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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Langerhans cells &#40;LCs&#41; are the exclusive antigen-presenting cells of the normal human epidermis&#46; They originate from two sources&#44; the extra-embryonic yolk sac and fetal liver progenitors &#40;monocytes&#41;&#46; LCs represent about 3&#37; of the cell population in the epidermis and are seen in histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin as &#8220;clear cells&#8221; in suprabasal layers&#46; The expression of CD1a&#44; langerin&#44; and S100 is the immunophenotypic hallmark that distinguishes LCs from other dendritic cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LCs have powerful functions in immune surveillance&#44; and upon activation&#44; they migrate from the epidermis to the lymph nodes&#46; LCs can capture antigens&#44; activate naive T-cells&#44; and trigger a specific T-cell immune response with their clonal expansion and differentiation into effector and memory T-cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Alterations of LCs occur in the peritumoral epidermis and the epidermis overlying the dermal tumors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Dermatofibroma is a common skin condition that usually affects the lower extremities in women&#46; Some authorities regard dermatofibroma as a reactive process&#44; but others consider that it is a benign mesenchymal tumor of fibroblasts&#44; myofibroblasts&#44; or even dermal dendrocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The current study compares the density of S100-positive LCs in the peritumoral epidermis and the epidermis overlying the neoplastic cells in dermatofibroma&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This retrospective study included formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded skin specimens from 20 cases of dermatofibroma&#46; The mean age of the patients was 49&#46;40&#8239;&#177;&#8239;3&#46;34 years&#46; The specimens belonged to patients who had no history of immunological abnormalities&#46; The control group &#40;normal&#44; healthy skin&#41; included ten healthy age and sex-matched individuals who underwent skin biopsies for benign skin lesions as well as the healthy peritumoral skin &#40;healthy skin adjacent to the tumors&#41;&#46; The formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues were subjected to immunohistological analysis of LCs using antibodies against S100 antigen&#44; utilizing a peroxidase&#47;diaminobenzidine complex method following a previous study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The external controls included melanoma &#40;for S100&#41;&#46; The negative controls included sections running in parallel but with the omission of the primary antibodies &#40;using PBS instead&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The positive and negative controls yielded positive and negative results&#44; respectively&#44; indicating the validity of the results&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The immunoreactive LCs cells to S100 were counted using an Olympus light microscope&#44; similarly to other groups&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Imaging was done using a DFC450 digital camera&#46; The epidermis was examined under the scanning magnifications&#44; and the hot spots were determined&#46; The S100-positive LCs per 1&#44;000 cells were counted at 400&#215; magnification&#46; The immunoreactive LCs showing brown or red immunostaining and a visible nucleus&#44; and dendrites were scored as positive&#46; The results were reported as the mean and standard error of means&#46; Student&#8217;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test was used&#44; with p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05 being considered statistically significant&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">S100-positive LCs were seen in the spinous layer &#40;cell bodies&#41;&#44; with their dendrites extending into the suprabasal and cornified layers&#44; both in the healthy epidermis &#40;control group&#41;&#44; peritumoral epidermis&#44; and epidermis overlying the tumor &#40;dermatofibroma&#41;&#46; The cells were absent from the granular and cornified layers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The densities of the S100-positive LCs were 6&#46;00&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;29 in the epidermis of the healthy skin and 6&#46;44&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;41 in the peritumoral epidermis&#46; In dermatofibromas&#44; the densities of S100-positive LCs varied between the peritumoral epidermis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> the epidermis overlying the tumor&#46; The mean density of these cells in the epidermis above the dermatofibroma was 1&#46;44&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;33&#46; The variations in the densities of S100-positive LCs between the healthy skin &#40;normal