Investigation
Validation of an algorithm based on clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical data for the diagnosis of early-stage mycosis fungoides
Gustavo Moreira Amorima,
, Daniele Carvalho Quintellab, João Paulo Niemeyer-Corbellinic, Luiz Claudio Ferreirad, Marcia Ramos-e-Silvae, Tullia Cuzzia,b,d
Corresponding author
a Postgraduate Program in Anatomical Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
b Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
c Dermatology Service, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
d Instituto Nacional de Infectologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
e Discipline of Dermatology, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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for the diagnosis of early-stage mycosis fungoides" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "326" "paginaFinal" => "331" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Gustavo Moreira Amorim, Daniele Carvalho Quintella, João Paulo Niemeyer-Corbellini, Luiz Claudio Ferreira, Marcia Ramos-e-Silva, Tullia Cuzzi" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Gustavo Moreira" "apellidos" => "Amorim" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "gustavomoreiraamorim@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Daniele Carvalho" "apellidos" => "Quintella" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "João Paulo" "apellidos" => 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"entidad" => "Postgraduate Program in Anatomical Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Dermatology Service, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto Nacional de Infectologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Discipline of Dermatology, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 571 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 123989 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CD3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> cells comprise most of dermal infiltrate and are also seen in the epidermis (Immunohistochemistry, x40).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis of mycosis fungoides (MF) is challenging.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The literature indicates an average delay of 4–6 years for it to be stablished,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4</span></a> and clinico–pathological correlation is critical.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Pimpinelli et al. proposed an algorithm for early stage MF diagnosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> that provides a score based on clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, as well as investigation of the clonal T-cell receptors (TCR) gene rearrangement. Application of the algorithm was endorsed by the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphoma (ISCL) and was considered in recently published consulted review articles.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aiming to study the histopathological aspects of early stages of MF and to confirm the applicability of the algorithm proposed by Pimpinelli et al., we reviewed the first histopathological exams performed on patients with early-stage MF who had been followed-up and treated in the Photodermatology Outpatient Clinic at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was an observational transversal study, based on the review of first histopathological exams performed on adult patients (18 years old or older) with MF, diagnosed, treated and followed up (5 years minimum) in the Photodermatology Outpatient Clinic at the University Hospital, from January 2000 to December 2015.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients included in the study had a final diagnosis of MF, established during their follow-up period by the following criteria:</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">- typical clinical evolution (progression of macular lesions to plaques and even tumors in some cases), according to the so-called classical Alibert-Bazin form;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,7</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">- typical findings in subsequent histopathological exams (epidermotropism of atypical lymphocytes and Pautrier's microabscesses).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients were classified as being in early-stage according to the ISCL and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) propositions. They correspond to disease in stage IA (T1N0M0), IB (T2N0M0) or IIA (T1 or 2N1 or 2M0) according to TNMB.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only cases with available paraffin blocks for immunohistochemical analysis were included.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two experienced dermatopathologists, who had no knowledge of the original report, reviewed at same time each patient's initial histopathological exam, and accorded the analysis of the specific established histological parameters. All samples corresponded to 4–5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm punch biopsies. Patients with more than one sample were evaluated considering the joint analysis of the samples to conclude for a compatible MF diagnosis or not. Only hematoxylin–eosin stained sections were evaluated, and paraffin blocks were selected for subsequent immunohistochemical study.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical data was collected with the objective of characterize the study population, and explore the clinical criteria proposed by Pimpinelli et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Staging was analyzed in a qualitative ordinal mode, according to the prevailing TNMB staging protocol.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunohistochemistry (Pathology Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectology/FIOCRUZ) was applied when clinical and histopathological criteria did not score the 4 points necessary for the diagnosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Tissues sections reacted with CD3 (rabbit polyclonal, 1/100, Cell Marque™), CD2 (MRQ-11, mouse monoclonal, 1/50, Cell Marque™), CD5 (SP19, rabbit monoclonal, 1/100, Cell Marque™) and CD7 (EP132, mouse monoclonal, 1/100, Cell Marque™) as primary antibodies. To characterize epidermal disagreement, only the samples with CD3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> epidermal lymphocytes were considered, in order to ensure presence of the cells in that location. Investigation of clonal T-cell receptors (TCR) gene rearrangement is not available in our laboratory at this time.