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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown cause that is characterized by the presence of granulomas in various organs&#46; Studies show that genetic susceptibility and environmental factors contribute to the development of an exaggerated immune response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The clinical course varies and&#44; in half of the cases&#44; the disease resolves spontaneously within two to five years&#46; After five years&#44; remission is much less likely&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Lungs and thoracic lymph nodes are the most commonly affected organs in more than 90&#37; of cases&#44; but nearly every other organ can be affected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cutaneous involvement is common and the reported incidence has varied from 9&#37; to 37&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#8211;7</span></a> Skin manifestations can be classified into two categories&#58; specific lesions have histopathological evidence of typical sarcoid granulomas&#59; nonspecific lesions develop as a result of an inflammatory reaction pattern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#8211;9</span></a> Erythema nodosum is the most common nonspecific skin lesion&#44; often found with acute sarcoidosis&#44; and usually portends a good prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Specific lesions are chronic&#44; asymptomatic&#44; and require therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Typical specific lesions include macules&#44; papules and plaques&#44; lupus pernio&#44; and subcutaneous nodules &#40;known as Darier-Roussy nodules&#41;&#46; Less common manifestations include scar- and tattoo-associated lesions&#44; and hypopigmented&#44; angiolupoid&#44; psoriasiform&#44; erythrodermic&#44; ulcerative&#44; ichthyosiform&#44; verrucous&#44; or lichenoid forms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When it is clinically suspected&#44; a skin biopsy is important to establish histopathologic evidence of sarcoidosis and to rule out other causes of granulomatous disease&#44; by demonstrating the presence of microorganisms in tissue cultures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Histopathology reveals non-necrotizing granulomas composed of mononuclear histiocytes&#44; which can form into giant cells and have minimal surrounding lymphocytic inflammation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Once cutaneous sarcoidosis is confirmed&#44; evaluation for systemic involvement is mandatory&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;11</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therapy is usually directed at the organ most severely affected&#44; which often helps cutaneous lesions&#46; For patients with isolated cutaneous sarcoidosis or patients with the severe cutaneous disease&#44; a stepwise approach is recommended with local therapies&#44; immunomodulators&#44; and systemic immunosuppressants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sarcoidosis is considered infrequent in Brazil&#59; its aspects have not been analyzed since 1976&#44; when a review of 40 cases was conducted&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical and epidemiological features of cutaneous sarcoidosis at a tertiary hospital in S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After receiving approval from the institutional review board&#44; a retrospective study was conducted analyzing the clinical records of 72 patients diagnosed at Department of Dermatology at the University of S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil&#44; from May 1994 to March 2018&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis of cutaneous sarcoidosis was based on compatible clinical picture&#44; histopathologic evidence of sarcoid granulomas on skin biopsy&#44; and exclusion of other granulomatous diseases by special stains for microorganisms and cultures&#46; All patients underwent a systemic evaluation including history with a complete review of organ systems&#44; physical examination&#44; chest radiography &#40;radiographical staging for pulmonary sarcoidosis &#91;RSPS&#93;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;11</span></a> pulmonary function tests&#44; ophthalmologic evaluation&#44; standard hematological and biochemistry profiles&#44; electrocardiogram&#44; and tuberculin skin test&#46; Further investigation was performed as necessary&#44; according to the individual clinical picture&#46; Patients were excluded if their medical charts were not available&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed to obtain the following&#58; gender&#59; age at diagnosis&#59; ethnicity&#59; morphology and distribution of cutaneous lesions&#59; extracutaneous involvement&#59; initial manifestation&#59; and treatment used&#46; After that&#44; descriptive statistics were used to summarize the information&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 74 patients initially collected with a confirmed diagnosis of cutaneous sarcoidosis&#44; two patients for whom there was no clinical information were excluded&#46; The clinical characteristics of the remaining 72 patients are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">table 1</a>&#46; The male to female ratio was approximately 1&#58;2&#46;8&#44; with 19 males &#40;26&#37;&#41; and 53 females &#40;74&#37;&#41;&#46; The mean age at diagnosis was 49&#46;6 years &#40;range 28&#8211;69 years&#41;&#46; The majority of patients were white &#40;61&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Specific cutaneous lesions observed included plaques in 32 patients &#40;44&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by papules in 30 &#40;42&#37;&#41;&#44; subcutaneous nodules in 11 &#40;15&#37;&#41;&#44; lupus pernio in eight &#40;11&#37;&#41;&#44; angiolupoid sarcoidosis in four &#40;6&#37;&#41;&#44; hypopigmented lesions in two &#40;3&#37;&#41;&#44; psoriasiform lesions in one &#40;1&#37;&#41;&#44; and lichenoid lesions in one &#40;1&#37;&#41;&#46; Scar- and tattoo-associated sarcoidosis lesions were seen in one &#40;1&#37;&#41; and two &#40;3&#37;&#41; patients&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Twenty patients &#40;28&#37;&#41; had two types of lesions&#46; Eight patients had lesions at special locations&#44; such as the nails &#40;3&#41;&#44; oral cavity &#40;2&#41;&#44; scalp &#40;specific cicatricial alopecia&#41; &#40;2&#41;&#44; and genitals &#40;1&#41;&#46; The head and neck were the most commonly affected sites&#44; with lesions in 50 patients &#40;69&#37;&#41;&#46; Forty-four patients &#40;61&#37;&#41; presented facial involvement&#46; Lesions affected only the face