skin&#47;control group and peritumoral epidermis&#41; and tumoral epidermis were statistically significant &#40;p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;000&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Next&#44; LCs were examined and scored in the adjacent healthy peritumoral area of the epidermis and the epidermal area overlying the fibrohistiocytic neoplastic cells of the dermatofibroma&#46; In this study&#44; the numbers of LCs that expressed the S100 molecule were lower in the epidermis overlying the dermatofibroma&#44; as compared with their numbers in the healthy peritumoral skin&#46; These variations confirm the quantitative deficit of LCs as a possible factor in the development of dermatofibroma and are in agreement with the previous investigations in other skin tumors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Shevchuk et al&#46; examined the expression values of LCs using antibodies against CD1a and langerin &#40;phenotypic markers for LCs&#41; using immunohistological formalin methods in healthy skin&#44; actinic keratosis&#44; basal cell carcinoma&#44; and squamous cell carcinoma&#46; The density of LCs was low in the basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma as compared to the normal skin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The increased density of LCs in the peritumoral epidermis of dermatofibroma suggests strong immunologic response of this area to hinder the growth of the tumor&#44; resulting in a more localized and restricted form of the dermal fibrohistiocytic proliferation&#46; This upregulation of LCs may be due to alterations in the growth factors and cytokines&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> apoptosis&#44; and the direct cytotoxic effects of the tumor cells&#46; Several proteins are associated with the development&#44; differentiation&#44; and maintenance of LCs&#44; such as transforming growth factor-beta &#40;TGF&#946;&#41;&#44; IL-34&#44; BMP-7&#44; integrin &#40;ITG&#41; avb6&#44; and ITGavb8&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> This author proposes that the increased density of LCs in the peritumoral epidermis of dermatofibroma is due to upregulation of these molecules&#46; Activins A &#40;TGF&#946; family members&#41; can induce the differentiation of human monocytes into LCs and therefore are important for populating the epidermis with LCs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Itching &#40;mechanical trauma&#41; and superimposed inflammatory changes are common events associated with dermatofibroma &#40;irritated or inflamed dermatofibroma&#41;&#46; It is possible that this mechanical trauma and the associated inflammatory response represent the underlying mechanisms for the loss of LCs in the epidermis overlying the tumor&#46; In support&#44; LCs leave the epidermis LCs in response to inflammatory stimuli or gentle tape stripping&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> It is still possible that the neoplastic cells of dermatofibroma exert direct cytotoxic effects on LCs&#44; and the loss of these cells may be a reflection of these effects&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conclude&#44; the current study revealed a reduction in the numbers of epidermal S100-positive LCs overlying the tumor areas as compared to those in the peritumoral epidermis&#46; It is worthwhile to examine the alterations of the molecules contributing to quantitative deficit of LCs in the epidermis overlying dermatofibroma&#44; such as TGF&#946;&#44; IL-34&#44; BMP-7&#44; ITGavb6&#44; and ITGavb8&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Financial support</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mahmoud Hussein&#58; Statistical analysis&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; participation in study design&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dermatofibroma is a dermal fibrohistiocytic neoplasm&#46; The Langerhans cells are the immunocompetent cells of the epidermis&#44; and they represent the first defense barrier of the immune system towards the environment&#46; The objective was to immunohistologically compare the densities of S100-positive Langerhans cells in the healthy peritumoral epidermis against those in the epidermis overlying dermatofibroma &#40;20 cases&#41;&#44; using antibodies against the S100 molecule &#40;the immunophenotypic hallmark of Langerhans cells&#41;&#46; The control group &#40;normal&#44; healthy skin&#41; included ten healthy age and sex-matched individuals who underwent skin biopsies for benign skin lesions&#46; A significantly high density of Langerhans cells was observed both in the epidermis of the healthy skin &#40;6&#46;00&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;29&#41; and the peritumoral epidermis &#40;6&#46;44&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;41&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> those in the epidermis overlying the tumor &#40;1&#46;44&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;33&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; The quantitative deficit of Langerhans cells in the epidermis overlying dermatofibroma may be a possible factor in its development&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A 35-year-old male patient with a keratotic lesion of the left thigh&#46; The clinical impression included dermatofibroma and acanthoma&#46; A&#8239;&#8722;&#8239;D&#44; Histologically&#44; there is hyperparakeratotic epidermis overlying a poorly demarcated dermal growth composed of mitotically inactive interstitial spindle cells&#46; Some areas of the tumor &#40;upper portion&#41; are densely cellular&#44; while others &#40;middle and lower portions&#41; are sclerotic and hypocellular&#46; The overlying epidermis is attenuated over the tumor <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span>the hyperplastic peritumoral epidermis&#46; Within the tumor&#44; there is collagen trapping&#44; thin-walled vessels&#44; and hemorrhage &#40;Hematoxylin &#38; eosin&#41;&#46; A x10&#59; B x20&#59; C x100&#59; D x200&#46; E&#8211;H&#44; Peritumoral epidermis showing several S100-positive Langerhans cells located mainly in the spinous layer&#46; Langerhans cells are almost absent from the epidermis overlying the tumor&#46; Magnifications&#58; A and E&#44; &#215;20&#59; B and F&#44; &#215;40&#59; C and G&#44; &#215;100&#59; D and H&#44; &#215;400&#46;</p>"
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Dermatopathology
Immunohistochemical analysis of S100-positive epidermal Langerhans cells in dermatofibroma
Mahmoud Rezk Abdelwhaed Hussein
Department of Pathology, Assuit University Hospital, Assuit, Egypt
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A 35-year-old male patient with a keratotic lesion of the left thigh&#46; The clinical impression included dermatofibroma and acanthoma&#46; A&#8239;&#8722;&#8239;D&#44; Histologically&#44; there is hyperparakeratotic epidermis overlying a poorly demarcated dermal growth composed of mitotically inactive interstitial spindle cells&#46; Some areas of the tumor &#40;upper portion&#41; are densely cellular&#44; while others &#40;middle and lower portions&#41; are sclerotic and hypocellular&#46; The overlying epidermis is attenuated over the tumor <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span>the hyperplastic peritumoral epidermis&#46; Within the tumor&#44; there is collagen trapping&#44; thin-walled vessels&#44; and hemorrhage &#40;Hematoxylin &#38; eosin&#41;&#46; A x10&#59; B x20&#59; C x100&#59; D x200&#46; E&#8211;H&#44; Peritumoral epidermis showing several S100-positive Langerhans cells located mainly in the spinous layer&#46; Langerhans cells are almost absent from the epidermis overlying the tumor&#46; Magnifications&#58; A and E&#44; &#215;20&#59; B and F&#44; &#215;40&#59; C and G&#44; &#215;100&#59; D and H&#44; &#215;400&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Langerhans cells &#40;LCs&#41; are the exclusive antigen-presenting cells of the normal human epidermis&#46; They originate from two sources&#44; the extra-embryonic yolk sac and fetal liver progenitors &#40;monocytes&#41;&#46; LCs represent about 3&#37; of the cell population in the epidermis and are seen in histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin as &#8220;clear cells&#8221; in suprabasal layers&#46; The expression of CD1a&#44; langerin&#44; and S100 is the immunophenotypic hallmark that distinguishes LCs from other dendritic cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LCs have powerful functions in immune surveillance&#44; and upon activation&#44; they migrate from the epidermis to the lymph nodes&#46; LCs can capture antigens&#44; activate naive T-cells&#44; and trigger a specific T-cell immune response with their clonal expansion and differentiation into effector and memory T-cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Alterations of LCs occur in the peritumoral epidermis and the epidermis overlying the dermal tumors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Dermatofibroma is a common skin condition that usually affects the lower extremities in women&#46; Some authorities regard dermatofibroma as a reactive process&#44; but others consider that it is a benign mesenchymal tumor of fibroblasts&#44; myofibroblasts&#44; or even dermal dendrocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The current study compares the density of S100-positive LCs in the peritumoral epidermis and the epidermis overlying the neoplastic cells in dermatofibroma&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This retrospective study included formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded skin specimens from 20 cases of dermatofibroma&#46; The mean age of the patients was 49&#46;40&#8239;&#177;&#8239;3&#46;34 years&#46; The specimens belonged to patients who had no history of immunological abnormalities&#46; The control group &#40;normal&#44; healthy skin&#41; included ten