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The considered histopathological, clinical and immunohistochemical variables are presented in a table as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0050">supplemental on line content</a>. The data were analyzed with Excel 2011 (Microsoft® Excel® for Mac 2011/Version: 14.2.0). The analysis was descriptive.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study followed the Resolution 466/12 of the Brazilian National Health Council, was registered in Plataforma Brasil and was approved by Committee of Ethics in Research of the HUCFF/UFRJ (CAAE 59235916.9.0000.5257).</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From an initial number of 102 patients with early diagnosed MF, 67 had histopathological exams with paraffin blocks available for immunohistochemical analysis. All 67 were included since follow-up confirmed a MF diagnosis according to study inclusion criteria.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Men and women were almost equally affected. The mean age founded was 53.27 years. The majority of patients presented with multiple lesions of variable sizes (98.5%), affecting photo-protected areas (98.5%), with chronic and progressive evolution (the mean time between the onset of symptoms and the final diagnosis was 51.31 months, ranging from 2 to 360 months). Most patients had plaque lesions (64.2%). Poikiloderma was found only in 14.8% of the cases. Stage IB represented 52.2% of the sample. Mean time of follow up of 8.25 years.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The frequency of the histopathological variables for assessment of biopsies with suspicion of MF, are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">table 1</a>. Superficial perivascular lymphoid infiltrate, epidermotropism without Pautrier's microabscesses, lymphocytic atypia, specially expressed by the increase of nuclear size of lymphocytes located in the epidermis, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis were the predominant histopathological findings (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1 and 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results of immunohistochemical study performed on 23 out of 24 eligible samples are shown in tables as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0050">supplemental on line content</a>. One of the selected paraffin blocks did not provide enough tissue to complete reactions. Decrease in the expression of T-cell markers and dermoepidermal disagreement (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs. 3 and 4</a>) were observed in most of the cases.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnostic impression based on review of histopathology together with the data regarding the modified application of the Pimpinelli et al. algorithm is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">table 2</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An observational study of transversal design was performed, based on review of histopathological exams from patients with a diagnostic suspicion of MF, who during the follow-up period had MF diagnosis undoubtedly confirmed. Histopathological exams were complemented with immunohistochemical profile with the objective to apply the diagnostic algorithm proposed by Pimpinelli et al. endorsed by recent review articles,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,5,6</span></a> without TCR clonality test.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the clinical standpoint, MF presentation followed what is described in the literature, with more commonly multiple macules/patches and/or plaques of variable sizes, affecting photo-protected areas with chronic and progressive evolution (average evolution period: 51.31 months).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,5–7,10</span></a> This profile is in accordance with what is proposed by Pimpinelli et al. in their identification algorithm for early-stage MF; so that only one patient (1.5%) scored 1 point, while the remainder fulfilled the maximum 2 points. This demonstrates the good correlation between what we clinically identified with what is proposed by the algorithm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The histopathological review identified alterations of the corneum layer, with hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis which are common alterations in the initial MF stages, especially when taking into account the complaint of pruritus and the presence scaling on patch and plaque lesions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,7,8</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The predominant tissue reaction pattern was that of a superficial perivascular lymphoid infiltrate with pigmentary incontinence and papillary dermal fibroplasia, while lichenoid lymphoid infiltrate together with the superficial and deep perivascular pattern, and the diffuse and confluent pattern were uncommon. Higher percentages of lichenoid infiltrate were described in the studies by Nagaraghi et al. and Massone et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a> However, our findings support that only patients with initial MF stages, with low tumor load, were included.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,13</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epidermotropism was present in 68.7% of analyzed patients, indicated by the alignment of haloed lymphocytes at the dermoepidermal junction or in a suprabasal location, without spongiosis. The alignment of lymphocytes along the basal keratinocytes is a finding in the histopathological evaluation of MF exams in early-stage<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and was described by Sanchez and Ackermann, in 1979, as criterion for its diagnosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,15</span></a> In contrast, folliculotropism and Pautrier's microabscesses were rare, as proposed in literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,13,14</span></a> However, a large study conducted by Massone et al., with evaluation of 427 patients with MF in early stage, demonstrated higher percentages of Pautrier's microabscesses (19%), similar to the findings of Nagaraghi et al. (present in up to 66% of patients with plaque as clinical elementary lesion).