in 16 patients &#40;22&#37;&#41; and 21 &#40;29&#37;&#41; had lesions on the nose&#46; Lesions were present in the upper extremities in 38 patients &#40;53&#37;&#41;&#44; the lower extremities in 26 &#40;36&#37;&#41;&#44; and the trunk in 25 &#40;35&#37;&#41;&#46; Fifty-six patients &#40;40&#37;&#41; demonstrated lesions in two or more locations&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Systemic sarcoidosis was detected in 58 patients &#40;81&#37;&#41;&#44; and cutaneous lesions were the first presentation in 43 &#40;74&#37;&#41; of these &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Diagnosis of extracutaneous sarcoidosis occurred before cutaneous disease in 15 patients &#40;26&#37;&#41;&#46; Pulmonary sarcoidosis was the most frequent systemic manifestation&#44; affecting 56 patients &#40;97&#37; of patients with systemic compromise&#41;&#46; According to the RSPS&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> 25 patients had stage I pulmonary sarcoidosis &#40;lymphadenopathy alone&#41;&#44; 21 had stage II &#40;pulmonary infiltration with lymphadenopathy&#41;&#44; two had stage III &#40;pulmonary infiltration without lymphadenopathy&#41;&#44; and eight had Stage IV &#40;pulmonary fibrosis&#41;&#46; Other commonly involved organs were the kidneys in eight patients &#40;14&#37;&#41;&#44; the extrathoracic lymph nodes in eight &#40;14&#37;&#41;&#44; and the eyes in seven &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; Of the patients with kidney disease&#44; five had only asymptomatic hypercalciuria and three had nephrolithiasis&#46; The most common ocular manifestations were uveitis and lacrimal gland enlargement in five and two patients&#44; respectively&#46; Two patients &#40;3&#37;&#41; had cardiac sarcoidosis&#46; The systemic disease had affected the liver&#44; spleen&#44; pancreas&#44; gastrointestinal tract&#44; upper respiratory tract&#44; muscles&#44; bones&#44; and articulations in one patient each&#44; respectively&#46; Sarcoidosis remained confined to the skin in 14 patients &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fifty-two patients &#40;72&#37;&#41; required systemic therapy and 12 patients &#40;17&#37;&#41; had only local therapy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; Three patients were lost to clinical follow-up after diagnosis&#44; one had spontaneous remission&#44; and four had not yet started treatment&#46; Of the patients who were treated only with local therapy&#44; topical glucocorticoid was used in ten&#44; intralesional glucocorticoid in five&#44; and topical calcineurin inhibitor in three&#46; In half of these cases&#44; association with local therapies was necessary&#46; Oral glucocorticoid represented the most frequently used systemic medication in 48 patients &#40;92&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by antimalarial drugs in 28 &#40;54&#37;&#41;&#44; methotrexate in 18 &#40;35&#37;&#41;&#44; azathioprine in four &#40;8&#37;&#41;&#44; leflunomide in two &#40;4&#37;&#41;&#44; tetracycline-class antibiotics in two &#40;4&#37;&#41;&#44; thalidomide in one &#40;2&#37;&#41;&#44; and infliximab in one &#40;2&#37;&#41;&#46; Seventeen patients &#40;33&#37;&#41; received oral corticosteroids as monotherapy&#46; The mean number of systemic drugs used in each patient during the follow-up period was 1&#46;98&#46; Systemic therapy was directed to cutaneous lesions and&#44; therefore&#44; managed exclusively by the dermatologist in 24 patients &#40;46&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the prevalence of sarcoidosis in Brazil has yet to be established&#44; it is estimated to be lower than 10 cases&#47;100&#44;000 population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Older Brazilian dermatologists claimed that cutaneous sarcoidosis was exceedingly rare in Brazil&#59; it was usually stated that &#8220;a case of cutaneous sarcoidosis is simply a misdiagnosed case of leprosy or tuberculosis&#46;&#8221; It appears that its incidence might be slowing increasing over the last few decades&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Incidence by sex and the median age at diagnosis in the present series coincide with statistics from other countries&#46; However&#44; most of the present patients were white &#40;61&#37;&#41;&#44; contrary to the classic higher prevalence in Afro-Americans&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#44;15</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cutaneous lesions led to the detection of extracutaneous sarcoidosis in 74&#37; of patients with systemic involvement&#44; a figure supported by other studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to several series&#44; the most common specific lesions of sarcoidosis are papules&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;20</span></a> However&#44; plaque-type sarcoidosis was the most frequent presentation in the current study &#40;44&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by papules &#40;42&#37;&#41;&#46; This proportion was also found in recent series from Lebanon and Taiwan&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> Plaques may arise <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span> or from a confluence of papules&#46; When compared to papules&#44; plaques tend to have a deeper infiltration and are more likely to resolve with permanent scarring&#46; The presence of plaques has been associated with a chronic disease course&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;20</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Specific subcutaneous nodules &#40;not erythema nodosum&#41; were seen in 15&#37; of the present patients&#44; a higher frequency than in other studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;18&#44;20</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lupus pernio&#44; the most characteristic lesion of cutaneous sarcoidosis&#44; usually follows a chronic course and often coexists with sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In the current series&#44; eight patients presented lupus pernio&#44; all with associated systemic disease&#44; often severe and with the involvement of many organs&#46; Only one patient had upper respiratory tract involvement&#46; Scar- and tattoo-associated sarcoidosis lesions were diagnosed in one and two patients&#44; respectively&#46; These lesions can be misdiagnosed as hypertrophic scars or keloids&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Less frequent specific lesions such as angiolupoid&#44; hypopigmented&#44; psoriasiform&#44; and lichenoid sarcoidosis were detected in a few patients&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Facial involvement was present in 61&#37; of patients&#59; a similarly high