healthy age and sex-matched individuals who underwent skin biopsies for benign skin lesions as well as the healthy peritumoral skin &#40;healthy skin adjacent to the tumors&#41;&#46; The formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues were subjected to immunohistological analysis of LCs using antibodies against S100 antigen&#44; utilizing a peroxidase&#47;diaminobenzidine complex method following a previous study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The external controls included melanoma &#40;for S100&#41;&#46; The negative controls included sections running in parallel but with the omission of the primary antibodies &#40;using PBS instead&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The positive and negative controls yielded positive and negative results&#44; respectively&#44; indicating the validity of the results&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The immunoreactive LCs cells to S100 were counted using an Olympus light microscope&#44; similarly to other groups&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Imaging was done using a DFC450 digital camera&#46; The epidermis was examined under the scanning magnifications&#44; and the hot spots were determined&#46; The S100-positive LCs per 1&#44;000 cells were counted at 400&#215; magnification&#46; The immunoreactive LCs showing brown or red immunostaining and a visible nucleus&#44; and dendrites were scored as positive&#46; The results were reported as the mean and standard error of means&#46; Student&#8217;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test was used&#44; with p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05 being considered statistically significant&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">S100-positive LCs were seen in the spinous layer &#40;cell bodies&#41;&#44; with their dendrites extending into the suprabasal and cornified layers&#44; both in the healthy epidermis &#40;control group&#41;&#44; peritumoral epidermis&#44; and epidermis overlying the tumor &#40;dermatofibroma&#41;&#46; The cells were absent from the granular and cornified layers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The densities of the S100-positive LCs were 6&#46;00&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;29 in the epidermis of the healthy skin and 6&#46;44&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;41 in the peritumoral epidermis&#46; In dermatofibromas&#44; the densities of S100-positive LCs varied between the peritumoral epidermis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> the epidermis overlying the tumor&#46; The mean density of these cells in the epidermis above the dermatofibroma was 1&#46;44&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;33&#46; The variations in the densities of S100-positive LCs between the healthy skin &#40;normal skin&#47;control group and peritumoral epidermis&#41; and tumoral epidermis were statistically significant &#40;p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;000&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Next&#44; LCs were examined and scored in the adjacent healthy peritumoral area of the epidermis and the epidermal area overlying the fibrohistiocytic neoplastic cells of the dermatofibroma&#46; In this study&#44; the numbers of LCs that expressed the S100 molecule were lower in the epidermis overlying the dermatofibroma&#44; as compared with their numbers in the healthy peritumoral skin&#46; These variations confirm the quantitative deficit of LCs as a possible factor in the development of dermatofibroma and are in agreement with the previous investigations in other skin tumors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Shevchuk et al&#46; examined the expression values of LCs using antibodies against CD1a and langerin &#40;phenotypic markers for LCs&#41; using immunohistological formalin methods in healthy skin&#44; actinic keratosis&#44; basal cell carcinoma&#44; and squamous cell carcinoma&#46; The density of LCs was low in the basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma as compared to the normal skin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The increased density of LCs in the peritumoral epidermis of dermatofibroma suggests strong immunologic response of this area to hinder the growth of the tumor&#44; resulting in a more localized and restricted form of the dermal fibrohistiocytic proliferation&#46; This upregulation of LCs may be due to alterations in the growth factors and cytokines&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> apoptosis&#44; and the direct cytotoxic effects of the tumor cells&#46; Several proteins are associated with the development&#44; differentiation&#44; and maintenance of LCs&#44; such as transforming growth factor-beta &#40;TGF&#946;&#41;&#44; IL-34&#44; BMP-7&#44; integrin &#40;ITG&#41; avb6&#44; and ITGavb8&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> This author proposes that the increased density of LCs in the peritumoral