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lymphocytic atypia, based on the increased size and/or cerebriform contour of nuclei, was identified in 63.8% of patients. Valorization of cytological criteria, such as hyperconvoluted nucleus or increase in their size, for cells located in the epidermis or dermis is disputed in the literature and seems to be considered in more recent publications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16–18</span></a> Our findings showed that lymphocytic atypia was almost as frequent as epidermotropism, being in accordance with the analysis of recently mentioned authors. On the other hand, Massone et al. identified atypical lymphocytes only in 9% of patients, leading them to propose that architectural criteria, involving the infiltrate distribution pattern associated to the finding of epidermotropism, would be more relevant in the initial MF stage.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The histopathological review considered the findings compatible with an MF diagnosis in 64.2% of cases. Thus, in 35.8% (24 of 67) of the cases, the histopathological exam, by itself, did not allow to diagnose MF. In fact, false negative rates in a first exam reach 40%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> However, besides an unspecific histopathological picture, it is important to emphasize the lack of findings to establish another specific diagnosis, such as eczemas or psoriasis. So, in 24 patients in whom a diagnosis of MF could not be done, it could not also be excluded.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Still regarding these 24 cases, the main aspect challenging the MF diagnosis was the scarcity of infiltrate, a finding compatible with early disease, in concordance with non-infiltrated clinical lesions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,13,16</span></a> Furthermore, histopathology findings could me masked by the use of medications, such as topic corticosteroids, that minimize the lymphocytic infiltrate and reduce lymphocytes from the dermo-epidermal junction. Considering that these medications are easily accessible, bought without prescription, we frequently observe in our clinical practice that patients make inadvertent use of that group of substances. Patients with clinical suspicion of MF should ideally stop using topic steroids as well as systemic immunosuppressants (if it is the case) 2–4 weeks before carrying out a biopsy for not impairing the histopathological analysis, while emollients can be continued.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The retrospective design of the study makes it difficult to determine if there was use of medications at the time of the first biopsy, representing therefore a limitation to be considered.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The decrease in the expression of T-cell markers, such as CD2, CD3, CD5 and CD7, in MF patients is based on the idea that as the disease progresses, a predominant abnormal phenotype is identified.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,13</span></a> Reduction of CD2, CD3 and/or CD5in at least 50% of lymphoid cells is an importantly sensitive criterion for identification of T-cell lymphomas.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Loss of positivity seems to occur initially in epidermal lymphocytes, and later in those located in the dermis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,20</span></a> Among CD2, CD3, CD5 and CD7, apparently the most specific criterion would be the reduction of CD7 positivity to less than 10% of the lymphoid cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,21</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Applying the immunophenotypic analysis on 23 cases that did not meet criteria for diagnosis, 22 scored in the algorithm. The most prevalent criterion was the reduction of positivity to less than 50% of the infiltrate for CD2 and/or CD5, being therefore, in this analysis, the most sensitive criterion, similar to what is proposed in literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,20</span></a> Finally, 13 cases presented the supposedly more specific criterion, with reduction of CD7 to less than 10%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,21</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2015, Vandergriff et al. published a study to validate the Pimpinelli et al. algorithm. The authors found 87.5% of sensitivity and 60% of specificity for the diagnosis and concluded that the algorithm is a statistically valid method.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Besides the known improvement in the diagnosis of early stage MF, investigation of TCR gene rearrangement is complex, unavailable in many laboratories and presents differences between detection rates depending on techniques employed, number of samples and MF's phase (patch, plaque or tumor).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23–25</span></a> Even without performing these molecular complementary diagnostic test, we found an increase of the percentage of MF diagnosis from 64.2%, when considered only histopathological findings, to 91% when applying the available algorithm criteria. We point out that the algorithm performace could been even better since 6/67 did not achieved enough points, which they could have if TCR rearrangement clonallity test was available and, of course, if the test had been positive.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conclusion</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although clinicopathological correlation remains the “gold standard”, application of clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemmicals criteria from the Pimpinelli et al. algorithm was useful in the diagnosis of early MF and can contribute to an improvement of the patient's outcome by offering earlier and specific treatment. Our results motivated the adoption of the algorithm criteria in our practice routine at our Department.</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As limitations of the present study we highlight its retrospective character, the reduced sample size and the lack of TCR gene rearrangemnt clonality test.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Financial support</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Authors' contributions</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gustavo Moreira Amorim: Statistic analysis; conception and planning of the study; elaboration and writing of the manuscript; obtaining, analysis, and interpretation of the data; critical review of the literature.</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Daniele Carvalho Quintella: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; conception and planning of the study; obtaining, analysis, and interpretation of the data; effective participation in research orientation; critical review of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">João Paulo Niemeyer-Corbellini: Conception and planning of the study; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases; critical review of the literature.