proportion has been reported by other studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a> In 40&#37; of cases&#44; lesions affected two or more locations&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors&#8217; routine initial procedure for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis included skin histopathology &#40;with negative stains for microorganisms&#41;&#44; chest radiography&#44; and a negative tuberculin skin test&#46; This protocol was sufficient to diagnose systemic sarcoidosis in most patients&#46; After diagnosis&#44; the basic assessment included ophthalmological evaluation as well as hematological and biochemical profiles &#40;urine and serum calcium levels&#44; liver and renal function tests&#41;&#44; electrocardiogram&#44; and pulmonary function tests&#46; Additional tests were requested as needed&#46; Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme levels are not measured at this study&#39;s facilities&#46; Only 60&#37; of patients with sarcoidosis have increased levels of this enzyme&#44; and it is not specific to the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If systemic sarcoidosis cannot be demonstrated in a patient with skin granulomas&#44; a long-term follow-up should be undertaken&#46; In the present series&#44; systemic sarcoidosis was detected in 81&#37; of patients&#59; in almost all&#44; it could be demonstrated immediately after and as a consequence of the diagnosis of cutaneous disease&#46; Pulmonary sarcoidosis was the most common systemic manifestation&#44; affecting 97&#37; of the cases&#46; Lymphadenopathy was the most frequent radiological finding &#40;82&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by pulmonary infiltration &#40;41&#37;&#41; and fibrosis &#40;14&#37;&#41;&#46; Other commonly involved organs were the kidneys &#40;14&#37;&#41;&#44; the extrathoracic lymph nodes &#40;14&#37;&#41;&#44; and the eyes &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; Except for renal involvement&#44; which was present in a greater proportion in the current study&#44; other organ involvements were found at similar rates to those previously described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> A higher frequency of renal manifestations might be due to a possible underdiagnosis of asymptomatic hypercalciuria in previously studied patients and emphasizes the need to measure not only the serum calcium level but also the urinary calcium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fourteen patients presented only cutaneous manifestations&#59; it is controversial in the literature whether these patients may ultimately develop additional organ system involvement or if their disease will be restricted to the skin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Topical and intralesional steroids were the used local therapies in the patients&#46; These drugs are considered as a first-line therapy for cutaneous sarcoidosis with limited or mild disease&#44; or as an adjunct to help control cutaneous disorders when the extracutaneous disease is under adequate control&#46; Topical calcineurin inhibitors&#44; which have a low overall side-effect profile and are indicated for limited skin disease&#44; can also be used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;24</span></a> Of the 12 patients &#40;17&#37;&#41; who were treated only with local therapy&#44; five presented isolated skin lesions and seven had mild pulmonary disease&#44; not requiring systemic management&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For patients with severe disease or those who do not respond to topical therapy&#44; oral corticosteroids are first-line systemic therapy&#46; In the event of a relapse or if the signs persist&#44; steroid-sparing agents should be instituted alone or with a low-dose corticosteroid&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;25</span></a> In the present series&#44; oral glucocorticoids were the most frequently used medication &#40;92&#37;&#41;&#44; at times as monotherapy &#40;33&#37;&#41;&#46; Antimalarials &#40;54&#37;&#41; and methotrexate &#40;35&#37;&#41; were also used&#46; Other steroid-sparing medications included azathioprine &#40;4 patients&#41;&#44; leflunomide &#40;3&#41;&#44; tetracycline-class antibiotics &#40;3&#41;&#44; and thalidomide &#40;1&#41;&#46; Infliximab has been recently used for recalcitrant sarcoidosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> This drug was prescribed for one patient who presented lupus pernio and had severe systemic and cutaneous disease after therapeutic failure with other combined regimens&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean number of systemic drugs used in each patient during the follow-up period was 1&#46;98&#44; which confirms that most patients needed to receive one to two different medications to achieve disease control&#46; Systemic therapy was directed toward cutaneous lesions and&#44; therefore&#44; managed exclusively by the dermatologist in 24 patients &#40;46&#37;&#41;&#46; These patients presented only cutaneous compromise &#40;seven&#41; or had mild pulmonary involvement &#40;17&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conclusion</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical and epidemiological findings in the present study were mostly similar to those published in the literature&#46; Its limitations include retrospective design and&#44; in some cases&#44; lack of detailed data in the patient records&#46; Compared with data from the literature&#44; an increased incidence of renal impairment &#40;hypercalciuria&#41; was observed&#46; Despite the small sample size&#44; it represents the largest Brazilian series on this subject&#44; suggesting that sarcoidosis may not be so infrequent in Brazil&#46; Although there are many endemic granulomatous infectious diseases in this country&#44; sarcoidosis certainly stands out as an important diagnosis to be considered&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Financial support</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Authors&#8217; contribution</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mariana Fernandes Torquato&#58; Statistical analysis&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; composition of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; critical review of the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marcella Karen Souza da Costa&#58; Statistical analysis&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; composition of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; critical review of the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marcello Menta Simonsen Nico&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; participation