced pemphigus as opposed to those not related to trauma&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; this report describes a presumably new case of trauma-induced pemphigus&#46; To the author&#8217;s knowledge&#44; there are no prior reports of pemphigus involving predominantly the breasts with such a peculiar disposition&#46; It is proposed that a hypothetical continuous trauma with the bra could explain this unique location&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Author&#39;s contributions</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fernando Garcia-Souto&#58; Conception and planning of the manuscript&#59; writing and critical revision of the manuscript&#59; approval of the final version&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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