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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of leprosy has been declining steadily throughout the world since the 1980s as a result of multidrug therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> In Brazil&#44; it is still endemic in many regions&#44; and delayed diagnosis&#44; especially in multibacillary forms&#44; is one of the main factors in the maintenance of contagion&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Characteristically&#44; leprosy evolves in a chronic&#44; indolent form&#44; with polymorphous lesions and in an oligosymptomatic form&#46; Virchowian forms are even more indolent and diffuse infiltration can make diagnosis difficult&#46; Lepromas&#44; although asymptomatic&#44; are often the reason for seeking medical care&#44; and may generate diagnostic confusion with other papulonodular dermatoses such as granuloma annulare&#44; dermatofibroma and sarcoidosis&#44; among others&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As Virchowians are the most bacilliferous&#44; all strategies for identification and early treatments are valuable&#46; In this manuscript&#44; the dermoscopic findings of the lepromas are described&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Male&#44; 54 years old&#44; brown&#44; with asymptomatic nodular lesions throughout the integument one year ago&#46; At examination&#44; multiple normochromic papules of fibromatous consistency were found&#44; associated with diffuse infiltration of the skin and diffuse loss of hair on the body &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; These nodules&#44; at dermoscopy&#44; had diffuse yellowish coloration&#44; with a discrete brownish halo and&#44; at the center of the lesion&#44; multiple heteromorphic telangiectasias more concentrated in the periphery and cicatricial nacreous aspect at the center of the lesion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2&#8211;4</a>&#41;&#46; Patient reported family cases and had treated leprosy for about 20 years&#44; but was unaware of the schedule or treatment time used at the time&#46; At anatomopathological examination&#44; epidermal rectification associated with diffuse infiltration of xanthomatous macrophages was observed in the superficial and deep dermis&#46; Fite-Faraco staining revealed multiple globules of viable bacilli within these macrophages&#44; and earlobe and leproma baciloscopy result in a bacilloscopic index of 6&#43; with innumerable intact bacilli &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Individuals that evolve to the virchowian pole&#44; such as this case&#44; present humoral immune response&#44; with high production of antibodies against the PGL-1 antigen&#44; but these antibodies are ineffective in the elimination of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; leprae</span>&#44; with consequent multiplication and bacillary spread through the haematogenic pathway&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> In virchowian patients&#44; skin lesions tend to be multiple and symmetrical&#44; localized&#44; poorly delimited&#44; associated or not with generalized cutaneous infiltration&#44; which can progress to infiltrated papules&#44; plaques and nodules&#44; called lepromas&#44; which may be arranged throughout the integument&#44; in few or large number of lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermoscopy&#44; in addition to being of great importance in the diagnosis of cutaneous tumors&#44; is currently used in the detection and diagnosis of other non-tumoral skin diseases&#44; such as inflammatory and infectious dermatoses&#44; in order to reinforce clinical suspicion and differential diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Currently&#44; there are&#44; in the literature&#44; dermatoscopic descriptions of numerous dermatoses&#44; such as psoriasis&#44; lichen planus&#44; sarcoidosis&#44; annular granuloma&#44; dermatofibroma&#44; among others&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dermoscopic description of the lesions of some clinical forms of leprosy can be found in the literature&#44; such as the histoid and tuberculoid forms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> To date&#44; there are no descriptions of the dermoscopic features of lepromas&#46; Its dermatoscopic appearance is similar to the nodules described in the histoid form of leprosy&#44; with fine telangiectasias associated with a halo of brownish pigmentation&#44; despite the anatomopathological differences between the two lesions&#44; since a lesion of leprosy in the histoid form presents multiple fusiform histiocytes grouped in strip&#44; different from the xanthomatous macrophages commonly found in lepromas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Its yellowing color in the dermoscopic examination is due to the intense xanthomization of the lepromes &#40;Virchow cells&#41;&#44; which is less evident in other lesions such as granuloma annular&#44; sarcoidosis and xanthogranuloma&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> which show orange color due to the fusiform appearance of the macrophages that form them&#46; Already the peripheral brownish pigmentation of the