in the design of the study&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown cause that is characterized by the presence of granulomas in various organs&#46; Cutaneous involvement is common and the reported incidence has varied from 9&#37; to 37&#37;&#46; Studies on cutaneous sarcoidosis in Brazil are lacking&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objectives</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis diagnosed at the Department of Dermatology of the University of S&#227;o Paulo&#44; from May 1994 to March 2018&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical data of patients with confirmed cutaneous sarcoidosis were retrospectively reviewed and classified according to gender&#44; ethnicity&#44; age at diagnosis&#44; cutaneous presentation&#44; systemic involvement and treatment&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cutaneous sarcoidosis was diagnosed in 72 patients with a female predominance &#40;74&#37;&#41;&#46; The mean age at diagnosis was 49&#46;6 years and most of the patients were white &#40;61&#37;&#41;&#46; Papules and plaques were the most common lesions&#46; Systemic sarcoidosis was detected in 81&#37; of patients&#44; affecting mainly the lungs and thoracic lymph nodes &#40;97&#37;&#41;&#46; Typically&#44; cutaneous lesions were the first manifestation &#40;74&#37;&#41;&#46; Systemic therapy was necessary for 72&#37; of patients&#59; the dermatologist managed many of these cases&#46; Oral glucocorticoids were the most commonly used systemic medication &#40;92&#37;&#41;&#46; The mean number of systemic drugs used was 1&#46;98 per patient&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Limitations</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Insufficient data in medical records&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This series highlights the dermatologist role in recognizing and diagnosing cutaneous sarcoidosis&#44; evaluating patients for systemic disease involvement and treating the skin manifestations&#46; Cutaneous sarcoidosis was once considered exceedingly infrequent in Brazil in comparison to infectious granulomatous diseases&#59; however&#44; the present series seems to suggest that the disease is not so rare in this region&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ethnicity</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>White&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Afro-descendant&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age&#44; years</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#8211;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Specific lesions</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Plaques&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Papules&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Subcutaneous&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lupus pernio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Angiolupoid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypopigmented&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tattoo lesions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Scar lesions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Psoriasiform&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lichenoid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>With &#8805;2 types&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Special sites</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nail&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Oral cavity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Scarring alopecia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Genital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Distribution</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ocular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Spleen&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pancreas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gastrointestinal tract&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Muscles&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Upper respiratory tract&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bones&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">First manifestation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cutaneous&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extracutaneous&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intralesional glucocorticoid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Oral glucocorticoid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antimalarial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Methotrexate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Azathioprine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Leflunomide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tetracycline-class antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Thalidomide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Infliximab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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Investigation
Cutaneous sarcoidosis: clinico–epidemiological profile of 72 patients at a tertiary hospital in São Paulo, Brazil
Mariana Fernandes Torquato
Corresponding author
marytorquato@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Marcella Karen Souza da Costa, Marcello Menta Simonsen Nico
Dermatology Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical examples of cutaneous sarcoidosis&#58; A&#44; Papular form&#59; B&#44; Subcutaneous form&#59; C&#44; Lupus pernio&#59; D&#44; Angiolupoid&#59; E&#44; Hypochromic form&#59; F&#44; Lichenoid lesions&#59; G&#44; Ancient scar lesions&#59; H&#44; Periungual infiltration with osteitis and nail dystrophy&#59; I&#44; Granulomas composed predominantly of epithelioid histiocytes &#40;Hematoxylin &#38; eosin&#44; x40 &#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown cause that is characterized by the presence of granulomas in various organs&#46; Studies show that genetic susceptibility and environmental factors contribute to the development of an exaggerated immune response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The clinical course varies and&#44; in half of the cases&#44; the disease resolves spontaneously within two to five years&#46; After five years&#44; remission is much less likely&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Lungs and thoracic lymph nodes are the most commonly affected organs in more than 90&#37; of cases&#44; but nearly every other organ can be affected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cutaneous involvement is common and the reported incidence has varied from 9&#37; to 