</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Luiz Claudio Ferreira: Elaboration and writing of the manuscript; obtaining, analysis, and interpretation of the data; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases.</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marcia Ramos e Silva: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; conception and planning of the study; effective participation in research orientation; critical review of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tullia Cuzzi: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; conception and planning of the study; obtaining, analysis, and interpretation of the data; effective participation in research orientation; critical review of the manuscript.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1365096" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Study limitations" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1254928" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Financial support" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Authors' contributions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-08-03" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-01-05" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1254928" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Diagnosis" 1 => "Immunohistochemistry" 2 => "Mycosis fungoides" 3 => "Pathology" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis of mycosis fungoides is challenging due to the non-specificity of clinical and histopathological findings. The literature indicates an average delay of 4–6 years for a conclusive diagnosis. Refinement of the histopathological criteria for the diagnosis of patients in early stages of the disease is considered of interest.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objectives</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To study the histopathological aspects of early-stage mycosis fungoides and the applicability, in a retrospective form, of the diagnostic algorithm proposed by Pimpinelli et al.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Observational, retrospective, transversal study based on revision of histopathological exams of patients with suspected mycosis fungoides. Medical records were reviewed, and complementary immunohistochemistry performed.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sixty-seven patients were included. The most frequent histopathological features were superficial perivascular lymphoid infiltrate (71.6%), epidermotropism (68.7%), lymphocytic atypia (63.8%), hyperkeratosis (62.7%) and acanthosis (62.7%). Forty-three patients scored 4 points at the algorithm, by clinical and histological evaluation. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 23 of the 24 patients with less than 4 points. Of those 23, 22 scored 1 point, allowing a total of 61 patients (91%) with the diagnosis of early-stage mycosis fungoides.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Study limitations</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Its retrospective character, reduced sample size and incomplete application of the algorithm.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Application of the Pimpinelli et al. algorithm, even in an incomplete form, increased the percentage of cases diagnosed as mycosis fungoides. Routine application of the algorithm may contribute to earlier and specific management and improvement of the patients’ outcome.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Study limitations" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">How to cite this article: Amorim GM, Quintella DC, Niemeyer-Corbellini JP, Ferreira LC, Ramos-e-Silva M, Cuzzi T. Validation of an algorithm based on clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical data for the diagnosis of early-stage mycosis fungoides. An Bras Dermatol. 2020;95:326–31.</p>" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Study conducted at the Departments of Dermatology and Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.</p>" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0050" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 571 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 139444 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Superficial perivascular lymphoid infiltrate and insufficient amount of lymphocytes in the epidermis to characterize epidermotropism. In addition, there are hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis and acanthosis (Hematoxylin & eosin, x100).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 570 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 120238 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Atypical lymphocytes, with increased nuclear size, located along dermoepidermal junction and in the suprabasal cell layers. Some are haloed or present cerebriform contour (Hematoxylin & eosin, x400).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 571 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 123989 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CD3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> cells comprise most of dermal infiltrate and are also seen in the epidermis (Immunohistochemistry, x40).</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 571 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 139455 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CD7 reaction is negative in both compartments, characterizing loss of that T-cell marker and dermoepidermal disagreement, regarding CD3 positivity (Immunohistochemistry, x40).