lesion in dermoscopy may be more difficult to observe in patients with a higher phototype&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In anatomopathological examination of the leproma&#44; there is an epidermal rectification&#44; probably due to the accumulation of macrophages grouped in the superficial and deep dermis&#44; with clear cytoplasm and vacuolated aspect&#46; These vacuoles&#44; in the coloration of fite-Faraco&#44; contain a large quantity of bacilli&#59; forming globes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Vascular ectasias in the superficial dermis may also be visualized&#46; In view of the dermoscopic observations&#44; the correlation of the visualized structures with the alterations in the examination can be performed&#44; so that the presence of numerous macrophages containing globules confer the nodular appearance of the lesion&#44; and the vascular ectasias are represented by the thin telangiectasias seen on examination&#46; Such dermatoscopic features make a differential diagnosis with dermatoses such as sarcoidosis and lupus vulgaris&#44; among others&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;8</span></a> Its is important to note that&#44; in the case described&#44; only contact dermatoscopy was performed&#59; dermatoscopy with polarized light without contact could bring additional details in the description of the lesion&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of leprosy&#44; however&#44; is clinical&#44; so that dermatoscopic aspects&#44; as well as laboratory tests&#44; anatomopathological and specific staining help in cases of greater clinical difficulty&#46; Treatment with the diagnosis should be done promptly&#44; as well as investigation of communicators&#44; in order to reduce the transmission of the bacillus and controlling the incidence of new cases of the disease in the country&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Financial support</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anna Carolina Miola&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Natalia Parenti Bicudo&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Giuliane Minami Tsutsui&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#44; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Helio Amante Miot&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Images in Dermatology
Leproma's dermoscopy
Anna Carolina Miolaa,b,
Corresponding author
anna_fmrp@yahoo.com.br

Corresponding author.
, Natalia Parenti Bicudoa, Giuliane Minami Tsutsuia, Helio Amante Miota
a Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy, Universidade Estadual do Estado de São Paulo, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
b Department of Dermatology, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of leprosy has been declining steadily throughout the world since the 1980s as a result of multidrug therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> In Brazil&#44; it is still endemic in many regions&#44; and delayed diagnosis&#44; especially in multibacillary forms&#44; is one of the main factors in the maintenance of contagion&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Characteristically&#44; leprosy evolves in a chronic&#44; indolent form&#44; with polymorphous lesions and in an oligosymptomatic form&#46; Virchowian forms are even more indolent and diffuse infiltration can make diagnosis difficult&#46; Lepromas&#44; although asymptomatic&#44; are often the reason for seeking medical care&#44; and may generate diagnostic confusion with other papulonodular dermatoses such as granuloma annulare&#44; dermatofibroma and sarcoidosis&#44; among others&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As Virchowians are the most bacilliferous&#44; all strategies for identification and early treatments are valuable&#46; In this manuscript&#44; the dermoscopic findings of the lepromas are described&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Male&#44; 54 years old&#44; brown&#44; with asymptomatic nodular lesions throughout the integument one year ago&#46; At examination&#44; multiple normochromic papules of fibromatous consistency were found&#44; associated with diffuse infiltration of the skin and diffuse loss of hair on the body &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; These nodules&#44; at dermoscopy&#44; had diffuse yellowish coloration&#44; with a discrete brownish halo and&#44; at the center of the lesion&#44; multiple heteromorphic telangiectasias more concentrated in the periphery and cicatricial nacreous aspect at the center of the lesion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2&#8211;4</a>&#41;&#46; Patient reported family cases and had treated leprosy for about 20 years&#44; but was unaware of the schedule or treatment time used at the time&#46; At anatomopathological examination&#44; epidermal rectification associated with diffuse infiltration of xanthomatous macrophages was observed in the superficial and deep dermis&#46; Fite-Faraco staining revealed multiple globules of viable bacilli within these macrophages&#44; and earlobe and leproma baciloscopy result in a bacilloscopic index of 6&#43; with innumerable intact bacilli &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Individuals