37&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#8211;7</span></a> Skin manifestations can be classified into two categories&#58; specific lesions have histopathological evidence of typical sarcoid granulomas&#59; nonspecific lesions develop as a result of an inflammatory reaction pattern&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#8211;9</span></a> Erythema nodosum is the most common nonspecific skin lesion&#44; often found with acute sarcoidosis&#44; and usually portends a good prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Specific lesions are chronic&#44; asymptomatic&#44; and require therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Typical specific lesions include macules&#44; papules and plaques&#44; lupus pernio&#44; and subcutaneous nodules &#40;known as Darier-Roussy nodules&#41;&#46; Less common manifestations include scar- and tattoo-associated lesions&#44; and hypopigmented&#44; angiolupoid&#44; psoriasiform&#44; erythrodermic&#44; ulcerative&#44; ichthyosiform&#44; verrucous&#44; or lichenoid forms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When it is clinically suspected&#44; a skin biopsy is important to establish histopathologic evidence of sarcoidosis and to rule out other causes of granulomatous disease&#44; by demonstrating the presence of microorganisms in tissue cultures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Histopathology reveals non-necrotizing granulomas composed of mononuclear histiocytes&#44; which can form into giant cells and have minimal surrounding lymphocytic inflammation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Once cutaneous sarcoidosis is confirmed&#44; evaluation for systemic involvement is mandatory&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;11</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therapy is usually directed at the organ most severely affected&#44; which often helps cutaneous lesions&#46; For patients with isolated cutaneous sarcoidosis or patients with the severe cutaneous disease&#44; a stepwise approach is recommended with local therapies&#44; immunomodulators&#44; and systemic immunosuppressants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sarcoidosis is considered infrequent in Brazil&#59; its aspects have not been analyzed since 1976&#44; when a review of 40 cases was conducted&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical and epidemiological features of cutaneous sarcoidosis at a tertiary hospital in S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After receiving approval from the institutional review board&#44; a retrospective study was conducted analyzing the clinical records of 72 patients diagnosed at Department of Dermatology at the University of S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil&#44; from May 1994 to March 2018&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis of cutaneous sarcoidosis was based on compatible clinical picture&#44; histopathologic evidence of sarcoid granulomas on skin biopsy&#44; and exclusion of other granulomatous diseases by special stains for microorganisms and cultures&#46; All patients underwent a systemic evaluation including history with a complete review of organ systems&#44; physical examination&#44; chest radiography &#40;radiographical staging for pulmonary sarcoidosis &#91;RSPS&#93;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;11</span></a> pulmonary function tests&#44; ophthalmologic evaluation&#44; standard hematological and biochemistry profiles&#44; electrocardiogram&#44; and tuberculin skin test&#46; Further investigation was performed as necessary&#44; according to the individual clinical picture&#46; Patients were excluded if their medical charts were not available&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed to obtain the following&#58; gender&#59; age at diagnosis&#59; ethnicity&#59; morphology and distribution of cutaneous lesions&#59; extracutaneous involvement&#59; initial manifestation&#59; and treatment used&#46; After that&#44; descriptive statistics were used to summarize the information&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 74 patients initially collected with a confirmed diagnosis of cutaneous sarcoidosis&#44; two patients for whom there was no clinical information were excluded&#46; The clinical characteristics of the remaining 72 patients are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">table 1</a>&#46; The male to female ratio was approximately 1&#58;2&#46;8&#44; with 19 males &#40;26&#37;&#41; and 53 females &#40;74&#37;&#41;&#46; The mean age at diagnosis was 49&#46;6 years &#40;range 28&#8211;69 years&#41;&#46; The majority of patients were white &#40;61&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Specific cutaneous lesions observed included plaques in 32 patients &#40;44&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by papules in 30 &#40;42&#37;&#41;&#44; subcutaneous nodules in 11 &#40;15&#37;&#41;&#44; lupus pernio in eight &#40;11&#37;&#41;&#44; angiolupoid sarcoidosis in four &#40;6&#37;&#41;&#44; hypopigmented lesions in two &#40;3&#37;&#41;&#44; psoriasiform lesions in one &#40;1&#37;&#41;&#44; and lichenoid lesions in one &#40;1&#37;&#41;&#46; Scar- and tattoo-associated sarcoidosis lesions were seen in one &#40;1&#37;&#41; and two &#40;3&#37;&#41; patients&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Twenty patients &#40;28&#37;&#41; had two types of lesions&#46; Eight patients had lesions at special locations&#44; such as the nails &#40;3&#41;&#44; oral cavity &#40;2&#41;&#44; scalp &#40;specific cicatricial alopecia&#41; &#40;2&#41;&#44; and genitals &#40;1&#41;&#46; The head and neck were the most commonly affected sites&#44; with lesions in 50 patients &#40;69&#37;&#41;&#46; Forty-four patients &#40;61&#37;&#41; presented facial involvement&#46; Lesions affected only the face in 16 patients &#40;22&#37;&#41; and 21 &#40;29&#37;&#41; had lesions on the nose&#46; Lesions were present in the upper extremities in 38 patients &#40;53&#37;&#41;&#44; the lower extremities in 26 &#40;36&#37;&#41;&#44; and the trunk in 25 &#40;35&#37;&#41;&#46; Fifty-six patients &#40;40&#37;&#41; demonstrated lesions in two or more locations&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Systemic sarcoidosis was detected in 58 patients &#40;81&#37;&#41;&#44; and cutaneous lesions were the first presentation in 43 &#40;74&#37;&#41; of these &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Diagnosis of extracutaneous sarcoidosis occurred before cutaneous disease in 15 patients &#40;26&#37;&#41;&#46; Pulmonary sarcoidosis was the most frequent systemic manifestation&#44; affecting 56 patients &#40;97&#37; of patients with systemic compromise&#41;&#46; According to the