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one of which was slightly verrucous &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The histopathological study of one of the penile lesions revealed a fusocellular proliferation with elongated and branched vessels&#44; hemorrhage&#44; frequent mitoses&#44; and few cellular atypias &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec9005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect9015">What is your diagnosis&#63;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#41;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Molluscum contagiosum</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#41;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Genital warts</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c&#41;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">d&#41;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pyogenic granuloma</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In greater detail&#44; gaps with extravasated erythrocytes&#44; few atypical cells&#44; and several mitoses can be observed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The immunohistochemical study detected nuclear positivity for antibodies against the Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#44; inset&#41;&#46; Contrary to clinical expectations&#44; fourth-generation ELISA tests&#44; performed at a two-month interval&#44; were negative on both occasions&#46; To better discard HIV infection&#44; viral load was measured by a PCR test&#44; which was also negative&#46; Serology for hepatitis B and C was negative&#59; FTA-Abs was positive and VDRL was non-reactive&#46; Computed tomography of chest and abdomen did not show any lesions&#46; Cryotherapy sessions were unsuccessful&#46; The lesions were surgically excised&#59; the recurrence of one small lesion was observed after eight months of follow-up&#46; As no additional manifestations were observed&#44; a new excision was performed and a strict follow-up was recommended&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Discussion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma &#40;KS&#41; is a spindle cell neoplasm described in 1872 by Moritz Kaposi&#46; It is a rare disease that is usually observed in men over 60 years of age&#44; especially of Mediterranean and&#47;or Jewish origin&#46; It commonly appears in the lower limbs&#44; in which it remains indolent&#46; Metastases and deaths are rarely reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Three other forms have been described&#46; The aggressive endemic form is found in Africa and was first described in 1914&#46; The iatrogenic form affects transplant recipients &#40;mainly in cases of solid organ transplants and immunosuppressed patients&#41;&#44; especially those who use corticosteroids for long periods&#46; The AIDS-related form &#40;epidemic form&#41; was identified among men who had sex with men in the early 1980s&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In 1990&#44; through evaluations of epidemiological information&#44; it was inferred that the etiologic agent of KS would be a sexually transmitted virus&#44; which was confirmed in 1994 by Chang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This form of the disease has a variable course&#44; but it can be very aggressive&#44; leading to spread and death&#46; Lesions on the genitals and&#47;or the oral cavity are usually identified as an initial manifestation of AIDS&#46; The use of antiretroviral therapy has reduced its global incidence and often reverses the course of KS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is a gammaherpesvirus &#40;HHV-8&#41;&#46; Infection is considered necessary&#44; but not sufficient&#44; for the development of this sarcoma&#46; Its transmission through saliva or other body fluids is accompanied by an unpredictable period of latency that is similar in other herpesviruses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In endemic regions&#44; such as Africa&#44; over 80&#37; of adolescents may have antibodies to the virus&#46; In the general population of northern Europe and the United States&#44; the serum prevalence is less than 5&#37;&#59; however&#44; in homosexual or bisexual men&#44; a serum prevalence of up to 25&#37; has been described&#46; In individuals with normal immunity&#44; its presence rarely leads to KS&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Penile lesions of KS are rare in HIV-negative heterosexual individuals&#44; which highlights the relevance of the present case report&#46; Few cases of KS of the penis among patients without HIV infection have been published in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The authors&#8217; initial belief was that the patient had an otherwise asymptomatic infection&#44; an assumption that was ruled out after laboratory investigation&#46; Despite the need for a high level of suspicion regarding HIV infection when assessing patients with KS penile lesions&#44; careful pre-test counseling is required to avoid jumping to conclusions about the diagnosis of HIV infection and its emotional consequences&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Financial support</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mauro Cunha Ramos&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fabiana Bazanella de Oliveira&#58; Elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analyzing&#44; and interpreting the data&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vicente Sperb Antonello&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ana Leticia Boff&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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What is your diagnosis?