that evolve to the virchowian pole&#44; such as this case&#44; present humoral immune response&#44; with high production of antibodies against the PGL-1 antigen&#44; but these antibodies are ineffective in the elimination of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; leprae</span>&#44; with consequent multiplication and bacillary spread through the haematogenic pathway&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> In virchowian patients&#44; skin lesions tend to be multiple and symmetrical&#44; localized&#44; poorly delimited&#44; associated or not with generalized cutaneous infiltration&#44; which can progress to infiltrated papules&#44; plaques and nodules&#44; called lepromas&#44; which may be arranged throughout the integument&#44; in few or large number of lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermoscopy&#44; in addition to being of great importance in the diagnosis of cutaneous tumors&#44; is currently used in the detection and diagnosis of other non-tumoral skin diseases&#44; such as inflammatory and infectious dermatoses&#44; in order to reinforce clinical suspicion and differential diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Currently&#44; there are&#44; in the literature&#44; dermatoscopic descriptions of numerous dermatoses&#44; such as psoriasis&#44; lichen planus&#44; sarcoidosis&#44; annular granuloma&#44; dermatofibroma&#44; among others&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dermoscopic description of the lesions of some clinical forms of leprosy can be found in the literature&#44; such as the histoid and tuberculoid forms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> To date&#44; there are no descriptions of the dermoscopic features of lepromas&#46; Its dermatoscopic appearance is similar to the nodules described in the histoid form of leprosy&#44; with fine telangiectasias associated with a halo of brownish pigmentation&#44; despite the anatomopathological differences between the two lesions&#44; since a lesion of leprosy in the histoid form presents multiple fusiform histiocytes grouped in strip&#44; different from the xanthomatous macrophages commonly found in lepromas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Its yellowing color in the dermoscopic examination is due to the intense xanthomization of the lepromes &#40;Virchow cells&#41;&#44; which is less evident in other lesions such as granuloma annular&#44; sarcoidosis and xanthogranuloma&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> which show orange color due to the fusiform appearance of the macrophages that form them&#46; Already the peripheral brownish pigmentation of the lesion in dermoscopy may be more difficult to observe in patients with a higher phototype&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In anatomopathological examination of the leproma&#44; there is an epidermal rectification&#44; probably due to the accumulation of macrophages grouped in the superficial and deep dermis&#44; with clear cytoplasm and vacuolated aspect&#46; These vacuoles&#44; in the coloration of fite-Faraco&#44; contain a large quantity of bacilli&#59; forming globes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Vascular ectasias in the superficial dermis may also be visualized&#46; In view of the dermoscopic observations&#44; the correlation of the visualized structures with the alterations in the examination can be performed&#44; so that the presence of numerous macrophages containing globules confer the nodular appearance of the lesion&#44; and the vascular ectasias are represented by the thin telangiectasias seen on examination&#46; Such dermatoscopic features make a differential diagnosis with dermatoses such as sarcoidosis and lupus vulgaris&#44; among others&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;8</span></a> Its is important to note that&#44; in the case described&#44; only contact dermatoscopy was performed&#59; dermatoscopy with polarized light without contact could bring additional details in the description of the lesion&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of leprosy&#44; however&#44; is clinical&#44; so that dermatoscopic aspects&#44; as well as laboratory tests&#44; anatomopathological and specific staining help in cases of greater clinical difficulty&#46; Treatment with the diagnosis should be done promptly&#44; as well as investigation of communicators&#44; in order to reduce the transmission of the bacillus and controlling the incidence of new cases of the disease in the country&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Financial support</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anna Carolina Miola&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Natalia Parenti Bicudo&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; obtaining&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Giuliane Minami Tsutsui&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#44; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Helio Amante Miot&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; elaboration and writing of the manuscript&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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