RSPS&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> 25 patients had stage I pulmonary sarcoidosis &#40;lymphadenopathy alone&#41;&#44; 21 had stage II &#40;pulmonary infiltration with lymphadenopathy&#41;&#44; two had stage III &#40;pulmonary infiltration without lymphadenopathy&#41;&#44; and eight had Stage IV &#40;pulmonary fibrosis&#41;&#46; Other commonly involved organs were the kidneys in eight patients &#40;14&#37;&#41;&#44; the extrathoracic lymph nodes in eight &#40;14&#37;&#41;&#44; and the eyes in seven &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; Of the patients with kidney disease&#44; five had only asymptomatic hypercalciuria and three had nephrolithiasis&#46; The most common ocular manifestations were uveitis and lacrimal gland enlargement in five and two patients&#44; respectively&#46; Two patients &#40;3&#37;&#41; had cardiac sarcoidosis&#46; The systemic disease had affected the liver&#44; spleen&#44; pancreas&#44; gastrointestinal tract&#44; upper respiratory tract&#44; muscles&#44; bones&#44; and articulations in one patient each&#44; respectively&#46; Sarcoidosis remained confined to the skin in 14 patients &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fifty-two patients &#40;72&#37;&#41; required systemic therapy and 12 patients &#40;17&#37;&#41; had only local therapy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; Three patients were lost to clinical follow-up after diagnosis&#44; one had spontaneous remission&#44; and four had not yet started treatment&#46; Of the patients who were treated only with local therapy&#44; topical glucocorticoid was used in ten&#44; intralesional glucocorticoid in five&#44; and topical calcineurin inhibitor in three&#46; In half of these cases&#44; association with local therapies was necessary&#46; Oral glucocorticoid represented the most frequently used systemic medication in 48 patients &#40;92&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by antimalarial drugs in 28 &#40;54&#37;&#41;&#44; methotrexate in 18 &#40;35&#37;&#41;&#44; azathioprine in four &#40;8&#37;&#41;&#44; leflunomide in two &#40;4&#37;&#41;&#44; tetracycline-class antibiotics in two &#40;4&#37;&#41;&#44; thalidomide in one &#40;2&#37;&#41;&#44; and infliximab in one &#40;2&#37;&#41;&#46; Seventeen patients &#40;33&#37;&#41; received oral corticosteroids as monotherapy&#46; The mean number of systemic drugs used in each patient during the follow-up period was 1&#46;98&#46; Systemic therapy was directed to cutaneous lesions and&#44; therefore&#44; managed exclusively by the dermatologist in 24 patients &#40;46&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the prevalence of sarcoidosis in Brazil has yet to be established&#44; it is estimated to be lower than 10 cases&#47;100&#44;000 population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Older Brazilian dermatologists claimed that cutaneous sarcoidosis was exceedingly rare in Brazil&#59; it was usually stated that &#8220;a case of cutaneous sarcoidosis is simply a misdiagnosed case of leprosy or tuberculosis&#46;&#8221; It appears that its incidence might be slowing increasing over the last few decades&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Incidence by sex and the median age at diagnosis in the present series coincide with statistics from other countries&#46; However&#44; most of the present patients were white &#40;61&#37;&#41;&#44; contrary to the classic higher prevalence in Afro-Americans&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#44;15</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cutaneous lesions led to the detection of extracutaneous sarcoidosis in 74&#37; of patients with systemic involvement&#44; a figure supported by other studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to several series&#44; the most common specific lesions of sarcoidosis are papules&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;20</span></a> However&#44; plaque-type sarcoidosis was the most frequent presentation in the current study &#40;44&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by papules &#40;42&#37;&#41;&#46; This proportion was also found in recent series from Lebanon and Taiwan&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> Plaques may arise <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span> or from a confluence of papules&#46; When compared to papules&#44; plaques tend to have a deeper infiltration and are more likely to resolve with permanent scarring&#46; The presence of plaques has been associated with a chronic disease course&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;20</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Specific subcutaneous nodules &#40;not erythema nodosum&#41; were seen in 15&#37; of the present patients&#44; a higher frequency than in other studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;18&#44;20</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lupus pernio&#44; the most characteristic lesion of cutaneous sarcoidosis&#44; usually follows a chronic course and often coexists with sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In the current series&#44; eight patients presented lupus pernio&#44; all with associated systemic disease&#44; often severe and with the involvement of many organs&#46; Only one patient had upper respiratory tract involvement&#46; Scar- and tattoo-associated sarcoidosis lesions were diagnosed in one and two patients&#44; respectively&#46; These lesions can be misdiagnosed as hypertrophic scars or keloids&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Less frequent specific lesions such as angiolupoid&#44; hypopigmented&#44; psoriasiform&#44; and lichenoid sarcoidosis were detected in a few patients&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Facial involvement was present in 61&#37; of patients&#59; a similarly high proportion has been reported by other studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a> In 40&#37; of cases&#44; lesions affected two or more locations&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors&#8217; routine initial procedure for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis included skin histopathology &#40;with negative stains for microorganisms&#41;&#44; chest radiography&#44; and a negative tuberculin skin test&#46; This protocol was sufficient to diagnose systemic sarcoidosis in most patients&#46; After diagnosis&#44; the basic assessment included ophthalmological evaluation as well as hematological and biochemical profiles &#40;urine and serum calcium levels&#44; liver and renal function tests&#41;&#44; electrocardiogram&#44; and pulmonary function tests&#46; Additional tests were requested as needed&#46; Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme levels