Case for diagnosis. Penile lesion in HIV-negative patient
Mauro Cunha Ramosa,
Corresponding author
maurocunharamos@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Fabiana Bazanella de Oliveiraa, Vicente Sperb Antonellob, Ana Leticia Boffc
a Private Clinic, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
b Infection Control Service, Hospital Femina, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
c Dermatology Service, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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one of which was slightly verrucous &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The histopathological study of one of the penile lesions revealed a fusocellular proliferation with elongated and branched vessels&#44; hemorrhage&#44; frequent mitoses&#44; and few cellular atypias &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec9005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect9015">What is your diagnosis&#63;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#41;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Molluscum contagiosum</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#41;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Genital warts</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c&#41;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">d&#41;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pyogenic granuloma</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In greater detail&#44; gaps with extravasated erythrocytes&#44; few atypical cells&#44; and several mitoses can be observed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The immunohistochemical study detected nuclear positivity for antibodies against the Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#44; inset&#41;&#46; Contrary to clinical expectations&#44; fourth-generation ELISA tests&#44; performed at a two-month interval&#44; were negative on both occasions&#46; To better discard HIV infection&#44; viral load was measured by a PCR test&#44; which was also negative&#46; Serology for hepatitis B and C was negative&#59; FTA-Abs was positive and VDRL was non-reactive&#46; Computed tomography of chest and abdomen did not show any lesions&#46; Cryotherapy sessions were unsuccessful&#46; The lesions were surgically excised&#59; the recurrence of one small lesion was observed after eight months of follow-up&#46; As no additional manifestations were observed&#44; a new excision was performed and a strict follow-up was recommended&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Discussion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma &#40;KS&#41; is a spindle cell neoplasm described in 1872 by Moritz Kaposi&#46; It is a rare disease that is usually observed in men over 60 years of age&#44; especially of Mediterranean and&#47;or Jewish origin&#46; It commonly appears in the lower limbs&#44; in which it remains indolent&#46; Metastases and deaths are rarely reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Three other forms have been described&#46; The aggressive endemic form is found in Africa and was first described in 1914&#46; The iatrogenic form affects transplant recipients &#40;mainly in cases of solid organ transplants and immunosuppressed patients&#41;&#44; especially those who use corticosteroids for long periods&#46; The AIDS-related form &#40;epidemic form&#41; was identified among men who had sex with men in the early 1980s&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In 1990&#44; through evaluations of epidemiological information&#44; it was inferred that the etiologic agent of KS would be a sexually transmitted virus&#44; which was confirmed in 1994 by Chang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This form of the disease has a variable course&#44; but it can be very aggressive&#44; leading to spread and death&#46; Lesions on the genitals and&#47;or the oral cavity are usually identified as an initial manifestation of AIDS&#46; The use of antiretroviral therapy has reduced its global incidence and often reverses the course of KS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is a gammaherpesvirus &#40;HHV-8&#41;&#46; Infection is considered necessary&#44; but not sufficient&#44; for the development of this sarcoma&#46; Its transmission through saliva or other body fluids is accompanied by an unpredictable period of latency that is similar in other herpesviruses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In endemic regions&#44; such as Africa&#44; over 80&#37; of adolescents may have antibodies to the virus&#46; In the general population of northern Europe and the United States&#44; the serum prevalence is less than 5&#37;&#59; however&#44; in homosexual or bisexual men&#44; a serum prevalence of up to 25&#37; has been described&#46; In individuals with normal immunity&#44; its presence rarely leads to KS&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Penile lesions of KS are rare in HIV-negative heterosexual individuals&#44; which highlights the relevance of the present case report&#46; Few cases of KS of the penis among patients without HIV infection have been published in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The authors&#8217; initial belief was that the patient had an otherwise asymptomatic infection&#44; an assumption that was ruled out after laboratory investigation&#46; Despite the need for a high level of suspicion regarding HIV infection when assessing patients with KS penile lesions&#44; careful pre-test counseling is required to avoid jumping to conclusions about the diagnosis of HIV infection and its emotional consequences&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Financial support</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mauro Cunha Ramos&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fabiana Bazanella de Oliveira&#58; Elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analyzing&#44; and interpreting the data&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vicente Sperb Antonello&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ana Leticia Boff&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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ISSN: 03650596
Original language: English
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