epidermis of dermatofibroma is due to upregulation of these molecules&#46; Activins A &#40;TGF&#946; family members&#41; can induce the differentiation of human monocytes into LCs and therefore are important for populating the epidermis with LCs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Itching &#40;mechanical trauma&#41; and superimposed inflammatory changes are common events associated with dermatofibroma &#40;irritated or inflamed dermatofibroma&#41;&#46; It is possible that this mechanical trauma and the associated inflammatory response represent the underlying mechanisms for the loss of LCs in the epidermis overlying the tumor&#46; In support&#44; LCs leave the epidermis LCs in response to inflammatory stimuli or gentle tape stripping&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> It is still possible that the neoplastic cells of dermatofibroma exert direct cytotoxic effects on LCs&#44; and the loss of these cells may be a reflection of these effects&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conclude&#44; the current study revealed a reduction in the numbers of epidermal S100-positive LCs overlying the tumor areas as compared to those in the peritumoral epidermis&#46; It is worthwhile to examine the alterations of the molecules contributing to quantitative deficit of LCs in the epidermis overlying dermatofibroma&#44; such as TGF&#946;&#44; IL-34&#44; BMP-7&#44; ITGavb6&#44; and ITGavb8&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Financial support</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mahmoud Hussein&#58; Statistical analysis&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; participation in study design&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Histiocytoma&#44; benign fibrous"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dermatofibroma is a dermal fibrohistiocytic neoplasm&#46; The Langerhans cells are the immunocompetent cells of the epidermis&#44; and they represent the first defense barrier of the immune system towards the environment&#46; The objective was to immunohistologically compare the densities of S100-positive Langerhans cells in the healthy peritumoral epidermis against those in the epidermis overlying dermatofibroma &#40;20 cases&#41;&#44; using antibodies against the S100 molecule &#40;the immunophenotypic hallmark of Langerhans cells&#41;&#46; The control group &#40;normal&#44; healthy skin&#41; included ten healthy age and sex-matched individuals who underwent skin biopsies for benign skin lesions&#46; A significantly high density of Langerhans cells was observed both in the epidermis of the healthy skin &#40;6&#46;00&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;29&#41; and the peritumoral epidermis &#40;6&#46;44&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;41&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> those in the epidermis overlying the tumor &#40;1&#46;44&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;33&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; The quantitative deficit of Langerhans cells in the epidermis overlying dermatofibroma may be a possible factor in its development&#46;</p></span>"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">How to cite this article&#58; Hussein M&#46; Immunohistochemical analysis of S100-positive epidermal Langerhans cells in dermatofibroma&#46; An Bras Dermatol&#46; 2020&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abd.2020.04.006">https&#58;&#47;&#47;doi&#46;org&#47;10&#46;1016&#47;j&#46;abd&#46;2020&#46;04&#46;006</span></p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Study conducted at the Pathology Department&#44; Assuit University Hospital&#44; Assuit University&#44; Assuit City&#44; Egypt&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A 35-year-old male patient with a keratotic lesion of the left thigh&#46; The clinical impression included dermatofibroma and acanthoma&#46; A&#8239;&#8722;&#8239;D&#44; Histologically&#44; there is hyperparakeratotic epidermis overlying a poorly demarcated dermal growth composed of mitotically inactive interstitial spindle cells&#46; Some areas of the tumor &#40;upper portion&#41; are densely cellular&#44; while others &#40;middle and lower portions&#41; are sclerotic and hypocellular&#46; The overlying epidermis is attenuated over the tumor <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span>the hyperplastic peritumoral epidermis&#46; Within the tumor&#44; there is collagen trapping&#44; thin-walled vessels&#44; and hemorrhage &#40;Hematoxylin &#38; eosin&#41;&#46; A x10&#59; B x20&#59; C x100&#59; D x200&#46; E&#8211;H&#44; Peritumoral epidermis showing several S100-positive Langerhans cells located mainly in the spinous layer&#46; Langerhans cells are almost absent from the epidermis overlying the tumor&#46; Magnifications&#58; A and E&#44; &#215;20&#59; B and F&#44; &#215;40&#59; C and G&#44; &#215;100&#59; D and H&#44; &#215;400&#46;</p>"
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