are not measured at this study&#39;s facilities&#46; Only 60&#37; of patients with sarcoidosis have increased levels of this enzyme&#44; and it is not specific to the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If systemic sarcoidosis cannot be demonstrated in a patient with skin granulomas&#44; a long-term follow-up should be undertaken&#46; In the present series&#44; systemic sarcoidosis was detected in 81&#37; of patients&#59; in almost all&#44; it could be demonstrated immediately after and as a consequence of the diagnosis of cutaneous disease&#46; Pulmonary sarcoidosis was the most common systemic manifestation&#44; affecting 97&#37; of the cases&#46; Lymphadenopathy was the most frequent radiological finding &#40;82&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by pulmonary infiltration &#40;41&#37;&#41; and fibrosis &#40;14&#37;&#41;&#46; Other commonly involved organs were the kidneys &#40;14&#37;&#41;&#44; the extrathoracic lymph nodes &#40;14&#37;&#41;&#44; and the eyes &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; Except for renal involvement&#44; which was present in a greater proportion in the current study&#44; other organ involvements were found at similar rates to those previously described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> A higher frequency of renal manifestations might be due to a possible underdiagnosis of asymptomatic hypercalciuria in previously studied patients and emphasizes the need to measure not only the serum calcium level but also the urinary calcium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fourteen patients presented only cutaneous manifestations&#59; it is controversial in the literature whether these patients may ultimately develop additional organ system involvement or if their disease will be restricted to the skin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Topical and intralesional steroids were the used local therapies in the patients&#46; These drugs are considered as a first-line therapy for cutaneous sarcoidosis with limited or mild disease&#44; or as an adjunct to help control cutaneous disorders when the extracutaneous disease is under adequate control&#46; Topical calcineurin inhibitors&#44; which have a low overall side-effect profile and are indicated for limited skin disease&#44; can also be used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;24</span></a> Of the 12 patients &#40;17&#37;&#41; who were treated only with local therapy&#44; five presented isolated skin lesions and seven had mild pulmonary disease&#44; not requiring systemic management&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For patients with severe disease or those who do not respond to topical therapy&#44; oral corticosteroids are first-line systemic therapy&#46; In the event of a relapse or if the signs persist&#44; steroid-sparing agents should be instituted alone or with a low-dose corticosteroid&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;25</span></a> In the present series&#44; oral glucocorticoids were the most frequently used medication &#40;92&#37;&#41;&#44; at times as monotherapy &#40;33&#37;&#41;&#46; Antimalarials &#40;54&#37;&#41; and methotrexate &#40;35&#37;&#41; were also used&#46; Other steroid-sparing medications included azathioprine &#40;4 patients&#41;&#44; leflunomide &#40;3&#41;&#44; tetracycline-class antibiotics &#40;3&#41;&#44; and thalidomide &#40;1&#41;&#46; Infliximab has been recently used for recalcitrant sarcoidosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> This drug was prescribed for one patient who presented lupus pernio and had severe systemic and cutaneous disease after therapeutic failure with other combined regimens&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean number of systemic drugs used in each patient during the follow-up period was 1&#46;98&#44; which confirms that most patients needed to receive one to two different medications to achieve disease control&#46; Systemic therapy was directed toward cutaneous lesions and&#44; therefore&#44; managed exclusively by the dermatologist in 24 patients &#40;46&#37;&#41;&#46; These patients presented only cutaneous compromise &#40;seven&#41; or had mild pulmonary involvement &#40;17&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conclusion</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical and epidemiological findings in the present study were mostly similar to those published in the literature&#46; Its limitations include retrospective design and&#44; in some cases&#44; lack of detailed data in the patient records&#46; Compared with data from the literature&#44; an increased incidence of renal impairment &#40;hypercalciuria&#41; was observed&#46; Despite the small sample size&#44; it represents the largest Brazilian series on this subject&#44; suggesting that sarcoidosis may not be so infrequent in Brazil&#46; Although there are many endemic granulomatous infectious diseases in this country&#44; sarcoidosis certainly stands out as an important diagnosis to be considered&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Financial support</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Authors&#8217; contribution</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mariana Fernandes Torquato&#58; Statistical analysis&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; composition of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; critical review of the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marcella Karen Souza da Costa&#58; Statistical analysis&#59; conception and planning of the study&#59; composition of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; critical review of the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marcello Menta Simonsen Nico&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; participation in the design of the study&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown cause that is characterized by the presence of granulomas in various organs&#46; Cutaneous involvement is common and the reported incidence has varied from 9&#37; to 37&#37;&#46; Studies on cutaneous sarcoidosis in Brazil are lacking&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objectives</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis diagnosed at the Department of Dermatology of the University of S&#227;o Paulo&#44; from May 1994 to March 2018&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical data of patients with confirmed cutaneous sarcoidosis were retrospectively reviewed and classified according to gender&#44; ethnicity&#44; age at diagnosis&#44; cutaneous presentation&#44; systemic involvement and treatment&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cutaneous sarcoidosis was