</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corneal layer alterations</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hyperkeratosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62.7% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Parakeratoses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38.3% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epidermis</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Normal thickness \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.4% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Thinned \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">02/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Irregular acanthosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62.7% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Psoriasiform acanthosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">06/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Vacuolar alteration of the basal layer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">06/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lymphoid infiltrate</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Perivascular superficial \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">71.6% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Perivascular superficial and deep \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">09/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lichenoid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.9% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diffuse and confluent<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">03/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Compromising the hypodermis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">01/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epidermotropism</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">68.7% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">46/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pautrier's microabscesses</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.9% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">08/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Folliculotropism with mucinosis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">03/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Folliculotropism without mucinosis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">02/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pigmentary incontinence</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">58.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lymphocytic atypia</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63.8% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Convolution of epidermal nuclei</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.3% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Convolution of dermal nuclei</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Increase of nuclear size in the epidermis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">55.1% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Increase of nuclear size in the dermis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.8% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Multinucleated giant cells</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">02/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eosinophils</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">05/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Papillary dermal fibroplasia</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">74.6% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2344610.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">In 3 cases, the diffuse and confluent pattern was focal, so that the perivascular superficial and deep pattern prevailed.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">In the only case where the infiltrate extended focally to the hypodermis, the prevailing pattern was perivascular superficial and deep.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histopathological characterization of the sample.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Criteria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">(%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Compatible with MF diagnosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Histopathological review \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">64.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 points at algorithm</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clinical<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Histopathological \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">64.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clinical<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Histopathological<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Immunohistochemical \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">91.0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">61/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><4 points at algorithm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Would require investigation of clonal rearrangement of the TCR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">06/67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2344611.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparative diagnostic rate between the histopathological review and the criteria of the algorithm adapted from Pimpinelli et al.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.docx" "ficheroTamanyo" => 28823 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:25 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R.A. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 25 | 11 | 36 |
| 2024 October | 117 | 85 | 202 |
| 2024 September | 160 | 110 | 270 |
| 2024 August | 191 | 126 | 317 |
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| 2024 May | 123 | 61 | 184 |
| 2024 April | 120 | 90 | 210 |
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| 2024 February | 103 | 76 | 179 |
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| 2023 December | 80 | 70 | 150 |
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| 2023 October | 92 | 76 | 168 |
| 2023 September | 110 | 91 | 201 |
| 2023 August | 76 | 43 | 119 |
| 2023 July | 64 | 37 | 101 |
| 2023 June | 76 | 47 | 123 |
| 2023 May | 56 | 30 | 86 |
| 2023 April | 57 | 21 | 78 |
| 2023 March | 97 | 48 | 145 |
| 2023 February | 66 | 36 | 102 |
| 2023 January | 50 | 37 | 87 |
| 2022 December | 67 | 38 | 105 |
| 2022 November | 90 | 51 | 141 |
| 2022 October | 175 | 61 | 236 |
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| 2022 June | 51 | 58 | 109 |
| 2022 May | 35 | 38 | 73 |
| 2022 April | 31 | 45 | 76 |
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| 2022 January | 45 | 76 | 121 |
| 2021 December | 39 | 55 | 94 |
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| 2020 October | 22 | 9 | 31 |
| 2020 September | 68 | 10 | 78 |
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| 2020 July | 46 | 7 | 53 |
| 2020 June | 11 | 13 | 24 |
| 2020 May | 18 | 12 | 30 |
| 2020 April | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 2020 March | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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