diagnosed in 72 patients with a female predominance &#40;74&#37;&#41;&#46; The mean age at diagnosis was 49&#46;6 years and most of the patients were white &#40;61&#37;&#41;&#46; Papules and plaques were the most common lesions&#46; Systemic sarcoidosis was detected in 81&#37; of patients&#44; affecting mainly the lungs and thoracic lymph nodes &#40;97&#37;&#41;&#46; Typically&#44; cutaneous lesions were the first manifestation &#40;74&#37;&#41;&#46; Systemic therapy was necessary for 72&#37; of patients&#59; the dermatologist managed many of these cases&#46; Oral glucocorticoids were the most commonly used systemic medication &#40;92&#37;&#41;&#46; The mean number of systemic drugs used was 1&#46;98 per patient&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Limitations</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Insufficient data in medical records&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This series highlights the dermatologist role in recognizing and diagnosing cutaneous sarcoidosis&#44; evaluating patients for systemic disease involvement and treating the skin manifestations&#46; Cutaneous sarcoidosis was once considered exceedingly infrequent in Brazil in comparison to infectious granulomatous diseases&#59; however&#44; the present series seems to suggest that the disease is not so rare in this region&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:6 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Background"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Objectives"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Limitations"
          ]
          5 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:2 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">How to cite this article&#58; Torquato MF&#44; Costa MKS&#44; Nico MMS&#46; Cutaneous sarcoidosis&#58; clinico&#8211;epidemiological profile of 72 patients at a tertiary hospital in S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil&#46; An Bras Dermatol&#46; 2020&#59;95&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr9005" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abd.2019.06.004">https&#58;&#47;&#47;doi&#46;org&#47;10&#46;1016&#47;j&#46;abd&#46;2019&#46;06&#46;004</span></p>"
      ]
      1 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Study conducted at the Dermatology Department&#44; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo&#44; S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:4 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 3037
            "Ancho" => 2175
            "Tamanyo" => 2049200
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical examples of cutaneous sarcoidosis&#58; A&#44; Papular form&#59; B&#44; Subcutaneous form&#59; C&#44; Lupus pernio&#59; D&#44; Angiolupoid&#59; E&#44; Hypochromic form&#59; F&#44; Lichenoid lesions&#59; G&#44; Ancient scar lesions&#59; H&#44; Periungual infiltration with osteitis and nail dystrophy&#59; I&#44; Granulomas composed predominantly of epithelioid histiocytes &#40;Hematoxylin &#38; eosin&#44; x40 &#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient number&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Percentage &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sex</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ethnicity</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>White&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Afro-descendant&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age&#44; years</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#8211;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Specific lesions</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Plaques&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Papules&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Subcutaneous&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lupus pernio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Angiolupoid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypopigmented&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tattoo lesions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Scar lesions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Psoriasiform&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lichenoid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>With &#8805;2 types&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Special sites</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nail&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Oral cavity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Scarring alopecia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Upper extremities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lower extremities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lesions at &#8805;2 locations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Stage 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Stage 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Stage 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Stage 4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Kidney&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extrathoracic lymphadenopathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ocular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Heart&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hepatic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Spleen&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pancreas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gastrointestinal tract&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Muscles&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Upper respiratory tract&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Articular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bones&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">First manifestation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cutaneous&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extracutaneous&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intralesional glucocorticoid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Topical calcineurin inhibitor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Systemic therapy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Oral glucocorticoid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antimalarial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Methotrexate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tetracycline-class antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Thalidomide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Infliximab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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